Investigations on the manufacture of synthesis gas by direct partial oxidation of methane with metallic oxides in a fixed bed were made. From the equilibrium consideration and the experimental results, it was known that iron oxide-alumina was the most adequate oxygen carrier and the addition of alumina to iron oxide had effects on the promotion of reactivity. The oxygen carrier capable of producing carbon monoxide and hydrogen was of two stages of reduction, namely FeO_1.33∼FeO and FeO∼FeO_0.8. The rate of reaction was larger in the latter stage than in the former; the selectivity of carbon monoxide formation in the former attained to the equilibrium value in CO+FeO_??_CO₂+Fe, while in the latter it was over the equilibrium value. In general, the degree of reduction of iron oxide was not uniform throughout the bed; the degree of reduction of the oxide at the inlet was larger than that at the outlet. Moreover, carbon monoxide and hydrogen formed at the inlet side of the bed might be further oxidized at the succeeding parts. Discussions are given on the conditions under which gases rich in carbon monoxide and hydrogen is obtainable.

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The catalytic isomerizations of o-, m-and p-xylene as well as ethylbenzene with silica-alumina catalyst were studied at 500°C. in the presence of steam, the total reaction pressure being kept at 1 atm. The isomerizations always accompanied dispropotionations and crackings. From the experimental data, general formulas of velocity constants of these reactions were derived, according to Langmuir-Hinshelwood's mechanism.
The experiments in the long runs were conducted with xylene mixtures composed of the above four isomers of various proportion at 500°, 515°, and 530°C., and those results were also analyzed by approximation.

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The reaction of propylene with formaldehyde in acetic acid solution catalyzed by sulfuric acid is studied. The optimum mole ratio of sulfuric acid to formaldehyde is found to be about 0.2 and the favorable range of reaction temperature is 35∼50°C at ordinary pressure. The acetic acid containing 30vol% of acetic anhydride serves as a suitable solvent. The products are 4-methyl-1, 3-dioxane, 1, 3-butanediol diacetate and 4-acetoxytetrahydropyran, and the former two of these compounds can be converted to pyran derivatives via allylcarbinol acetate. However, the formation of 4-acetoxytetrahydropyran from propylene and formaldehyde by the Prins reaction may be explained by the Baker's mechanism of hyperconjugation of the propylene methyl radical without considering the formation of allylcarbinol acetate. Various reactions of 4-hydroxytetrahydropyran are carried out and its derivatives are prepared, including several new compounds. For the sake of comparison with the reactivity of propylene, some reactions of allyl halides with formaldehyde are also studied and the main products are found to be 4-halomethyl-1, 3-dioxanes.

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It has long been known that acetaldehyde is polymerized to give amorphous polyacetaldehyde when the monomer is frozen. In this method freezing of the monomer was an indispensable process.
Recently we found that alumina was a more effective catalyst for amorphous polymerization. Acetaldehyde was easily converted to high polymer without freezing of the monomer.
Furthermore, Natta et al. and ourselves succeeded respectively in the preparation of the crystalline polymer of aldehydes by organometallic compounds and metal alkoxide. The crystalline polymer is much less soluble in organic solvents than the amorphous one.
The mechanism of the stereoregular polymerization was considered in connection with several synthetic organic reactions which involve metal alkoxides and carbonyl compounds. The coordination complex of aldehyde to the metal alkoxide seems to play an influential role in the stereoregular polymerization.

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A review of catalysts for the high polymerization of alkylene oxides was given, from which it was deduced that a metal-oxygen bond was an essential element of active species in most cases.
Then, two catalytic systems which were found in our laboratory were discussed. First, the active species of the system of diethylzinc and water was mentioned, and the reaction mechanism was suggested. The second system consists of an organometallic compound and an acidic oxide such as alumina or silica-alumina. These systems induce anionic polymerization of alkylene oxide and it can be assumed that adsorption of monomer on metal of the metal-oxygen bond plays an influential role both in activation of monomer and in controlling the stereoregularity.

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The authors studied the adsorption behaviors of highly alkaline detergents in a lubricating oil chromatography using Silica gel and Alumina gel as the adsorbents. As the typical detergents with high alkalinity, calcium phenate and calcium sulfonate were taken up and the model oil samples having total base numbers of about 30mgKOH/g were prepared by adding these detergents into a base oil. Chromatographic fractionation of the model samples were carried out with Silica gel and Alumina gel having various pore sizes and the results of separation of the detergents and the base oil were studied. It was found that only the detergent was eluted in the first cut of petroleum ether elution when Silica gel have a pore diameter of 23Å. On the other hand, only the base oil was eluted in the chromatography when Silica gel as well as Alumina gel have larger pore size (60∼130Å). Consequenthy, it is possible by analysis, to determine the composition of the base oil. By applying this chromatographic techniques, it is possible to analyse similar highly alkaline detergent oil and identify the nature of detergents and the type of the base oil used. The authors assume such characteristic adsorption behaviors may have relation to the physicochemical properties of these individual adsorbent such as the size of pore.

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Studies were conducted on mass spectrometer used to measure the appearance potential. Next, mass spectra of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, from C₁ to C₅ was measured within the electronic energy range of appearence potential to 80V, and data regarding the development of mass spectra was obtained. Furthermore, the ionization potential for the aforementioned hydrocarbons were measured and its precision studied.

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In the present study, liquid paraffin was blended with monosulfides, disulfides and mercaptanes and tested in the "Soda" Four Ball Machine to evaluate the extreme pressure properties of the sulfur compounds and their influence from the dissolved oxygen in oils.
For a low sliding velocity, optimum concentration for maximum load carrying capacity existed for monosulfide and disulfide blends but no such optimum concentration has been found for mercaptane blends except dibenzyl mercaptane. In a high sliding velocity, disulfides are superior in extreme pressure property to monosulfides and especially, dibenzyl disulfide shows a better extreme pressure lubricating property than other disulfides.
When the dissolved oxygen is removed from mineral oils, the extreme pressure lubricating properties of monosulfide and disulfide blends fall off markedly within the range of sliding velocity tested. The effect of the dissolved oxygen in oils varies with the sulfur concentration of oils. In a high sliding velocity only dibenzyl disulfide blend is little effected by the dissolved oxygen.

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Concerning to investigations on petroleum, there are too many studies to be resumed in this limited space prearranged for this item. Therefore, only parts of them are picked out and inevitably many important studies are omitted. The editers are very sorry to these researchers, whose studies are not reported in this paper. But on the otherhand, in this short description readers will be able to know the status of research in recent few years about right and at the same time also to know some of the active organizations in these field in Japan (F. M.)

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