Renal and intrarenal hemodynamic action of norepinephrine, hydralazine, aminophylline, isoxsuprine, α-tocopheryl nicotinate, nydrine and papaverine were studied in anesthetized adult mongrel dogs by infusing the drugs into the renal artery. The cortical as well as medullary blood flow was determined by microthermcouple method with Simultaneous determination of urine volume, C_osm, C_H2O, C_Thio (GFR) and CPAH (RPF). The following results were obtained. 1. Norepinephrine decreased cortical flow, medullery flow and urine volume. This olyguria wash mostly due to depression of GFR though decrease in medullary flow would also play a role. 2. Hydralazine showed little direct effects on cortical flow, medullary flow and urine volume. It increased RPF through extrarenal factors subsequently. 3. Aminopholline incseased cortical flow and medullary flow, resulting in diuresis mainly due toincrease in GFR. Tubular and medullary flow factors seemed working little on diuresis. 4. Isoxsuprine, α-tocopheryl nicotinate and nydrine had no direct effects on cortical flow, medullary flow, and urine formation. 5. Papaverine increased cortical flow and medullary flow slightly. It produced a marked diuresis due to its effect on the tubulus. Although effect on medullary flow would also participate in this diuresis, it would be far less than that on the tubulus. The action site of papaverine was thouyht to be the distaltubulus.

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Experimental immune complex disease was produced in rats and rabbits by immunization of homologous and heterologous RTE-antigens. Precise investigation was performed by means of light and electron. microscopy and immunofluorescent antibody technique. RTE-antigens were mixed with an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant and intraperitoneally injected into the animals every other week. In general, six times or more immunization was required. The results were obtained as follows ; 1) It was proved that the renal lesion had been induced by immunization with RTE-antigens and that the nephritogenic activity was stable even if subdivided particle of the RTE-antigen was administered. 2) More marked renal lesion was induced with heterologous RTE-antigen as compared to homologous. antigen. 3) The predominant site of renal lesion, induced wite RTE-antigen, was taking place along the glome rular capillary walls. 4) There were no correlation between the dose of antigen and the degree of renal damage. But it was suggested that the longer the duration of immunization produced the higher degree of renal damage. 5) From the molecular aspect, RTE-antigen was consisted with two components or more, and it wass proved that higher molecular component had the more potential nephritogenicity. 6) γ-globulin was deposited in the bead-like fashion along the glomerular capillary walls, when the heterologous RTE-antigen was injected. This finding is similar to a certain glomerular lesions in man, especially membranous nephropathy.

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Renal tissues obtaind from 86 patients of various renal diseases including 8 serial biopsy cases and 9 autopsy cases were studied by the immunofluorescent antibody technique for IgG, IgA, IgM, betalc-globulin and fibrinogen deposition, correlated with light microscopy, clinical courses and therapeutic effects. The fluorescent patterns were classified into 6 types as previously reported. The patterns “ 3b ” and “4” which are characterized with 1g and betailc-globulin deposition in the mesangial portion as well as along the glomerular wall are well correlated to decreased renal functions, heavy proteinuria and hematuria in every type of renal diseases, especially in subchronic and chronic glomerulonephritis. The pattern “ 5b ”, in which mesangial localization of Ig and beta IC-globulin is noted as well as the bead like deposition along the tuft wall as seen in membranous nephropathy, should be regarded as a subclass of the pattern “ 5a ”, showing only the latter. But it showed more prominent inflammatory feature than “ 5a ”. There was no case of which the renal tissue was free of IgG and beta IC-globulin in spite of the presense of IgA and/or IgM. The localization of IgA appeard to be confined in smaller area than the IgG or IgM-positive sites. The site of fibrinogen was essentially same to those of IgG and beta IC-globulin. The cases of nephrotic syndrom with deposition of IgA and IgM in the renal tissue are less sensitive to the steroid therapy compared with the cases without deposition. Urinary IgA and IgM were determind in 7 cases of nephrotic syndrom. Urinary IgA was always positive in all cases but IgM was present only in two patients which revealed the deposition of IgM in the renal tissue. The fluorescence in scarring glomeruli was not significantory different between subchronic and chronic glomerulonephritis. Some of the scarring glomeruli showed marked deposition of Ig, while others had no fluorescense. The fluorescent pattern of each type of diseases remained its original character throughout the course even when the glomerular function was considerrably impaired. Only minimal deposition of Ig and beta IC-globulin was obsearbed in a severe extracapillary form of subacute glomerulo nephritis. Fibrinogen was present in the portion assumed to be a crescent in one case of subacute glomerulone-phritis. One case of nephrotic syndrom type IV, in which the first biopsy revealed bead like deposition along the tuft wall, disclosed marked reduction of fluorescence in contrast to new formation of crescent at the second biopsy, although it showed severe exacerbation. One case of nephrotic syndrome type III, in which the first biopsy showed bead like deposition andd the long term therapy with steroid and azathioprin failed but finally indomethacin was effective to reduce proteinuria, revealed almost the same invariable by fluorescent features in the second biopsy as that of the previous one. One case of subchronic glomerulonephritis type N with nodular deposition of Ig and beta IC-globulinn along the tuft wall and in the mesangium in the first biopsy revealed the same patterns of fluorescence after the long term indomethacin therapy except for that IgA and IgM became positive. Immunofluorescent studies of some advanced cases with renal insufficiency do not always favor to suggest the possibility of an immunologic mechanism in the progression of diseases.

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Forty-one patients with movable kidney, who were under 55 years of age and had neither renal parenchymal diseases, urinary tract diseases nor renovascular stenosis, were selected as the study objects. Movable kidney was diagnosed by pneumoretroperitoneum. Renal postural or respiratory displacement over 3 cm was regarded to be of movable kidney. And 19 healthy persons who had neither movable kidney nor other renal diseases were studied as the controls. Using a renographic unit of RDP 102 Type of Toshiba Co., renography was carried out just after taking standing pasition from rest supine posinion, and then, several days after, another renography wass done in the same examinee in standing position just after a 30-minute standing period. Before performing renography, a single dose of 300 ml of coarse tea or water was given orally to an examine at hunger, and 30 minutes thereafter, 1 ml of ¹³¹1-Hippuran solution containing 0.5 μCi/kg was injected intravenously. Starting just before the injection, a renogram was recorded for 20 minutes. Minute urine volume and radioactivity count of urine were calculated in the urine excreted during the rest supine position and in that excreted during the 30-minute standing period. Renograms were analysed according to Krueger et al. to get total concentration (TC), minute concentration (MC) and minnte excretion (ME). The results obtained are as follows : 1) Renography was carried out thrice on other days in the same examinees. The analysed data were almost the same among these 3 renograms in each examinee. Therefore, the author's renography is reproductive and reliable. 2) TC, MC and ME are smaller in movable kidney than in controls, just after taking the standing position. 3) In many cases with movable kidney, TC, MC and ME worsen by standing for 30 minutes. And the worsening grade is parallel to the renal displacement caused by changing position from prone position to the standing one. In the controls such a worsening is not found. 4) Minute urine volume and radioactivity count decrease by standing for 30 minutes in movable kidney.

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In order to define the quantity of dietary protein required for normal nitrogen balance, 31 nitrogen balance studies were performed in 9 patients with chronic renal failure. Four patients took the diet containing 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 gm. of protein per kg, per day, respectively for about one week, one of whom was examined before and under hemodialysis. The remaining patients, who were under hemo-dialysis twice a week, took the diet containing 0.4-1.2 gm, of protein per kg. per day for about 2-6 weeks. The proportion of high-quantity protein in diet varied from 8 to 59.9% and the calorie intake was from 24.8 to 37.3 cal. per kg. per day. The results were as follows : 1) The protein intake of 0.6-0.8gm. (average : 0.68 gm.) per kg. per day was needed in order to maintain the patients in normal nitrogen balance. 2) The patients under hemodialysis required 0.8-1.0 gm. (average : 0.86 gm.) of protein per kg, per day for normal nitrogen balance. All the patients were clinically in a good condition when the normal nitrogen balance was kept, so that the protein dosis mentioned here seemed to be adequate to the patients with chronic renal failure. From the results of this study, the proportion of high-quantity protein (animal protein) and the calorie content were not correlated with the nitrogen balance.

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