Abnormal fluid pressures in shale-sandstone sequences occur commonly in the relatively deeper parts of the sequences. The causes of their anomalous pressures can be explained by the fluid release mechanisms related to compaction of shales.
The possibility of the formation of anomalous pressures due to retardation of expulsion from shales increases with depth, because in this situation the fluid must entirely support the added weight of overburden and the rock density tends to increase with depth.
The order of magnitude of the amount of fluid which should be expelled from shale in unit time to reach compaction equilibrium is determined, based on Dickinson's shale porosity-depth curve of the Gulf Coast region. The minimum permeability values necessary for compaction equilibrium to be reached are calculated according to Darcy's law. These calculated minimum permeability values, however, may be smaller than the true values in hydrostatic pressure zone, and must be greater in abnormal pressure zone.
If the calculated permeability at 7, 000ft, corresponding to the boundary surface between hydrostatic and abnormal pressure zones in the Gulf Coast region, approximates true value, the permeability at other depths can be determined by Kozeny's and Archie's porosity-permeability relations.
As the permeability based on Kozeny's and Archie's relations above 7, 000ft is greater than the minimum permeability necessary for compaction equilibrium to be reached, sufficient upward fluid expulsion would take place to maintain hydrostatic pressure above 7, 000ft. On the other hand, the permeability being smaller than the minimum permeability below 7, 000ft, the sufficient water could not pass through and abnormal pressure would occur.

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A study of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for production of straight chain α-olefins by Kölbel's slurry process was made using a bench scale reactor 50mmφ×6, 000mm, in order to develop a process in which a large amount of CO produced from Linz-Donáwitz converters in steel industry might be utilized.
Synthesis gas of CO/H₂ mole ratio 1.5∼2.0 was introduced as bubbles into a suspension of iron catalyst in oil at the reaction conditions of 230∼270°C, 3∼10kg/cm²•G, 2.5∼3.5Nl (CO+H₂)/gFe•hr and catalyst concentration of 3∼10wt% as metallic iron.
10∼45g gaseous hydrocarbons and 110∼170g liquid hydrocarbons are produced from one Nm³ synthesis gas. Oxygen-containing compounds were 5∼6wt% of total produces. α-Olefin content is 82∼71wt% in C₆∼C₈ fraction and 80∼77wt% in C₁₁∼C₁₄ fraction.

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The photo-decomposition of sixteen organic sulfur compounds were examined by the reaction with diphenyl picryl hydrazil (DPPH) at room temperature.
Application of mercury-lamp or natural light to sample sulfur compounds release free radicals. Reaction velocity considerably varies depending upon type of ultraviolet ray applied, and susceptibility to light varies depending upon chemical structure of sulfur compounds, order being identical with each type of ultraviolet ray.
Under these reaction conditions, mercaptanes react most rapidly with DPPH as compared with other sulfur compounds having corresponding side chains. This reaction seems to be of hydrogen abstraction type. Disulfides decomposed more easily than corresponding sulfides.
The effect of hydrocarbon side chains on reactivity of these sulfur compounds was in the following order: naphthyl>phenyl>benzyl, alkyl radicals.

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