The effects of the adrenal steroids on the urine concentrating and diluting ability have been studied in Addison's disease, Sheehan's syndrome and adrenalectomized dog and rats.1) Both the urine concentrating and diluting capacity are markedly reduced in adrenal insufficiency. Provided that the impairment of the diluting capacity in adrenal insuff=iciency is due to the result of the overproduction of antidiuretic hormone, the urine maximal concentration would be normal. Then above result suggests that the impairment of the diluting capacity in adrenal insufficiency is not due to the overproduction of antidiuretic hormone. 2) Administration of glucocorticoids returns both the urinary concentration and dilution nearr to normal level in adrenal insufficiency, but administration of DOCA do not have such effects in Addison's disease and adrenalectomized dog. On the other hand, in adrenalectomized rats, administration of DOCA or DL-Aldosterone can return the urine maximal concentration near to normal level, but not the urine dilution. Such differences between the mode of action of mineral corticoids in adrenal insufficiency are probably dependent upon the species of animals and the dosage of the hormones. 3) The sodium concentrations and calculated osmolarity in the renal medulla are significantly reduced in dehydrated adrenalectomized rats as compared with normal, and administration of glucocorticoids increases these value near to normal level. These results suggest that the glucocorticoids might play a important role in the counter current multiplier system. 4) According to the counter current hypothesis, only common site between the concentrating and diluting processes is the assending limb of Henle's loop where sodium is transported actively into the medullary tissue. From the fact that the glucocorticoids improve the impairments of both urine concentration and dilution, in adrenal insufficiency the glucocorticoids is thought to be necessary for the sodium transport in the ascending limb of Henle's loop.

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The mlchanisms of urea to increase the urine concentrating ability have been studied in rabbits on low protein diet. In particular, an attempt to clarify the problem as to whether an economy of water in renal function is referable to urea or not was carried out. 1. The maximum urine osmolality (Umax) and the maximum negative free water clearance (TcH2O) are reduced in rabbits on low protein diet. Acute urea loaded intravenously to rabbits on low protein diet results in increase in Umax and TcH2O, but simultaneous increase in urine flow and osmolar clear-ance are observed. The increase of urime flow is due to greater increase of osmolar clearance than TcH2O. 2. The urea concentrations in the papilla after urea load are less than that in the urine voided simultaeneously in all experiments. This fact suggests that the papillary osmolarity created by urea can only serve to balance a part of osmolarity of urea in the collecting duct, but has not a reserve capacity to absorb the water from the collecting duct against the osmolarity created by non-urea solutes in the urine. 3. Urea load increases the concentration of non-urea solute in urine. It is conceivable that the increase of non-urea solute concentration is due to the urea diffusion from collecting duct into renal medullary tissue. 4. No significant changes in the papillary concentrations of sodium, chloride and potassium are observed by acute urea load. These results support the fact that acute urea load to rabbits fed in low protein increases the Umax. However, it is conceivable that that the urea would concentrated the urine for the only purpose of the efficient excretion of urea itself acompaning minimum amount of water. If the organisms would not excret the urea, the maximum urine concentrating capacity would be decreased, but it would conservated the water more efficiently. From above reasone, we consider that the hypothesis proposed by Gamble et al wich body's economy of water is referable to urea is suspecious.

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In a previous communication the author reported that when aspartic acid salt was injected intrav-enously, the total serum CO2 decreased, while blood pH showed a shift to alkali in the presence of massive doses. Further in experimentally induced respiratory and metabolic acidosis, it was shown that administration of aspartic acid salts prevented the trend towards acidity in blood pH. The author reported that the main cause is in the loweringof Pro2 mmHg. In the present paper as a follow up on this previous work the author has attempted to determine the changes in urine excretion in the presence of administered aspartic acid salts. The points checked in urine were the total C02, pH, ammonium, urea, natrium and potassium. 1. Wistar strain male rats were first given intraperitonial administrations of water amounting to 5 % of body weight. Then 0.5 ml /kg of a 10% solution of 1-aspartic acid K salt and Mg salt mixed in equal amounts was injected. In 2 hour urine samples, the urine volume showed an increase as coopared with the control, while ammonium decreased, urea, potassium, natrium and pH showed an increase. 2. Rats were orally administered with the above mentioned aspartic acid salt at a dose of 5 % of body weight. In 2 hour urine samples the following was seen as compared with control administered with K-Mgsalt solution of equal mol ; pH showed an alkali trend, ammonium showed a decrease, while an increase in urea and a remarkable increase in total CO2 were seen. 3. Five days after the removal of the suprarenal gland, rats were subjected to the procedure mentioned adove. It was shown that a general coinciding trend was seen with an increase in total CO2, a shift towads alkali in pH, a decrease in NH3 and an increase in urea. Thus it was demonst-rated that even in adrenalectomized animals, a diuretic effect was seen. From the data presented above, it may be said that the trend towards alkali in blood pH as repo-rted in the previous paper, may possibly be controlled by a excretion of a large amount of total CO2 into the urine. It is further suggested that the decrease in ammonium in urine, together with the increase in urea may be caused by the excitation of the urea cycle by the effect of aspartic acid salt.

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It has been reported that in regard to the relationship between the liver and the kidneys, even in the presence of liver damage induced by chloroform and CCl4 etc, the renal cells are damaged. Thus in the present experiments attempts were made to determine the eff cts, if any, of a mixed equal solution of 1-aspartic acid K salt and Mg salt on the kidneys in the presence of liver damage. Male mice of 20g body weight were injected intraperitoneally with 5μc, 0.12μc respectively of acetic acid-1-14C and DL-mevalonic acid-2-14C. The biosynthesis was checked at 1 hour after injection and the following results were obtained. 1. When aspartic acid salt is injec ed at a dose of 500 mg/kg, once a day for 7 days, the incorporation of acetic acid into cholesterol, and fatty acid decreases, while no changes in incorporation into total lipid and protein were seen. Further the incorporation of mevalonic acid into cholesterol, fatty acid and protein showed no changes. 2. In mice injected subcutaneously with CCl4 at a dose of 1 ml /kg of body weight, at 72 hours after when compared against control, the incorporation of acetic acid into cholesterol, fatty acid and protein showed a decrease, while in mice treated with CCl4 and injected simultaneously with aspartic acid salt at a dose of 300 mg/kg once a day for 3 days, the lowering of incorporation, in the presence of CCl4 alone, of acetic acid into cholesterol, fatty acid and protein was inhibited and the incorporation approached normal values. However in both CCl4 and CCl4+aspartic acid salt, no changes were seen in the incorporation of mevalonic acid into cholesterol, fatty acid and protein. 3. From the above data, it may be said that aspartic acid salt exerts its effect on some reaction between acetic acid and mevalonic acid and inhibits the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Likewise, in the presence of CCl4 administration, CCl4 exerted on some reaction between acetic acid and mevalonic acid and inhibited the biosynthesis of cholesterol. In this case aspartic acid salt exerted its effect in such a way as to remove this inhibition.

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The serum and urinary protein patterns of diabetes mellitus were investigated with the aid of paper electrophoresis. Diabetes mellitus was classified due to its protein patterns into two groups ; non-neph-ropathia and nephropathia. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) Total protein concentration were within normal values in both groups. 2) The serum protein patterns : As compared with the normal values, the concentration of albumina was decreased and the α2- and β-globulin level were increased significantly in the group of non-nephr-opathia, whereas the group of nephropathia did albumin decrease and the α1-, α2-, β- and r-globulins increase with any significance. Moreover more significant decrease of albumin in the group of nephro-pathia than non-nephropathia was observed. 3) Serum glycoproteins : There were the increase of α1- and α2-globulins in the group of non-nep-hropathia, and the increase of these fractions with the decrease of r-globulin in the group of nephrop- athia. However, the significant differences between these two groups were not observed. 4) The urinary protein patterns : The urinary protein patterns of the group of non-nephropathia resembled with those of normal urine, and showed the pattern of so-called globulinuria. In the group of nephropathia, the albuminuria was observed in all types of disease, and the percentages of the albumin level were as follows ; 54.9% in hypertension type, 72.6% in retinopathia type and 66.3% in mixed type. The latter two showed the significant increase in comparison with the former. On the contrary, the fraction of r-gl-obulin was observed as 21.3% in hypertension type, 10.9% in retinopathia type and 15.4% in mixed type, and the latter two types showed the decrease of this fraction. 5) The comparison with other renal deseases : The comparison of permiability ratio of diabetes mellitus and renal diseases were investigated. The ratio of hypertension type in diabetes showed about 1, 0, and which resembled with that of nephritis, and the ratio of retinopathia and mixed types rese-mbled with that of nephrosis. Whereas nephrosis showed the low value of Air ratio in urine with the decreasing of renal function, but such definite ralation was not observed in diabetic nephropathia.

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Die Anti-Rattennieren-Kaninchenseren, die durch Freund'sche Adjuvans-Technik hergestellt warden. (B-Antiseren), haben einen verspateten Typ der Nephritis nach Latenzperiode hervorgerufen. Anderseits entstand emn sofortiger Typ der Nephritis durch die ublich hergestellten Antiseren (A-Antiseren). Daa die Bedeutung der Latenzperiode dicht mit der Erklarung fiber die Pathogenese der nephrotoxischen Nephritis zusammenhangen musste, warden die klinischen sowie histologischen Beobachtungen and die serologische Untersuchung der beiden Antiseren ausgefuhrt. Dann wurde die beiden Nephritis hinsichtlichh der Funktion des retikuloendothelialen Systems erforscht. Uberdies wurde die Wisksamkeit von "Strong Neo Minophagen C " and Prednisolon auf die beiden Nephritis untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen sickh wie folgt zusammenfassen. 1) Die A-Antiseren haben einen sof ortigen and nephrotischen Typ der Nephritis hervorgerufen, wahrend die B-Antiseren einen verspateten Typ and im allgemeinen eine schwache Nierenlasion, enter gewissen Bedingungen eine proliferative Lasion haben entstehen lassen. 2) Die serologischen Reaktionen mit dem als Antigen verwendeten Kochsalzlosungsextrakt von Nierenhomogenat bewiesen keinen wesentlichen Unterschied zwischen beiderlei Antiseren. Anderseits lasst die Precipitation mit dem Coleschen Material von Trypsinbehandelten Nierenhomogenat folgern, dass die B-Antiseren relativ arm an echten nephrotoxischen Antikorpern sind and viele Nebenantikorper umfassen, also weniger nephrotoxisch sind, 3) Die Latenzperiode kommt also durch weniger potente Antiseren vor. Unter Hilfe der Ubericht von Schrif ttum Hess sick folgern, lass der scheinbar " speziesabhangige " Unterschied um die Latenzpe-riode nicht wesentlich ist, sondern primar abhangig von der Nephrotoxicitflt der Antiseren. 4) Die Besprechung fiber die Typen der nephrotoxischen Niernlasionen Hess vermuten, lass sick die reinste Lesion als diejenige von nephrotischem Type manifestieren lasst and sick primar durch die Antigen-A ntikorper-Reaktionen zwischen glomerularen Basalmembranen and Anti-Basalmembran-Antiko rpern im Nephrotoxin, d, h durch die inverse Anaphylaxie auslosen lassen. 5) Tiber die Schwankung der Fnuktionen des R. E. S. nach der Injektion der Antiseren war keinn wesentlicher Unterschied zwischen den beiden Typen vorhanden, obwohl der verspatete Typ eine grossere Schwankungsweite zeigte and also eine grassere Beteiligung an den Funktionen des R. E. S, vermuten Hess. Die Schwankung bedeutet, dass das Tier das Antiserum als eine Art Cytotoxin empf angt. 6) Die Einflusse von "Tusche-clearance" auf den histologicchen Befuni waren deutlicher im friheren Stadium and be, onders bemerkenswurdig war die Fibrinthrombusbildung im glomerulf, ren Schlingenl-umen. 7) Bei dem sofortigen Typ warden die Krankheitsbilder der Nephritis lurch die im voraus ausge-fihrten Modifizierungen der Funktionen des R. E. S., d. h, sowohl die Reizung als auch die Blockierung, verschlimmert. Dagegen wurde bei dem versp, teten Typ eine leichte Besserung der klinischen Befunde durch die Reizung des R. E. S. hervorgerufen. Die Einfliisse von der Blockierung waren nicht bedeutsam, aheesehen von der Infiltration der heukocyten im Interstitum. 8) Was den sofortigen Typ betrifft, brachte die Vorbehandlung von SNMC sowie Prednisolon eine Verschlechterung hervor. Auf den verspflteten Typ wirkte jede Vorbehandlung hemmend. Die 5-maligen subkutanen Injektionen von SNMC in der Dosis von 0.5 ml. /100 gm. Korpergewicht, die die Funktionen des R. E. S. reizt, iibte den deutlichsten Hemmungseffekt aus. Anderseits zeigte Prednisolon trotz der Herabsetztung der Funktionen des R. E. S, auch eine deutliche Hemmung auf die Entstehung der Nephritis.

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