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Volume 38, Issue 1
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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Review Articles
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Xusheng Shao, Zewen Liu, Xiaoyong Xu, Zhong Li, Xuhong Qian2013 Volume 38 Issue 1 Pages 1-9
Published: February 20, 2013
Released on J-STAGE: February 20, 2013
Advance online publication: February 14, 2013JOURNAL FREE ACCESS FULL-TEXT HTMLNeonicotinoids ushered in a new era of crop protection, and several molecules headed up a billion-dollar industry. As one of the largest agricultural and most populous countries, China plays an essential role in the development of neonicotinoids. This review delves into the production, application and innovation of neonicotinoids throughout China.View full abstractDownload PDF (770K) Full view HTML -
Toshiyuki Katagi2013 Volume 38 Issue 1 Pages 10-26
Published: February 20, 2013
Released on J-STAGE: February 20, 2013
Advance online publication: February 14, 2013JOURNAL FREE ACCESS FULL-TEXT HTMLAerobic transformation by microbial organisms is a dissipation process of pesticides in surface water, but the corresponding information is much less available as compared with their microbial degradation in soil. Bacteria freely floating in water or associated with suspended particles are the key microorganisms degrading pesticides; their species and populations, however, depend on sites and seasons. The various factors related to pesticide properties, experimental conditions and characteristics of surface water are involved in the complex control of microbial processes. Bottom sediment and macrophytes with associated biofilms not only act as sink for pesticides but also provide the habitat for both bacteria and fungi that degrade pesticides. More understanding of each factor is necessary to utilize laboratory biodegradation data for the refined assessment of pesticide behavior in surface water.View full abstractDownload PDF (1058K) Full view HTML
Original Article
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Tatsuo Yoshida, Hiroshi Murakawa, Kei Toda2013 Volume 38 Issue 1 Pages 27-32
Published: February 20, 2013
Released on J-STAGE: February 20, 2013
Advance online publication: February 14, 2013JOURNAL FREE ACCESS FULL-TEXT HTMLA simple and rapid method for the measurement of a neonicotinoid pesticide, nitenpyram, and its metabolites, CPMA and CPMF, was investigated. The three compounds were determined individually and simultaneously by simple ultrasonic extraction followed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). Good chromatograms were obtained using a non-modified silica gel column. The calibration curves were straight (R2>0.999) for each compound; they were 0.002–2 mg/kg for 5 g of agricultural product sample with limits of detection (S/N=3) of 0.24–0.36 µg/kg (nitenpyram), 0.12–0.19 µg/kg (CPMA), and 0.13–0.18 µg/kg (CPMF). Good recoveries were obtained for sweet pepper, mandarin orange, onion, and brown rice (93.0–106.6% in recovery). For contaminated samples, data by the presented method agreed well with nitenpyram data by HPLC-UV and the total of CPMA and CPMF by derivatization followed by gas chromatography-flame thermionic detection.View full abstractDownload PDF (334K) Full view HTML
Notes
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Yoshiyuki Sagehashi, Yoshifumi Oguro, Takashi Tochihara, Tetsuo Oikawa ...2013 Volume 38 Issue 1 Pages 33-38
Published: February 20, 2013
Released on J-STAGE: February 20, 2013
Advance online publication: December 31, 2012JOURNAL FREE ACCESS FULL-TEXT HTML
Supplementary materialWe describe the purification, cDNA cloning, and characterization of a defensin, AFP1, in Brassica juncea, which shares 100% amino acid sequence identity with Raphanus sativus defensin (Rs-AFP1) and has a high antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae. The recombinant AFP1 synthesized in Escherichia coli showed thermostability and antifungal activity against a broad spectrum of rice pathogenic fungi. The changes of a negative to positive charge at the surface of AFP1 derived by amino acid substitutions showed more enhanced antifungal activities than the wild-type AFP1.View full abstractDownload PDF (119K) Full view HTML -
Yoshitaka Tanetani, Koichiro Kaku, Mitsumasa Ikeda, Tsutomu Shimizu2013 Volume 38 Issue 1 Pages 39-43
Published: February 20, 2013
Released on J-STAGE: February 20, 2013
Advance online publication: December 08, 2012JOURNAL FREE ACCESS FULL-TEXT HTMLThe action mechanism of thiobencarb was studied by examining the inhibitory effects of this herbicide on the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Thiobencarb treatment decreased VLCFAs, such as C20:0, C20:1, C22:0, C24:0, C24:1 and C26:0 fatty acids, and increased long-chain-fatty acids and medium-chain-fatty acids, such as C14:0, C15:0, C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acids, which are precursors of VLCFAs, in barnyard millet cultured cells. Thiobencarb sulfoxide and sulfone potently inhibited VLCFA elongase (VLCFAE) activity in the microsomal fraction of etiolated barnyard millet seedlings, although thiobencarb itself slightly inhibited it. These results suggested that thiobencarb is a VLCFAE-inhibiting herbicide whose active forms are its oxidized metabolites, such as sulfoxide and sulfone. Thiobencarb sulfoxide inhibited the VLCFAE activity of the microsomal fraction of etiolated barnyard millet seedlings in a time-independent manner. This time-independent inhibition proposed a reversible inhibition mechanism of the VLCFAE by thiobencarb sulfoxide, likely with isoxazoline-type herbicides, such as pyroxasulfone, which have been classified into group K3 of the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) in the U.S. It is assumed that the time-independent reversible inhibition of VLCFAE is applicable to other thiocarbamate herbicides presently classified into group N of the HRAC.View full abstractDownload PDF (314K) Full view HTML -
Daisuke Hayasaka, Kazutaka Suzuki, Takuji Nomura, Mio Nishiyama, Takas ...2013 Volume 38 Issue 1 Pages 44-47
Published: February 20, 2013
Released on J-STAGE: February 20, 2013
Advance online publication: February 14, 2013JOURNAL FREE ACCESS FULL-TEXT HTMLThe acute toxicity (48-hr) of old (imidacloprid) and new (clothianidin) neonicotinoid insecticides to five cladoceran species and species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for cladocerans and other aquatic organisms to these insecticides are compared here. The sensitivities to both insecticides were in the following descending order: Ceriodaphnia>Daphnia>Moina. Differences in the 5% hazardous concentration (HC5) threshold between the two species taxa to each compound indicated that clothianidin was 4 times less toxic than imidacloprid only to cladocerans.View full abstractDownload PDF (218K) Full view HTML
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