Journal of Pesticide Science

Runoff and Leaching of Pesticides in Golf Course

Yoshitsugu ODANAKA, Toshihiko TANIGUCHI, Yuji SHIMAMURA, Kazuaki IIJIM ...

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.1

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An investigation of runoff property of pesticides applied in a golf course was conducted by using lysimeters and at actual golf courses. In lysimeter experiment, a remarkable leaching was observed in only 5 pesticides [trichlorfon (DEP), metalaxyl, isoprothiolane, flutolanil and iprodione] with at least 100mm of precipitation. The leaching was scarce in other 12 pesticides [bensulide (SAP), isofenphos, fenitrothion (MEP), fenarimol, triflumizole, tetrachlorvinphos (CVMP), pyridaphenthion, oxine-copper, isoxathion, prothiofos, tolclofosmethyl, pendimethalin] with sum of 440mm of precipitation for 51 days. The leaching pattern of the 5 pesticides showed a single broad peak. There was a tendency that pesticides with a high water solubility had a potential to move downward. In putting green experiment, all the 3 pesticides applied (isofenphos, flutolanil and metalaxyl) were detected in leaching water with only 10mm of precipitation. There was no significant difference among the pesticides in the concentrations during experimental period for 41 days. In fairway experiment, all the 4 pesticides (propyzamide, SAP, MEP and iprodione) were detected in the surface water with at least 10-20mm precipitation. Concentration of pesticides in the surface water from the putting green and fairway experiments was higher than that in the leaching water. Since the present experiments were carried out during the winter period, attention should be paid to the fact that the environmental conditions are different from those in spring to fall when pesticides are usually applied to golf courses.

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Susceptibility of Rice Spikelets to Infection with Pseudomonas glumae and Its Population Dynamics

Mode of Action of Oxolinic Acid against Bacterial Grain Rot of Rice (Part 2)

Yasufumi HIKICHI, Tetsuro OKUNO, Iwao FURUSAWA

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 11-17
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.11

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Spikelets of rice plants at flowering were most susceptible to invasion of Pseudomonas glumae. When P. glumae invaded into flowering spikelets at a density of 1cfu/grain or more, the population of bacteria in spikelets greatly increased up to 9 days after the flowering day, resulting in bacterial grain rot of rice. In rice spikelets the time of accumulation of intermediate sugars for the biosynthesis of grain starch were consistent with the time of increase of bacterial population. P. glumae was able to utilize intermediate sugars except for sucrose and triose phosphates. Oxolinic acid (5-ethyl-5, 8-dihydro-8-oxo[1, 3]dioxolo[4, 5-g]quinoline-7-carboxylic acid, Starner^®) had an antibacterial activity against P. glumae on the epidermis of spikelets, and reduced the bacterial infectivity into rice spikelets. Oxolinic acid applied to flowering spikelets also inhibited multiplication of P. glumae invaded into spikelets and protected grains from bacterial grain rot of rice.

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Effect of Nitrification Inhibitors on Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter

Satoko TAKAGI, Manabu MURAKAMI, Yukiharu SATO, Reiji TAKAHASHI, Tatsua ...

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 19-23
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.19

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Effects of 2-amino-4-methyl-6-trichloromethyl-s-triazine (s-triazine) and nitrapyrin on ammonia oxidizing activity by Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 25978 and N. sp. TK 794 which was recently isolated from soil, and nitrite oxidizing activity by Nitrobacter agilis ATCC 14123 were investigated by determining nitrite amount and their growth in the medium. One and 10.0μg/ml of the s-triazine and nitrapyrin significantly inhibited nitrite production by N. europaea ATCC 25978 and N. sp. TK 794 and simultaneously suppressed their growth, although N. sp. TK 794 was affected more strongly than N. europaea ATCC 25978. However, both the s-triazine and nitrapyrin did not inhibit nitrite oxidation by N. agilis ATCC 14123 at any concentrations tested (0.1 to 10.0μg/ml). These results suggest that Nitrosomonas may be one of the target bacteria of these inhibitors. In other words, the inhibitors may suppress the growth of Nitrosomonas, resulting in decreasing the ammonia-oxidizing activity.

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Structural Characteristics of s-Triazine Compounds Inducing Rhizome in Cyperus serotinus ROTTB

Interaction between Optical Isomerism and Plant Pharmacological Action (Part 5)

Hiroyoshi OMOKAWA, Hitoshi KURAMOCHI, Yoshinori KAWATA, Makoto KONNAI

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 25-32
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.25

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Rhizome induction activities of the s-triazines and synthetic cytokinins were measured on Cyperus serotinus ROTTB. tuber in the dark. The (R)-enantiomers of 2-α-methylbenzylamino-6-chloro-s-triazine compounds having a small alkyl group at 4-amino moiety stimulated the rhizome induction. Medium sized or long-chain alkylamino groups (butyls to decyl) resulted in decrease in activity. Their (S)-antipodes did not cause the rhizome induction. The racemates substituted with an ethyl or propyl group at the benzylic position of the 2-benzyl-amino-4-methyl (or ethyl) amino-6-chloro-s-triazines also exhibited a significant rhizome inducing activity. The activity of the methoxy or methylthio derivatives of corresponding chloro-s-triazines that was active on rhizome induction was maintained. An s-triazine ring system was essential for the rhizome induction. Kinetin and synthetic cytokinin compounds, forchlorfenuron [1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea] and thidiazuron [1-phenyl-3-(1, 2, 3-thidiazol-5-yl)urea], significantly stimulated rhizome induction similar to 6-benzylamino-purine (BA).

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Expression of a Foreign Gene in Four Species of Lepidopterous Insects Using a Baculovirus Vector

Toshihiro NAGAMINE, Masaaki KURIHARA, Shogo MATSUMOTO, Takashi MITSUI

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 33-38
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.33

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We prepared a recombinant Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus by substituting a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene for the polyhedrin with pAcYM1 transfer vector. Cultured cells of Spodoptera frugiperda infected with the recombinant virus revealed high CAT activity after 24hr postinoculation (pi). The viral titer in the culture medium rapidly increased during 12 to 24hr pi and then reached to the maximum level. Injection of the recombinant virus into four species of lepidopterous larvae, Spodoptera litura, Bombyx mori, Mamestra brassicae and Pseudaletia separata, evoked an expression of the recombinant CAT gene but with different patterns in each case. Viral growth patterns in the four species suggested that the different multiplication rates of the recombinant virus in each insect affected the gene expression pattern.

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Lethal Activity of a Trehalase Inhibitor, Validoxylamine A, against Mamestra brassicae and Spodoptera litura

Yoshiaki KONO, Satoshi TAKEDA, Yukihiko KAMEDA

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 39-42
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.39

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Relaxation of the larval segmental muscles was elicited soon after injection of validoxylamine A (VAA) into the larvae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, and the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Mortal abnormalities, i. e. extrusion of the gut from the anus, failure of pupation and incomplete pupation occurred only at later stages. LD₅₀ values of VAA were less than 1μg/larva and 2.42μg/larva in Mamestra and Spodoptera, respectively. Activity of VAA was markedly reduced when VAA was applied topically (LD₅₀ was more than 50μg/larva in both species), and oral administration of 50μg/larva had no effect. Relaxation of the segmental muscles seems to be caused by blocking the energy source, trehalose, through trehalase inhibition by VAA. However, how trehalase inhibition causes the abnormalities at later stages remains unclear.

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In vitro and in vivo Metabolism of Fenvalerate in Pyrethroid Resistant Houseflies

Eisuke FUNAKI, Walter Curl DAUTERMAN, Naoki MOTOYAMA

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 43-52
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.43

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In vitro and in vivo metabolism of phenoxyphenyl or chlorophenyl ring labeled ¹⁴C-fenvalerate was studied in pyrethroid resistant and susceptible strains of the housefly. Microsomes fortified with NADPH catalyzed the ester bond cleavage as well as ring hydroxylation at the 4′ position of the phenoxyphenyl group. Subcellular distribution, cofactor dependence, and inhibition with piperonyl butoxide and CO suggested that these reactions were catalyzed by the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system. Hydrolysis was responsible for a small portion of the ester bond cleavage. The largest interstrain difference was in the oxidative cleavage of the ester bond, which appeared to be due to a specific cytochrome P450 species present only in the pyrethroid resistant strain. Two organophosphate resistant strains with high oxidase activity did not show a significant difference in this activity compared to the susceptible strain. When equidoses of fenvalerate resulting in a LD₁₀ and a LD₉₀ were applied to the resistant and susceptible strains in vivo, the R/S ratio of excretion rate constant (hr^-1) for water-soluble metabolites was 3.8 and 56, respectively. This confirmed the importance of increased detoxification as an additional resistance mechanism as well as decreased nerve sensitivity as previously reported. Cuticular penetration of fenvalerate was not responsible for resistance in the strain studied.

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Glutathione Conjugates as the Activated Form of Chalcones for Glutathione S-Transferase Inhibition

Toru MIYAMOTO, Izuru YAMAMOTO

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 53-58
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.53

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Chloro-substituted 4′-phenylchalcones inhibited glutathione S-transferase (GST) in vitro. They first reacted with the reduced glutathione (GSH) to give the GSH conjugates of the Chalcones, which actually inhibited GST. The chemical structure of the conjugates was inferred from the ultraviolet spectral change during conjugation and established by synthesis as the GSH addition product on the β-position of the α, β-unsaturated ketone moiety of the chalcone. Among the GSH conjugates of 2-, 3- and 4-chloro- and 2, 3-, 2, 4-, 2, 6- and 3, 4-di-chloro-4′-phenylchalcones, 2-chloro-compound was remarkable in GST inhibition, but others are also active. The overall inhibition of GST by chalcones depends mostly on the rate of GSH conjugation which is affected by the position and number of chloro-substituents. The GSH conjugation of 4-chloro-compound was, if any, very slow and gave lower GST inhibition, although its GSH conjugate gave inhibition comparable to others. The mode of GST inhibition seemed incompetitive as shown with the GSH conjugate of 2-chloro-4′-phenylchalcone, which had the K_i value comparable to that of tridiphane.

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Inhibition of Plant Acetolactate Synthase by Herbicides, Pyrimidinylsalicylic Acids

Action Mechanism of Herbicides, Pyrimidinylsalicylic Acids (Part I)

Tsutomu SHIMIZU, Ishizue NAKAYAMA, Tohru NAKAO, Yukio NEZU, Hiroshi AB ...

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 59-67
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.59

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The growth inhibition of rice seedlings and chlorella by the herbicides, pyrimidinylsalicylic acids (PS's) represented by pyrithiobac (2-chloro-6-(4, 6-dimethoxypyrimidine-2-ylthio)benzoic acid) was alleviated almost completely by simultaneous application of three branched-chain amino acids, namely leucine, valine and isoleucine. PS's inhibited potently acetolactate synthase (EC 4. 1. 3. 18) in various species of plants including crops and weeds, which catalyzes the condensation step of two molecules of pyruvate to form acetolactate in the biosynthetic pathway of branched-chain amino acids. PS's, however, affected neither ketol-acid reductoisomerase which catalyzes the next reaction step from acetolactate synthase in the pathway nor direct acetoin forming enzyme deduced as pyruvate decarboxylase. PS's showed no inhibitory effect on photosynthetic electron transport system of pea, while they inhibited slightly chlorophyll biosynthesis of cotton cotyledons. In spite of high selectivity of pyrithiobac for cotton plants, there was no difference in sensitivity of ALS to pyrithiobac between cotton and other plants.

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Toxic Symptoms and Neural Effect of a New Class of Insecticide, Imidacloprid, on the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.)

Shinzaburo SONE, Keiichi NAGATA, Shin-ichi TSUBOI, Toshio SHONO

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 69-72
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.69

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Influence of Helicopter's Downwash upon the Dispersion of Sprayed Chemicals

Ryohei ICHIKAWA, Atushi SOUTOME, Mituru NAKASHIMA, Yoshiaki MAESAWA

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages S1-S9
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.S1

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Aerial application of pesticide is widely used on paddies and forests in Japan. In order to avoid accidental dispersion of chemicals in neighbouring places, the flight speed and altitude of a helicopter must be suitable for a specified droplet size of chemicals and given wind conditions. The wake pattern of downwash was observed by tracing suspended balloons in the air and was filmed by a cinecamera for various flight conditions. The velocity profiles of downwash were determined by analyzing the trajectries of the balloons. Then by superposing the sedimentation velocity of droplets and wind velocity, dispersion pattern of droplets were figured. These results were also recognized by the experiment of aerial application on the rice growing fields.

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Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers

Yoshiharu DOI

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages S11-S14
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.S11

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Aggregation Pheromones of Insects

Masayuki SAKUMA

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages S15-S23
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.S15

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Alginic Acid Wettable Powder

[in Japanese]

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages S27-S28
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.S27

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages S29
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.S29

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages S30-S32
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.S30

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1994 Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages S33-S35
Published: February 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.19.S33

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