1. One of the causes of shade intolerability in Helianthus annuus was the increase of C/F ratio (non-photosynthetic system/photosynthetic system) with shading. The value of C/F ratio is determined as a result of the distribution of photosynthate into the photosynthetic system and non-photosynthetic system. In H. annuus, shading decreased the distribution ratio to the photosynthetic system markedly, or increased the differential C/F ratio.
2. In the deeper shade was larger the proportion in dry weight of dead parts, which mainly consisted of leaves, to the whole plant. The plants grown under the 5 and 10% light conditions could not enough replace the senescent leaves with the new ones.
3. The total photosynthesis under various light intensities of H. annuus was calculated with photosynthetic activity and leaf area, and the value was compared, on the basis of matter-reproduction formula, to the gross production calculated as the sum total of apparent growth of plant organs, respiration and dead parts.
4. The proportion of investment of gross production to the construction and maintenance of the photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic systems was calculated. The investment of gross production into the photosynthetic system was evidently depressed with shading.
5. Comparison of growth among H. annuus, Phaseolus aureus and Impatiens parviflora suggested that the degree of shade tolerance closely related with the feature of photosynthate distribution into the photosynthetic system.

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Metabolism of shikimic and quicic acids in Pseudomonas ovalis is described. Shikimic acid can be metabolized via 5-dehydroshikimic acid to protocatechuic acid, while quinic acid seems to be converted to 5-dehydroquinic acid, 5-dehydroshikimic acid and protocatechuic acid in due order. Some of protocatechuic acid may be transformed into its ester. Oxygen uptake of shikimic and quinic acids has been observed, and there is no significant difference in the oxidation of these acids. Shikimic acid can easily be converted to 5-dehydroshikimic acid, while 5-dehydroshikimic acid forms trace of shikimic acid.
From these results it may be concluded that quinic and shikimic acids are of same significance in this organism.

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In Physalis angulata it was confirmed that 3 small bundles in the uppermost internode of the primary axis (Fig. 2B, 1, 2, 3) were the median trace bundles of successive alternate leaves proper to the primary axis. At the top of this internode one of these bundles (1, inferable to be the first to diverge) enters the leaf of this node with its lateral bundles branched from both adjoining bundles (Fig. 2C-E). The axillary bud trace follows them. At the same level the other 2 median leaf trace bundles pass one into each of the paired axes of the anthocladium to form the “dorsal bundle” of the latter (Fig. 2G, d), which diverges as the median leaf trace bundle at the first node of the anthocladium. The vascular cylinder consists of, besides the median leaf trace bundle, those bundles that represent the lateral leaf trace bundles and the trace bundles of the associated axillary branch as well (Fig, 2F-H). Two small bundles left in the axis are distally bundles of the flower stalk (Fig. 2E-H, p and p'). The vascular behaviour clearly indicates the fusion of 3 nodes of the primary axis and shows that the paired anthocladial axes are the successive axillary branches of the primary axis, with which the subtending leaf is adnate. The same vascular behaviour in all the anthocladial nodes as that in the transitional node from the primary axis to the anthocladium leads to the conclusion that the anthocladium of this plant is composed of sympodia of successive orders consisting of 3 internodes: the hypopodium, elongate and adnate with the subtending leaf; the mesopodium, contracted resulting in fusion of 2 nodes; and the epipodium, representing the flower stalk (Fig. 8A). This interpretation of the anthocladium agrees with that proposed by Wydler¹⁾ for Datura and other solanaceous plants with the similar external features including species of Physalis, and followed by many authors (e. g. Eichler²⁾, Wettstein³⁾, Goebel⁴⁾, Pascher^{5, 6)}). The vascular behaviour in Solanum nigrum (Fig. 4) was found to support the above interpretation.
Anomalous nodes with the “paired leaves” lacking bifurcation of the anthocladial axis were often found in Ph. angulata. The vascular courses in such nodes (Fig. 7) are merely a slight modification of those in the normal nodes, and reveals that the small leaf of the “paired leaves” is the first leaf of the sympodium, which diverges from its proper position, and that its axillary branch is arrested to remain as a small axillary bud, or completely disappears (Fig. 2B). In the latter case, a vestigial vascular supply was often observed.
As the anthocladial nodes of Physalis alkekengi, var. francheti coincide both in their external features and in the vascular behaviour with those of the anomalous nodes of the foregoing species, the same explanation of the morphology must be applied to this species in agreement with Wydler¹⁾ and others. Fujita⁹⁾ brought forward another interpretation for this plant, as Troll⁸⁾ did for Atropa belladonna. They regarded each sympodial section of these plants as an axillary branch of the sympodium of the next lower order, subtended by the large leaf of the “paired leaves”. and the small leaf as the first leaf of the axillary branch, which comes to be paired with the second leaf of the foregoing sympodium by the contraction of its hypopodium (instead of the mesopodium). No adnation of the branch and its axillant leaf is postulated by their interpretation (Fig. 8C). The invalidity of such an explanation for Ph. alkekengi, var. francheti was discussed.

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