In the hydrodesulfurization of crude or residual oils, asphaltene is believed to cause a decrease in the activity of the catalyst. Using the flow system and conventional cobaltmolybdate catalysts, the effect of asphaltene on hydrodesulfurization reaction was studied. Feedstocks of various asphaltene content were prepared from Khafji crude oil.
1. In processing feedstock, an efficient catalyst activity was maintained over longer periods in the case of low asphaltene content, while a decrease in activity was observed in case of high asphaltene content. Hydrogen consumption was higher with the feedstock of high asphaltene content.
2. A comparison of the hydrodesulfurization reaction rate of Khafji crude oil containing 1.5% asphaltene was approximately twice that of crude oil with 4.3% asphaltene content.
3. The kinetics of asphaltene removing reaction and also that of desulfurization reaction were apparently of second order. A comparison was made of the catalyst selectivity regarding asphaltene removing and desulfurization reaction.

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High-purity propylene feedstock is required for manufacture of polypropylene. Accurate vapor-liquid equilibrium data of C₃ hydrocarbons are essential for the determination of fractionation requirements to obtain high-purity propylene from a C₃ hydrocarbon mixture.
The apparatus used in this investigation was a modification of the forced-circulation type. It has been stated by Ruhemann¹⁾ that this type of apparatus is the most accurate and reliable of all low temperature method.
Binary vapor-liquid equilibrium relationships for the propylene-propane, propylene-propadiene (allene) and propane-propadiene systems were determined at isothermal conditions of 0°C and 20.1°C.
In these three binary mixtures, the propane propadiene system forms a minimum boiling azeotropic mixture. Azeotropic conditions were determined using a smoothing method proposed by Suda²⁾ which was based on a simple relation in vapor-liquid equilibrium ratio of the constituents.

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Flame travel times of some base stocks of commercial gasolines were statistically studied using a CFR engine and a multi-channel flame counter. Two kinds of fuels, catalytically reformed naphtha (RFT) and a 50/50 mixture of it with straight-run light naphtha (RFT/LN) were used throughout the work, and in some cases, isooctane, toluene, xylene and cracked naphtha were used for comparison. Operating conditions of the engine varied were air-fuel ratios from 10:1 to 16:1, inlet mixsture temperatures of 50°, 100° and 150°C, and throttle openings of 90° (full throttle), 26° and 15°. Engine speed was kept constant at 900rpm, and the ignition timing was set at the best power.
RFT and RFT/LN seemed to have the minimum flame travel time at a rich air-fuel ratio of 11:1. The flame travel time of RFT was longer than that of RFT/LN and the extent of cyclic disperison of the former was larger than that of the latter.
The effect of inlet mixture temperature on the time of flame travel was small for RFT and only slightly noticeable for RFT/LN. The extents of cyclic dispersion at high inlet temperatures of 100° and 150°C for both fuels were not much different from those obtained at 50°C.
As the throttle valve was closed, the flame travel time became longer, the extent of cyclic dispersion increased, and their sensitivity to air-fuel ratio become significant.
As found in our previous work, where the apparent flame propagation velocity, defined as the distance of flame travel divided by the flame travel time, followed a normal distribution, the results obtained in the present work were analysed using the apparent mean flame propagation velocity V_f and the standard deviation σ_f and the coefficient of variation σ_f/V_f.
The relationship between V_f/S_L (S_L=laminar burning velocity) and Reynolds number was discussed and a possibility of similar linear correlation as found for isooctane in the previous work was shown. The correlation of V_f versus σ_f was also discussed.

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Highly alkaline cylinder oils have been used in recent years in large marine diesel engines burning residual fuel oils. Though cylinder oils should be ultimately qualified by long term tests on board, laboratory engine tests are necessary at earlier stages of the development. The Bolnes engine wear test had been found to be useful for this purpose.
In carrying out the Bolnes engine test, we encountered a difficulty that there was a large variation in the wear ratio of test oils relative to the reference oil even under the steady operating conditions. We have analyzed the cause of the variation by applying the statistical analysis, and have developed a method which allows satisfactory evaluation of the wear performance of test oils.

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Propylene is principally oxidized by use of a nitric acid solution of mercuric nitrate to acrolein through C₃'-Hg²⁺ complex, as a reaction intermediate. However, the addition of small amounts of nitrous acid or nitrites to mercuric nitrate changes the reaction course, or selectivity, and it also reduces the induction period of the decomposition reaction of C₃'-Hg²⁺ complex. The product is exclusively acetone. This new method of oxidation is readily applicable to other monoolefins such as ethylene and butylenes.

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For the production of high calorific town gas from petroleum, the catalytic hydrogenolysis of several paraffinic hydrocarbons (propane, pentane, hexane and heptane) was studied in a flow system under atmospheric pressure.
The activities of several catalysts for hydrogenolysis of hexane were examined in the temperature range of 200∼700°C. Nickel and cobalt catalysts proved to be the most active at 200∼500°C. Tke activity of the catalysts for hydromethanisation was found to be in the following sequence: Ni, Co>Fe>MoO₃>MoS₃, WO₃, WS₃, Cu.
The hydrogenolysis of propane on a nickel catalyst was suppressed by hydrogen at temperatures less than 300°C, and the suppression effect of hydrogen decreased with the reaction temperature. Above 300°C, the reaction was found to be promoted by hydrogen when the amount of hydrogen present was less than 150% of the theoretical amount, and also to be independent of the partial pressure of hydrogen in the presence of excess hydrogen.
Methane was formed as the predominant product, and the ratio of ethane or propane to methane in the product decreased with the reaction temperature. Methane was most likely formed directly from the feed hydrocarbons, and not via ethane or propane as the intermediate.
The reactivity of hydrocarbons in the reaction with theoretical amounts of hydrogen was found to be in the following sequence: pentane>hexane>heptane. It was inferred that the reaction would likely be controlled by desorption of product methane.

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The catalytic activities of synthetic zeolites containing various amounts of rare earth cations were investigated in the isomerization and disproportionation of o-xylene using a flow apparatus. The rates of both reactions increased significantly with the increase in content of the rare earth cation and were proportional to the amount of water adsorbed on the surface.
The activation energy of isomerization was independent of rare earth content and of water content, while that of disproportionation increased with the decrease of rare earth and water contents.
From these observations, the active sites of these zeolite catalysts were proposed to be protons formed between the rare earth cations and the water molecules adsorbed on zeolite.

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The telomerization reaction of ethylene with toluene was investigated by the use of n-butyl lithium: N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-1, 2-diaminoalkane or N, N, N', N'-tetra-alkylethylenediamine as the initiator. The reaction was carried out in a stainless steel autoclave at temperatures ranging from 90 to 150°C and ethylene partial pressures ranging from 20atm to 70atm. The addition of diamine components has a pronounced effect on the yields and the composition of telomers under equivalent reaction conditions.
The telomer yields increase with increasing temperature up to 120°C and decrease significantly at higher temperatures. The average molecular weight of telomers is affected by the ethylene partial pressure.

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The reaction of carbon monoxide with ethyl fluoride has been investigated in the anhydrous hydrogen fluoride medium under high pressures. The yield of propionic acid is fairly high and the rate of formation is of the first order with respect to carbon monoxide and one-half order to the mole ratio of charged hydrogen fluoride and ethyl fluoride. The overall activation energy has been found to be 6.9kcal/mole.

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The life of BF₃-H₂O complex catalyst in the alkylation reaction of benzene homologues with propylene was studied and the catalytic behaviors of BF₃-H₂O complex in the polymerization of propylene were also observed.
From the experimental results obtained, the following conclusions may be drawn.
1) In the propylation of aromatic hydrocarbons with BF₃-H₂O complex catalyst, the main attacking group on an aromatic nucleus is C₃H^δ+₇…B^δ-F₃OH instead of C⁺₃H₇.
2) The attacking group being a polarized complex, C₃H^δ+₇…B^δ+F₃OH, the inductive effect of the alkyl group on the aromatic nucleus on it is not so influential as in the case of the attack by carbonium ions.
3) Hence, in this case, the steric or probability factor has the priority over the inductive effect in the propylation of aromatic hydrocarbons. This is the reason why benzene is the most reactive and has the strongest catalyst regenerationg ability as compared with alkylbenzene in the propylation reaction with BF₃-H₂O complex catalyst.
4) When the ester like complex, C₃H^δ+₇…B^δ-F₃OH, approaches to an aromatic nucleus, the exchange of C^δ+₃H₇ in the complex for a proton on the aromatic nucleus occurs to produce alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons and regenerated catalyst HBF₃OH. And this exchange reaction can be accomplished only when the complex approaches very closely to the nucleus.
5) The attack of the ester like complex to the aromatic nucleus is accelerated by the presence of a large amount of the BF₃-H₂O complex catalyst of high BF₃ concentration. Hence, the increase of the catalyst amount favors the elongation of the catalyst life.
6) In the polymerization of propylene with BF₃-H₂O complex catalyst, the deterioration of the catalyst (the accumulation of the ester like complex, C₃H^δ+₇…B^δ-F₃OH) is more rapid than in the case of the propylation of benzene homologues. And the molar ratio of C₃H₆/HBF₃OH in the ester like complex is found to be 1:1.

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