The Japanese Journal of Nephrology
Online ISSN : 1884-0728
Print ISSN : 0385-2385
ISSN-L : 0385-2385
Volume 26, Issue 8
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
  • EIKI MURAKAMI
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 999-1006
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The regulatory mechanism for renin substrate synthesis by the liver was investigated under various experimental conditions in rats, using an isolated liver perfusion and isolated hepatocytesm Insulin and thyroxine stimulated the synthesis of renin substrate, while glucagon, angiotensin II and prostaglandin (PG) F2α had no effect on substrate formation. The treatment with 17 β-estradiol increased renin substrate synthesis with producing an additional form of substrate with a different isoelectric point from that of normal form of substrate. The remarkable increase in renin substrate synthesis after bilateral nephrectomy was significantly suppressed by the treatment with PGE1 or PGE2. These findings suggest that a high level of plasma renin activity (PRA) observed in the patients with hyperthyroidism or low PRA in the patients with diabetes mellitus may be due to the stimulated or suppressed synthesis of renin substrate by the liver as well as the changes in plasma renin concentration. This study also suggests that PGE2 is one of the inhibitory factors originating from the kidney on renin substrate synthesis by the liver.
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  • AKIRA UENO
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1008-1015
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to make clear the optimum time of getting good roentogenograms after injectionof urographic contrast medium in intravenous pyelography (IVP), a theoretical approach was carried out using two-compartments kinetics model of excretion and distribution of sodium iothalamate in a man. Amounts of contrast medium (x) accumulated in a renal pelvis were calculated in a normal man with normal kidney function and patients with various kidney diseases. The optimum time of getting X-rays was considered to be the time when x became maximum values. The results are summarized as follows.1) In a patient with normal sized pelvis and normal kidney function, the optimum time is within 30 minutes after injection of contrast medium (Fig. 4).2) In a unilateral hydronephrosis with reduced GFR whose contralateral kidney is hypertrophied with increased GFR, the optimum time is about 2 to 4 hours (Fig. 5 and 8 to 11).3) In a bilateral hydronephrosis with reduced GFR, the optimum time is remarkably prolonged showing about 10 to 20 hours (Fig. 6, 12 and 13).4) In a normal sized pelvis with unilaterally reduced kidney function, the optimum time is the same as in normal kidney function. However, in a normal sized pelvis with bilaterally reduced kidney function, the optimum time is slightly prolonged showing about 1 hour (Fig. 7).
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  • NORISHI VEDA, TOHRU NONODA, MASAZUMI OHNISHI, SEIZO IWAYAMA, YOSHIZO A ...
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1017-1028
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Clinical and pathologic features of IgA nephropathy were studied in 47 children (35 boys, 12 girls) during a mean follow-up period of 3.4 years. Renal biopsy specimens were reviewed and classified into three groups on the basis of light microscopy : (I) normal glomeruli (7 patients), (II) mesangial hypercellularity (23 patients), and (III) mesangial hypercellularity associated with synechiae formation, crescent formation or glomerular capillary collapse and sclerosis (17 patients). No significant differences were found among the three groups in age of onset, sex ratio, and known duration of the disease. Incidence and the number of episodes of macrohematuria and high serum IgA levels were not related significantly to the severity of the glomerular changes. Proteinuria of more than lg/day was associated with the more severe histologic changes (group III) and the presence of membranolysis, subendothelial and sube pithelial deposits noted by electon microscopy. Hypertension, decreased renal function were slightly more likely found in association with the more severe glomerular changes (group III), but this was not statistically significant. Tubulo-interstitial changes were also correlated with the severity of the glomerular lesions (group III). Follow-up data did not indicate a poor prognosis, however, our results suggest that heavy proteinuria and severe histological changes may be harbingers of a more serious prognosis.
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  • YOSHIAKI OHTA, AKIO KOYAMA, MITSUHARU NARITA, SHIZUO TOJO
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1029-1036
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to investigate the effect of the charge of antigen on the glomerular localization and the manner of the localization of immune complex (IC), we studied the localization of immune complex (IC), we studied the characteristics of the charge modified BSA, their non-immune elimination and the localization of antigens and IC composed of their antigens, using the system of passive serum sickness nephritis. The following results were obtained.1) The charge modified BSA and native BSA were almost same in size.2) The non-immune elimination of charge modified BSA occured quickly compared with that of native BSA.3) Cationic BSA was deposited along the peripheral capillary walls and anionic BSA was localized in renal tubular epithelium. These antigens disappeared from the kidney within 12 hours after the antigen injection.4) In the group in which cationic BSA was injected, followed by the injection of anti-BSA, the antibodies were localized mainly along the capillary walls. However, in the group in which anionic and native BSA were injected, followed by the injection of anti-BSA, the antibodies were localized in the mesangium. At the time when the antigens were eliminated from the circulation there was no antibody deposition in the glomerulus. From the above results, we speculate that the charge of antigen was one of the important factors determining the localization of circulating immune complexes in the glomerulus and there was little possibility of in situ IC formation in this system.
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  • AKIO KOYAMA, YOSHIAKI OHTA, HIROMI INAGE, HIROSHI ISIDA, MITSUHARU NAR ...
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1037-1044
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to investigate the effect of antigenic charge on glomerular localizati on of immune complexes (IC), we utilised the model system of passive serum sickness nephritis of mice. We examined the characteristics of charge modified antigens and IC by studying the antigen-antibody interaction and localization of IC in the glomerulus. The protocol was designed to test whether the deposition of IC is due to binding of circulating IC. The first group of mice was given preformed IC composed of cationic BSA and anti-native BSA (cationic IC). In this case, the antibodies were localized mainly along the peripheral capillary walls. In contrast, in second and third group, which were given preformed IC composed of anionic, native BSA and anti-native BSA (anionic and native IC), antibodies were detected at only low levels. However, in fourth group, which was given five fold amounts of anionic and native IC, antibodies were detected in the mesangium. The avidity of anti-native BSA for cationic BSA was very low, and the precipitating efficiency of this antigen antibody complex was also low. However, the avidity of antinative BSA for anionic BSA was relatively high. The size of cationic IC was smaller than anionic and naive IC. From the above results, it is clear that cationization of antigen changes the characteristics of the antigen antibody interaction, e. g., precipitating efficiency and the size of IC. Cationization also results in a different distribution of IC, causing them to be mainly bound to the peripheral capillary walls. The cationic IC are deposited on the capillary walls because of interaction with the polyanion layer of the glomerular basement membrane. It is concluded that the charge of antigen is one of the important factors in determining the localization of IC. This conclusion supports the proposal that deposition of IC in the glomerulus is due to circulating IC.
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  • SHOJI OHBA, MOTOAKI SANO, KAZUMASA AOYAGA, HIDEKO NAKAMURA, MITSUHARU ...
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1045-1054
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An unusal familial glomerular disease was found in two siblings. Among the 22 members (11 males, 11 females) of this pedigree, eight were affected by glomerulonephritis and three developed renal failure. In this pedigree, none had auditory or ocular abnormalities. Throuh the clinical course, neither nephrotic syndrome nor hypertention was observed in the two siblings which were examined, however, after 22 months from the discovery of proteinuria, an elder brother needed hemodialysis because of renal failure. The renal histrogical findings concerning these two siblings showed a characteristic lesion of focal glomerulosclerosis and thinning of the glomerular basement membrane. Hyperprolinemia was also observed in these two siblings. This disease was not HLAlinked in the five tested members of this pedigree. The mode of inheritance appeared to be autosomal dominant.
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  • YOSHIHITO KATSUMATA
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1055-1068
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The clinical and pathologic features of 45 patients with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy were reviewed in a total of 170 biopsies. These patients were divided into two groups according to the sites of the predominant immunoglobulin deposits in the glomerulus.: Group 1 (mainly seen along the glomerular capillary. 25 patients) and Group 2 (in the mesangium. 20 patients).1) Predominant incidence of male over female was noted in both group's patients. The mean years was younger in Group 1 (16.4 years) than in Group 2 (24.1 years).2) A significant correlation with severel fight microscopic findings was found for a) proteinuria+hematuria. b) high IgA serum leveles. c) patients over fifteen years old, d) the long duration of symptomes befor biopsy (ten monthes or more). e) the cases of Group 2.3) On immunofluorescence, a predominant presence of granular deposits of both IgA and fibrinogen on the basement membrane was particulary characteristic and almost constant in cases of Group 1 (88%).
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  • HITOSHI TANAKA, SUSUMU IKEHARA, FUKUMI FURUKAWA, KENICHI SEKITA, TAKAO ...
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1069-1077
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The relationship between thymic abnormlities and development of murine lupus nephritis was studied in MRL/1 mice . In MRL/1 mice, thymic abnormalities, including plasma cell infiltration into the thymus, were obsered in 25% at the age of 1 month and in all mice after 2.5 month. The thymic abnormalities precede not only the infiltration of lymphoid cells into the kidney, but they also precede an increase in the titer of circulating immune complex (CIC), When MRL/1 mice were divided into two groups at each critical age which began showing evidence cf thymic abnormalities, the group with abnormal thymus showed marked pathological findings of kidney and a level of CIC than the group with normal thymus . In addition, the group with abnormal thymus demonstrated a lower responsiveness to mixed lymphocyte culture than that with normal thymus. Therefore, these results suggest that morphological and functional abnormalities of the thymus may be caused abnormalities of the immune system, elevation of CIC, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of murine lupus nephritis.
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  • JUNICHI MIYATA, TAKASHI TAGUCHI, SHIGEO TAKEBAYASHI, TAKASHI HARADA, K ...
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1079-1089
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to clarify clinical, histological and immunological characteristics of glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis B virus infection (HB nephritis) in adult patients, using lupus nephritis and glomerulonephritis associated with non-HB virus liver disease (non HB nephritis with liver disease) as controls. We selected 40 adult cases of HB nephritis, the sex ratio being 3 males to one female, As control groups we selected 80 cases of lupus nephritis and 12 cases of non HB nephritis with liver disease. Out of 40 patients with HB nephritis, 38 had proteinuria, 27 hematuria and 6 high serum creatinine level (Creatinine≥2 .0 mg/dl). The histological grades of their glomerular lesions were 6 cases of minimal changes, 23 of proliferative GN, 5 of membranous GN, and 6 of MPGN type III. Ultrastructurally, 16 out of 38 patients with HB nephritis were shown to have had multiple dense deposits which appeared in mesangial matrix, subepithelium and/or subendothelium. Only 3 cases were limited in subepithelial deposit. We concluded that most of the adult patients with HB nephritis histologically show mesangial proliferative GN with dense deposit in various sites, in contrast to child HB nephritis. MPGN type III accounts for 15% in adult patients with HB nephritis, which is the highest incidence in comparison with the control groups. Mode of dense deposits of HB nephritis ultrastructurally are characteristic and are differed from control groups. HB nephritis with active liver disease, histologically, shows more severe glomerular damage and poorer prognosis than HB nephritis with non-active liver disease.
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  • MITSUHIRO MIYAZAKI, KAZUMASA AOYAGI, SHIZUO TOJO
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1091-1098
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The enteric excretion of nitrogen compounds has been used as a therapy for chronic renal failure. To stimulate the enteric excretion of nitrogen compounds, we administered lactulose (4-o-β-D-galactopyranosyl-α-D-fructose) to the patients with decreased renal function. Lactulose, which is said to inhibit the enterohepatic circulation of urea, has been used to decrease the plasma concentration of ammonia in the patients with hepatic coma. The patients were placed on a standard diet containing 50 g of protein and 10 g of sodium chloride for two weeks. Then they were administered 65% lactulose solution (30-60 ml/day) orally enough to cause loose bowels, and were observed for the following two weeks. There were no remarkable changes in body weight or blood acid-base balance. No adverse effects were demonstrated in this study. The ratio of BUN/S-creatinine decreased significantly. In the ten patisnts whose serum concentration of creatinine were 3.0-7.0mg/dl, the serum concentration of urea, guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA), methylguanidine (MG) and phosphate decreased significantly. In the five patients who had clinical manifestations of uremia at ahe beginning of this therapy with a creatinine concentration over 7.0 mg/dl, the ratio of BUN/S-creatinine also decreased by lactulose therapy, but the serum concentration of GSA and MG increased progressively. of urea, results indicated that lactulose decreased the serum concentration of, GSA, MG and phosphate, and suggested that lactulose may be useful for the therapy of chronic reanl failure.
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  • -estimation from short term effect of creatinine-
    SOHJI NAGASE, KAZUMASA AOYAGI, SHIZUO TOJO
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1099-1104
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Methylguanidine (MG), a guanidine derivative, has been known as a strong uremic toxin. To clarify the organ in which MG is synthesized, high doses of creatinine (3.5 mg/g B. W.) were administered to male Wistar rats intraperitoneally. Various tissues of the rats were frozen by freeze clamp method 3 hours after injection. The frozen tissues were then powdered in liquid nitrogen. Guanidino compounds were extracted with 100o (w/v) trichloroacetic acid using Polytron homogenizer. Guanidino compounds were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography using 9, 10-phenanthrenequinone for fluorometric determination. The concentrations of MG in liver, kidney, plasma and urine of creatinine administered rats were significantly higher than those of control rats. However, there was no difference between the groups in muscle concentration of MG. In the creatinine adminis tered group, the liver, kidney and urine showed higher concentration of MG than plasma, while muscle concentration were lower. On the other hand, guanidine was detected only in the liver and kidney of creatinine administered rats. These results suggested that the liver and kidney might synthesize MG, but not so certain as to the kidney because of its intake of MG from urine and/or plasma. However, this study implied that muscle did not synthesize MG under these conditions. In addition, they also suggested that liver and kidney might synthesize guanidine.
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  • TOMOKO YAZAWA
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1105-1117
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 04, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Urinary glycoproteins of patients with renal diseases were analysed by means of SDS-polyacrylamide microgel electrophoresis method, and it was found that excretory patterns of urinary glycoproteins had, to some extent, a relationship with pathological changes in kidney tissue obtained by biopsy. It was also observed that seven glyco proteins: GP-1 (IgG, M.W. 160, 000), GP-2 (transferrin, M. W. 90, 000), GP-3 (M. W. 73, 000), GP-4 (M. W. 60, 000), GP-5 (M. W. 49, 000), GP-6 (α1-microgloburin, M. W. 33, 000) and GP-7 (M. W. 31, 000) were separated in urine. In healthy control, only GP-2 was observed faintly. In minimal change, GP-4 was peaked, and GP-5 was predominant in focal glomerular sclerosis and IgA nephropathy. In membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis, GP-4 was high, whereas GP-6 was elevated in membranous nephropathy. These data indicates that there is a tendency of elevated GP-5 in mesangial change and raised GP-6 in glomerular membrane change.
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  • TATSUYA NAKATANI, WATARU SAKAMOTO, TAKETOSHI KISHIMOTO, MASANOBU MAEKA ...
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1119-1129
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The time course measurement of blood volume (BV), cardiac output (CO) and regional blood flow (BF) was carried out on the glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) rat, which is regarded as one of the experimental ischemic ARF models. Comparison was made between the above mentioned group and that on long term saline loading to study the pathologic physiology of ARF from the standpoint of hemodynamics. Male Wistar rats were divided into those on tap water (water group) and those on saline (saline group), both of which were given intramuscular injection of 50%glycerol (GL) at the ratio of 1 ml/100 g of body weight. BV was measured by 1251-RISA, and CO and BF by microsphere method. BV was significantly decreased in both groups 4 hours after GL injection and did not recover even after 48 hours. CO was decreased by 40% in both groups after 4 hours but began to recover at 10 th hour to show a significant increase over the control of er 48 hours. BF to the kidney, liver, skeletal muscle and extremity showed different pattern between the 2 groups. Renal blood flow (RBF) in water group was decreased by half after 4 hours and showed the lowest value after 10 hours. It recovered to only 80% of the control after 48 hours. RBF in saline group showed the lowest value after 4 hours but began to recover after 10 hours. It showed a significant increase over the control as well as the water group at the same period. Hepatic arterial flow (HAF) in wer group was decreased to 50% of the control after 4 hours whereas in saline group it always showed higher values than those of the control. BF to the skeletal muscle and extremity in water group maintained the control values up to 10 hours afterwards while it was decreased in saline group to half of the control at 4 th and 10 th hours. Long term saline loading was quite effective in restraining the progress of glycerol induced ARF. From the standpoint of hemodynamics, it is suggested that the recovery of RBF in the early stage, the increase in HAF and the decrease in BF to the skeletal muscle and extremity in the early stage, all of which occurred in saline group only, are related to the inhibitory mechanism against ARF.
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  • HISAKO TANAKA
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1131-1142
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of circulating immune complexes and serum complements in various types of glomerulonephritides. Circulating immune complex and serum complement were evaluated in 100 children with types of various glomerulonephritides. Circulating immune complexes, CH50 and protein concentration of serum components were measured by the conglutinin binding test, Mayer's method and the single radial immunodiffusion test respectively . Hemolytic activities of the complement components were measured using intermediate cells and reagents.The following results were obtained, 1. Circulating immune complexes were frequently detected in various types of glomerulonephritides except for hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS).2. Circulating immune complexes were not usually detected in primary membranonephritis, but it was often detected in HB nephropathy. This suggested that the pathogenesis of these membranonephritides is different.3. In acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), serum C5 returned to the normal level simultaneously with, or earlier than serum CH50.4. In mixed connective tissue disease, serum complement and circulating immune complexes were useful in the evaluation of disease condition.5. IgG or IgA containing immune complexes were important in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis. These immune complexes were detected for a long period in the course of IgA nephropathy but only in the acute phase of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis. These results indicate that measurements of circulating immune complexes and serum complement are useful in the evaluation of disease conditions and in the determination of pathogenesis.
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  • FUMIKO UENOYAMA
    1984 Volume 26 Issue 8 Pages 1143-1154
    Published: 1984
    Released on J-STAGE: July 05, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The attachment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to glomeruli and the guinea pig complement fixation test (gp-CFT) were carried out on frozen sections from 53 children with various renal diseases to study the biological activity of immune complexes in glomeruli. In the control group, the number of attached PMN was very low. In the cases of membranous nephritis (MN), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), and lupus nephritis (LN), the number of PMN increased significantly. In the cases of IgA nephritis and Henoch Schcnlein purpura nephritis (HSPN), the number of PMN increased but was less than in the cases mentioned above. The intensity and pattern of immunoglobulin and complement deposition in the glomeruli were not correlated with the number of PMN attached. There was a negative relationship between the level of serum complement and the number of PMN attached, but there was no relationship between circulating immune complexes (C. I. C.) and the number of PMN attached. The number of PMN attached in the HSPN cases was in inverse relation with the duration of the disease; however the number of PMN attached was the same no matter what the duration of the disease in the cases of IgA nephritis. The GP-CFT showed that GP-C3 was positive and GP-C4 was negative in the cases of IgA nephritis, HSPN, MPGN, and MN, but both were positive in the LN cases. It was proved that these methods are useful in analyzing the activity and mechanism of glomerulonephritis.
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