Hydraulic fracturing makes the very permeable channel, where the fracture is created in the reservoir formation by the injection of fluid suspending sand with high pressure and high rate and then the openning of fracture is filled up with sand carried in the fracturing fluid, for the purpose of elevating the productivity or flowing capacity of oil reservoir. Therefore, the study on the movement of sand during the fracturing procedure, especially transportation and deposition of sand in the fracture openning, is thought to be very useful for understanding of fracturing process and promoting its effectiveness.
This paper states, first, the experimental and theoretical studies on the precipitation of sand grains in the non-flowing fluid and experiment of sand movement in the flowing fluid in the fracture openning, which is represented by the model apparatus. The sand mixed in the flowing fluid precipitates and deposits to the bottom of channel because of gravity segregation, when the flow rate is low. But when the flow rate reaches to the certain degree, the equilibrium is obtained such as no more precipitation of sand occures nor the previously deposited sand moves. The velocity of this state is defined as equilibrium velocity. This paper reveals the equilibrium velocities, which are obtained experimentally for sands in water, medium weight crude oil and the gel fluid and discussion about movement and deposition of sand in the fracture openning by application of those data. Furthermore, a few points, which should be considered carefully at the fracturing practices, are induced.

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Aging characteristics of synthetic silica-alumina catalyst and kaolin-clay catalysts were studied for fresh and equilibrated catalyst, using light gas oil as a feed stock. Fresh synthetic silica-alumina catalyst is superior in cracking activities than kaolin-clay catalyst, but as an equilibrated catalyst, both have almost the same cracking properties except that the selectivity of synthetic silica-alumina catalyst is slightly higher.
Cracking activities of the two catalyst could not be estimated as being related from the measurements of the surface areas and acidities by Holm's method, however, it seems that acidities of the catalyst measured by the Benesis method have some correlation with cracking activities. Cracking activities of the above catalysts under different feed stocks were studied for comparison. When light gas oil was used as a feed stock synthetic silica-alumina catalyst showed much better activity than kaolin-clay catalyst. However, as the boiling range of the feed stocks increased the difference in activities became smaller, especially when the feed stock contained much polycyclic aromatics.

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In recent years, most of heavy fuel oils for marine diesel engines have been used with some kinds of additives. However, some of the additives are often misapplied, for their properties are not appreciated.
Therefore, experiments were made by the author on the new methods for the purpose of determining the quality of additives by their several effects on the combustion of heavy fuel oils; and velocity of vaporization, combustibility (velocity of combustion) and tendency to form carbonaceous materials preventing the combustion were studied. As the results, it was known that some additives improved combustion quality of heavy fuel oil; namely, the combustion quality mainly depended on combustion rate and formation of carbonaceous materials.
It was distinctly shown by the results of experiments that additives were effective when they were in fitted application; accordingly, this method of experiment was effective for determining additives in heavy fuel oil for diesel engine.

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Normal pentane and normal heptane were processed over a platinum-alumina-chloride reforming catalyst under a normal reforming condition-temperature of 500°C, pressure of 35kg/cm², hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio of 10moles/mole, and feed rate of 1.2gr-moles/50cc catalyst/hr.
Hydrocracking activity of the catalyst, which converts n-heptane to propane and butanes, was promoted by 1, 2-dichloropropane injected with the feed hydrocarbon, on the other hand, the activity, which produces methane and ethane from n-heptane, was not promoted by the injection of the chloride. The activity of hydrocracking of n-pentane was also promoted by the chloride.
Owing to carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst, the cracking activity which produces methane and ethane from n-heptane was mainly suppressed. When cracking n-pentane, demethylation reaction was more suppressed than the reaction producing ethane and propane.
Hydrogenation-dehydrogenation activity of the catalyst was correlative to the hydrocracking activity of the catalyst producing methane and ethane from n-heptane.
It is concluded that the activity of hydrocracking, which produces methane and ethane, depends on the platinum in the catalyst, and the activity of hydrocracking, which converts n-heptane to propane and butanes, depends on the acidity of the catalyst.

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Urea treatment of Aramco crude gasoline fraction (b. p. 40∼225°C; ASTM) increased its octane number by approximately 10 units. Notable increase in octane number was observed in the high boiling range of this gasoline. Agitation of gasoline during contact with urea will cause considerable loss in gasoline but its loss can be minimized by percolating the gasoline through urea packed column. Increase in the octane number is more efficiently effected by recycling the eluted gasoline instead of a single-pass contact method. The adduct in the urea column was arranged in accordance with the number of carbon atoms of n-paraffins, similar in principle to that of elution chromatography.

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Experiment on urea dewaxing to two varieties of kerosene fractions was carried out. When about 10% of paraffins were extracted from each kerosene, their freezing points were lowered to -70°C. Although dewaxing results differs according to the properties of mother kerosenes, the paraffins extracted were mainly normal paraffins. The melting points of the extracted paraffins were higher for those extracted with insufficient urea than those extracted with excess of urea. Depressing of freezing points by addition of gasoline were influenced by the properties of the blended gasoline and mother kerosene, and, at times deviated from Hepp's curve. Under the scope of this experiment, notable difference in the distillation curve (ASTM) was not observed between dewaxed and mother kerosenes.

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