Journal of Pesticide Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0923
Print ISSN : 1348-589X
ISSN-L : 0385-1559
Volume 6, Issue 2
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
  • Studies on the Control Plant Diseases by Sodium Bicarbonate Formulation (Part 1)
    Yasuo HOMMA, Yutaka ARIMOTO, Tomomasa MISATO
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 145-153
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Sodium bicarbonate (SBC) was found to have an inhibitory effect against citrus common green mold and cucumber powdery mildew. However, the inhibitory effect of sodium bicarbonate sometimes varied in replicated results. Examination was therefore made as to whether the protective effect of SBC could be stabilized or further increased by adding surfactants. When SBC supplemented with food additives was tested on several plant diseases, its protective effect against citrus common green mold was increased by addition of emulsifiers, soybean lecithin or glycerine, sucrose fatty acid ester, and sodium chondroithin sulphate (0.1%). The effect on cucumber powdery mildew was also increased with the addition of sodium chondroithin sulphate, glycerine fatty acid ester, or sucrose fatty acid ester. On the other hand, the protective effect of SBC against rice blast when supplemented by selected nonionics and cationics among various surfactants was increased more than when SBC alone was used with the addition of anionics (0.1%) to SBC, the effect on cucumber powdery mildew was also increased. Therefore, SBC augmented with emulsifiers of some food additives, such as soybean lecithin, glycerine fatty acid ester, sodium chondroithin sulphate or sucrose fatty acid ester, strongly inhibited citrus common green mold and cucumber powdery mildew. Furthermore, SBC to which nonionics or anionics was added had a marked protective effect against rice blast and cucumber powdery mildew, respectively.
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  • Takashi MITSUI, Chieko NOBUSAWA, Jun-ichi FUKAMI
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 155-161
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Diflubenzuron was found to inhibit chitinous cuticle formation in Mamestra in vivo. When epidermis from last instar larvae was cultured in vitro in the presence of diflubenzuron or polyoxin D, both compounds inhibited chitin synthesis with I50 of 8.9×10-9M for diflubenzuron and 8.8×10-8M for polyoxin D. When larvae were injected with 14C-GA after treatment of diflubenzuron, 14C-UDP-AGA was found to accumulate in vivo. Apparently diflubenzuron blocks the terminal polymerization step in chitin synthesis. Chitin synthetase activity in cell-free extracts was inhibited by polyoxin D but not by diflubenzuron. Yet the enzyme preparations from the animals treated with diflubenzuron were about one-tenth as active as those from the controls.
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  • Effects of PCP on Bacterial Flora in Water-logged Soil (Part 3)
    Hiromi KATO, Kyo SATO, Choseki FURUSAKA
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 163-168
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To clarify the effects of Pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the changes of soil bacterial flora, classification was carried out in generic level for all bacterial isolates from reduced layer of water-logged soil. Tolerance of each isolate to PCP was also examined. The isolates were obtained from soil applied with recommended rate of PCP (2.67g/m2 soil, Plot RR) and with a hundred times of the recommended rate of PCP (267g/m2 soil, Plot 100RR), and also from the soil without PCP application (control plot). Before the application of PCP, gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and coryneform bacteria predominated. By the application of PCP, the predominancy of Bacillus was partly replaced with such kinds of gram-negative bacteria as Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter and Enterobacteriaceae after 1 month in Plot RR. The increase in the gram-negative bacteria in the bacterial flora lasted until 3 months but disappeared after 17 months. This means that the bacterial flora in Plot RR was recovered to the same pattern as in control plot after disappearance of PCP in Plot RR. Most gram-negative isolates which predominated by PCP application were highly tolerant to PCP. The coryneform bacteria maintained their dominancy throughout the experimental period but PCP-tolerance of the strains differed depending on the presence or the absence of PCP: In the presence of PCP the strains tolerant to PCP predominated over PCP-sensitive ones and vice versa. In Plot 100RR, bacterial succession similar to that in Plot RR was also observed meagerly.
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  • Hideo KANEKO, Hideo OHKAWA, Junshi MIYAMOTO
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 169-182
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In dermal treatment of male rats with dust and emulsifiable concentrate (E. C.) of both 14C-[(+)-trans]- and 14C-[(+)-cis]-phenothrin at the rates of 0.2 and 2mg/rat, the 14C absorption into the body was estimated to be 3-7% of the initial dose with dust and 8-17% with E. C. The absorption rate of 14C was 4-5 times faster with E. C. than with dust, whereas the half-life of 14C in the blood was 2-3 times longer with E. C. than with dust. The radiocarbon absorbed through the skin was almost completely eliminated into urine and feces 6 days after treatment. The 14C tissue residues were very low, except on the treated portion of skin. With single oral administration of both isomers of 14C-phenothrin, roughly 96% of the dose was recovered into the excreta during the following 6 days; a larger amount of 14C was excreted into the feces with the [(+)-cis]-isomer and into the urine with the [(+)-trans]-isomer. Nearly the same metabolites were obtained in oral and dermal treatments with either the [(+)-trans] or the [(+)-cis]-isomer, although the nature and amount of metabolites differed. The major metabolites from the [(+)-trans]-isomer were 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (free and glycine conjugate) and 3-(4′-hydroxyphenoxy) benzoic acid (free and sulfate), although small amounts of ester metabolites were also obtained. The cis-isomer afforded larger amounts of ester metabolites which resulted from oxidation at the 4′-position of the alcohol moiety, at the trans and cis methyl of the isobutenyl group, at the trans methyl of the gem-dimethyl group of the acid moiety and at combinations of these oxidations; the amount of the ester-cleaved metabolites was about one-fifth of those from the trans-isomer. It is likely that in dermal treatment, once entering the blood stream through the skin, the phenothrin isomers are metabolized in a manner similar to oral administration.
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  • Kenji NAMBU, Yoshiyuki TAKIMOTO, Junshi MIYAMOTO
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 183-191
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    14C-Labeled (+)-trans and (+)-cis isomers of phenothrin [3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-cis, trans-chrysanthemate] were each applied at the concentration of 4ppm to wheat grains with 11% moisture content, and stored at 15 or 30°C in the dark. Both trans and cis isomers were decomposed slowly, and 79 and 87% of the applied radiocarbon remained intact in the grains after 12-month storage at 30°C, respectively. Both isomers were majorly metabolized via hydrolysis of ester linkage, oxidation of the benzyl alcohol to the benzoic acid and methylation of the benzoic acid. The joint application with piperonyl butoxide and fenitrothion inhibited the degradation of phenothrin isomers to some extent. The phenothrin isomers and their decomposition products were mainly located at seed coat during 12-month storage, and the residue levels of both isomers in flour and bran were 0.77 and 11.4ppm, respectively. The phenothrin residues in flour somewhat decreased through the baking process, leaving 0.57ppm of phenothrin isomers in bread. These findings were compared with those of 14C-malathion which was rapidly decomposed to desmethylmalathion, malathion-monoacids, -diacid and 14CO2, with respective half-lives of 8 and 1.1 months at 15 and 30°C.
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  • Kadzunori TATSUYAMA, Hiroki YAMAMOTO, Hiroshi Egawa
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 193-199
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Occurrence of dwarfish symptom in growing rice plants caused by benthiocarb (thiobencarb) application in soil was assayed using germinated grains of rice plant. Two grams of soil containing 0.8% of fresh straw powder was placed in a centrifuge tube and pre-incubated with 3ml of water for one week at 25°C. Two ml of benthiocarb (20ppm on dry soil basis) solution was added to the flooded soil. Remarkable growth inhibition of seedlings by S-benzyl NN-diethylthiocarbamate, a reductive product of benthiocarb, occurred by placing the grains in soil incubated with Benthiocarb for 3-7 weeks at 25°C. Some factors affecting the dechlorination of Benthiocarb and the degradation of dechlorinated benthiocarb were studied by the method above. Application of straw powder or soluble starch to the soil caused a decrease in the redox potential of the soil. Under the reductive soil conditions, the production of dechlorinated benthiocarb was promoted, and the degradation of the dechlorinated product in the soil was retarded. Optimal temperature of the soil incubation for the dechlorination of benthiocarb was estimated at 25-20°C. Neither the dechlorination of benthiocarb nor the degradation of dechlorinated benthiocarb occurred by sterilizing the soil.
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  • Studies on the Control of Plant Diseases by Sodium Bicarbonate Formulation (Part 2)
    Yasuo HOMMA, Yutaka ARIMOTO, Tomomasa MISATO
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 201-209
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Sodium bicarbonate (SBC) has a control effect against citrus penicillium decay and several other plant diseases. However, the inhibitory effect varies because of crystallization of the chemical on the plant. A SBC preparation to which an emulsifier used as a food additive was added was considered to be a practical control chemical against powdery mildew of cucumber, egg plant, strawberry, etc. For the purpose of clarifying the characteristic effect of the chemical, a study was made of its effect on cucumber powdery mildew fungus, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, at various growth stages and the following results were obtained. 1) Direct spray of SBC at a concentration of 2, 000ppm inhibited 80-100% of conidial germination. 2) In hyphal elongation, there was little difference between this treatment and water-treatment, and no great inhibitory effect was observed. 3) The chemical did not to control conidiophore formation very well, the control percentage being only 38%. 4) The number of conidia formed per conidiophore in about 20 hours was 5 in untreated sections, whereas in the SBC treated sections no conidia were formed. 5) Treatment of new conidia with SBC resulted in the formation of small projections on the surface and rupture of the cell wall under a slight pressure, with subsequent projection of the contents. Such conidia could not infect cucumber plant and the SBC preparation greatly inhibited conidial dispersion.
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  • Kazumasa MIHARA, Hideo OHKAWA, Junshi MIYAMOTO
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 211-222
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In single oral or subcutaneous administration of 14C-terallethrin labeled at the CO-group of the acid moiety to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at the dose of 5mg/kg, 14C was rapidly absorbed, and distributed mainly into intestines, liver and kidney. Thereafter, the 14C was rapidly excreted into the urine and feces. During the 7 days following administration, 49 to 62% of the dosed 14C was found in the urine, 38 to 50% was in the feces, and totally 97 to 100% was recovered in the excreta. 14C Residue levels in 23 (female) to 24 (male) tissues were less than 0.09μg terallethrin equivalents/g tissue. Whole-body autoradiography also showed that 14C tissue residues were very low in the rat body. Tlc analysis showed that more than 18 metabolites were present in the urine and feces. One fifth to 0.3% of the dose of the parent compound was found in the feces. Major metabolites resulted from oxidation of one the gem-dimethyl group attached to the cyclopropane ring and cleavage of the carboxyl ester linkage. Ester metabolites hydroxylated at the 2-methyl and 3-allyl groups of the allethronyl moiety were also found. Hydroxylation at the gem-dimethyl and 3-allyl groups was dominant in male rats, whereas carboxylic acid formation from the gem-dimethyl group was dominant in female rats. No qualitative and quantitative differences in the metabolites were found between oral and subcutaneous administrations.
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  • Takeo IZAWA, Yasuo FUJII, Shiro ASAKA
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 223-226
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Degradation of MCPBE (ethyl 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxybutylate), simetryne [2-methylthio-4, 6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] and methoxyphenone (3, 3′-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzophenone) in the reductive flooded soils was compared with those in the usually prepared flooded soils. MCPBE was degraded in the reductive soils as rapidly as in the usually prepared ones having a half-life time of less than one day, and free acid (MCPBA, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxybutylic acid) was formed correspondingly. The acid was also degraded rapidly in both soil conditions. MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) was formed in the usually prepared soils but not detected in the reductive soils. Half-life time of simetryne in the two soils was 37 and 63 days under reductive conditions and 48 and 58 days under usually prepared conditions. Methoxyphenone was rapidly degraded at almost the same rate under both soil conditions and the main metabolite was methoxyphenone-OH (3, 3′-dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzophenone). The behavior of the three herbicides in the soils was almost the same under both conditions and no long persistence was observed.
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  • Takeo MASUDA, Shozo ENDO
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 227-230
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Strips of cotton rope impregnated with 4 kinds of a mixture of fruit fly lure and insecticide (methyleugenol, cue-lure, diazinon, and fenitrothion) were exposed to sunlight and shade for 16 weeks in a field on Amami Is. in Kagoshima Pref. At various intervals, the residues of the lure and insecticide on the strip were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detection. Disappearance behavior of these chemicals portrayed by plotting the residue values in logarithms against the elapsed days was approximated to be a straight line characteristic of first order reactions. Half-life values of methyleugenol, cue-lure, diazinon, and fenitrothion were 0.47, 4.2, 3.4, and 8.0 weeks, respectively. Sunlight and rainfall had no significant effect on the longevity of these chemicals.
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  • 1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 231-235
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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  • Yôzô NAGAI
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 237-238
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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  • Yasuhiko UESUGI
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 239-246
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Mutants resistant to fungicides were obtained by selecting a large number of conidia of rice blast fungus, Pyricularia oryzae, with respective fungicides. The mutation of resistance to kasugamycin and to organophosphorus thiolate (PTL) fungicides seemed to be spontaneous in most cases. In 1971, kasugamycin-resistant strains were found in the field and investigated. Identity of the kasugamycin resistance found in the field and that selected in the laboratory remained to be solved. In the investigation with laboratory-derived mutants, cross resistance was found among PTL fungicides and between PTL and isoprothiolane. Negatively correlated cross resistance was found between PTL and certain phosphoramidate (PA) compounds and between isoprothiolane and PA. This negative correlation was not found in most of the PTL-resistant field-isolates, and therefore the resistance in the field seemed different from that obtained in the laboratory in most cases. Fungal metabolism of PTL fungicides and a PA was investigated to elucidate resistance mechanism. Detoxifying metabolism of PTL as well as PA was lower in laboratory-derived PTL-resistant mutant and this may explain the higher sensitivity to PA, but the mechanism of resistance to TPL remains to be solved in this type of mutants. A higher rate of PTL metabolism was found in most of the PTL-resistant field-isolates and this may be a mechanism of the resistance found in the field.
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  • Yasuharu SEKIZAWA, Tetsuro WATANABE
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 247-255
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The mode of action of probenazole, a nonfungicidal systemic controlling agent against rice blast and bacterial leaf blight, has been studied phytopathologically and biochemically. Neither probenazole nor degraded or metabolic products exhibited any in vitro anti-microbial activities, in irrigation water or rice plants. The in vitro sensitive sites at each stage of the life cycle of blast fungus were found at conidial germination (+), appressorial formation (++), penetration (+++), mycelial growth (+) and reproduction of conidia (++). The in vivo sensitive sites at each stage of the life cycle were enhanced at conidial germination, penetration and mycelial growth. Probenazole was changed to allyl o-sulfamoylbenzoate, 1, 2-benzisothiazole-3-one-1, 1-dioxide and its N-glucoside within several days of its application, which have not direct anti-microbial activities in the rice plant; therefore long lasting activity of the compound against rice blast fungus was attributed to this host mediated defense action. It was observed that indoleacetic acid (IAA) or tryptophan and ethylene or methionine mimmicked the resistant reactions in the rice plant, which include the production of antimicrobial agents, the formation of a chemical barrier and augmentation of enzymic activities related to lignoid formation, the formation of a physical barrier at the invaded cell. These maximum activities of the enzymes were always found in the treated and inoculated experimental run as in the use of probenazole with the inoculation. The augmentation of peroxidase by inoculation, application of IAA or tryptophan and application of ethylene or methionine were all counteracted by the presence of abscisic acid. The de novo synthesis of peroxidase by the inoculation with or without probenazole in rice leaf slices was inhibited in the presence of cycloheximide, blasticidin S and formycin A. In the asceptic cell free extracts of conidia or mycelia of blast fungus, factors responsible for the induction of peroxidase were found. The controlling activity of probenazole against rice blast disease was counteracted in the presence of abscisic acid. Neither probenazole nor its degraded and metabolic products exhibited any plant hormonal activity. From the preceding evidence, the action area of probenazole along the resistance reaction chain (ref. scheme 1, working hypothesis “Signal transmission hypotheses”) was tentatively determined to be around the recognition system, including its related initial biochemical reactions.
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  • Yasushi HASHIMOTO, Yasuhiro NISHIUCHI
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 257-264
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    “The standard method for the evaluation of acute toxicity of pesticides to fish” and “A method for the evaluation of acute toxicity of pesticides to daphnids” were established to give 48h TLm values for carp and 3h TLm values for Daphnia pulex or Moina macrocopa. With these and some modified methods, acute toxicity of all the already registered pesticides to carp and daphnids were evaluated, and factors influencing the toxicity of pesticides or sensitivity of test organisms to pesticides were investigated. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Rotenone and organochlorine insecticides, organomercurial, organotin, dimethyl dithiocarbamate and phthalimide fungicides, dinitrophenol and pentachlorphenol herbicides have high toxicity to carp, while organophosphorus and phenylcarbamate insecticides are extremely toxic to daphnids. (2) In general, emulsifiable concentrates, technical products, wettable powders, dust and granules are toxic to carp, in this order. (3) The majority of pesticides are more toxic to carp and daphnids at higher temperatures, but some, including folpet and DDT, are less toxic to carp and daphnids, respectively, at higher temperatures. (4) The majority of pesticides are less toxic at higher pH. (5) No apparent synergism or antagonism is observed to occur between 6 pairs of organophosphorus and phenyl carbamate insecticides with carp. (6) No remarkable change in sensitivity of carp is observed with growth to 6 pesticides, including organophosphorus insecticides and pentachlorphenol herbicide, although sensitivity to endosulfan insecticide is extremely high at earlier developmental stages after floating. (7) Dietary pesticides are in general less toxic to carp than pesticides in bath exposure systems. In addition, sensitivity of other aquatic organisms to pesticides was evaluated by the recently developed method. Results are summarized as follows: (1) Gold fish, tanago; Rhodeus moriokae, dojo; Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, and medata; Oryzias latipes, have sensitivity similar to carp. (2) Larvae of dragonfly; Orthetrum albistylum speciosum, and mayfly; Cloëon dipterum, are found to have lower sensitivity than daphnids, but the correlations of TLm values among them are comparatively high. (3) The molluscean animals, Indoplanorbis exustus, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, Semisulcospira libertine and Physa acuta have low sensitivity to pesticides in general. (4) Tadpoles of Bufo bufo japonicas, Rana brevipoda and Rana catesbeiana have low sensitivity to pesticides in general.
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  • [in Japanese]
    1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 265-266
    Published: May 20, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1981 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 280
    Published: 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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