To clarify the genesis of aminoacids transport defect in renal tubules, titration curve of aminoacids was analysed by inducing a biomathematical model of transport mechanism.
1) Following aminoacids mixture or histidine infusion, titration curves of several aminoacids were analysed. In renal insufficiency, reabsorption ratios of aminoacids decreased significantly both before and after Tm. Deviation of the titration curve between healthy persons and nephritides suggests a) reduc-tion of carrier numbers and b) decrease of equilibrium constant K in disturbance of renal function.
2) On the basis of the titration curves, pathological aminoacidurias could be divided into two groups ; e.g. renal and extrarenal aminoaciduria (including socalled "overflow amino-aciduria"). Renal aminoaciduria is characterized by reduction of Tm valve and reabsorption ratio. Aminoaciduria often seen in hepatic coma, which has been classified as overflow aminoaciduria, was found to be due to a disturbance of transport mechanism. The author would like to propose a new conception of "overload aminoaciduria " in which an aminoacid appears in the urine before the filtered load reaches Tm valve. Phenylketonuria is a typical example of this.
3) An attempt to clarify the deviation of the titration curve was made dy inducing a biomathematical model of tubular transport mechanism such factors as rate constant in active transport, membran conductance in passive diffusion, length of a tubule, its cross section, linear velocity of tubular fluid, glomerular filtration rate, plasma concentration of aminoacids and its filtration fraction. By mathe-matical development of the model, relation between urine volume and urinary excretion of aminoacids could be expressed as following formula.
In CAA/GFR=A-B/V (V: urine volume). The relation between CAA/GFR and urine volume from the experiments of mannitol and water diuresis using normal human adults and mongrel dogs satisfied the theoretical formula with high statistical coefficient. The deviation mentioned above turns out normal by correcting the factor of urine volume according to the theoretical formula. By inducing such a for-mula, transport mechanism in vivo can be analysed from stoichiometric point of view.

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In the field of light microscopy, there have been some reports on the rat kidney with riboflavin-deficiency. That is the swelling and vacuolation of the proximal tubular epitherium. But no reports have been found in the field of electronmicroscopy.
For the purpose of getting precise information on ultrastructural changes in the proximal tubular epitherium associated with riboflavin-deficiency, histopathological study was performed on the first hand and next its results and findings was reexamined by electronmicroscopy in the most finest point of view.
The deficient state of riboflavin was induced by riboflavin deficient diet and by biological antagonist against riboflavin (6, 7-dimethyl-9-(2 '-hydroxyethyl)-isoalloxazine) in rats.
The results obtained are as follows.
1) Morphological changes in riboflavin-deficient kidney induced by the diet as well as the antagonist were almost same.
2) Predominant changes in proximal tubular cells were observed by the light microscopy. Tubular lamina was enclosed by the marked hydropic swelling of the tubular cytoplasma. Other part of tubules, glomerulus and stroma were almost similar in appearance to those found in control rats.
3) In the field of electronmicroscopy, the epitherium of proximal tubular cells also showed marked changes. The cytoplasmic matrix were extremely decreased in its electron-density. The mitochondria were decreased in number and size, and had lost their original uniformity, so asymmetric irregular shaped ones were observed. The mitochondrial cristae appeared to have lost their integrity and under-gone fusion.
Transport vesicles and vacuoles in cytoplasma, and infoldings of the basal plasma menbrane were prominently decreased in number, and were diminished or obliterated.
Most cytoplasmic bodies contain irregular fragments or strands of dense filamentous or menbranous materials.
The brush border, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were similar in appearance to those found in control rats.

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The researches in 284 patients with diffuse glomerulonephritis for recent 10 years since renal biopsy method was established were done, and the clinical pathology of glomerulonephritis and prognostic matters with priority given to Subchronic glomerulonephritis were also studied. Consequently, the author tried to clarify its character and obtained the following conclusions. 1. The patients were classified as follows: 40 with acute glomerulonephritis, 7 with subacute glomerulonephritis, 28 with elapsed acute glomerulonephritis, 162 with Subchronic glomerulonephritis, 26 with chronic glomerulonephritis and 21 with chronic sclerosing glomerulonephritis. 2. The main result of this paper made on the basis of histological findings of subchronic glomeru hritis revealed that intramembranous changes in the glomerulus were chiefly seen, although in lonep many cases the change was not aggravated to its irreversibility and its organization, and that it was extremely slight and partial if aggravated. According to the degree of glomerulur changes, the author subdivided subchronic glomerulonephritis into Type I, Type II, Type III, and the other group subjected to acute change was classified into Type IV. 3. The average age of patients with subchronic glomerulonephritis was 26.2 years and became older in order of Type I, Type II and Type Ill. There was no difference between male and female. As to chronic glomerulonephritis, on the contrary, the number of male patients was more numerous than that of the female : its ratio was 3 : 1. The systolic pressure in about 25 per cent of the patients was over 150 mmHg, and many patients of comparatively advanced age had a high blood pressure. In the urinary findings, the increased degree of abnormality was found in order of Type I, Type II and Type III. Type IV showed the similar findings those seen in acute glomerulonephritis. In renal function tests, the mean values of NPN, PSP and renal clearance were all within the normal limits, but the degree of abnormality increased little by little in order of Types I, II, III, and IV, although the functional abnormality was only slight or moderate. In serumprotein pattern, Type I was normal. In other 3 types, albumin value was slightly low and a-, i -, r-globulin values were considerably high. All types of patients showed the normal value in the serum cholesterol and elctro-lytes levels. The degree of hypertensive retinopathy was nearly parallel to that of hypertension. 4. The prognosis in 235 cases of glomerulonephritis weae as follows: About 70 per cent of patients with subchronic glomerulonephritis lived a completely ordinary life ann none of them died. In 17 of 46 patients, their urinary protein became negative. In 11 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, on the other hand, 5 died and all had proteinuria. Twenty-eight patients were readmitted to the hospital for subchronic glomerulonephritis, and the follow-up period was from 1 to 7 years and 9 months (the average period was about 4 years). During the period, no patient was clearly aggravated to the stage of chronic glomerulonephritis, and both functions and histological findings of the kidney seemed to be unchanged with the exception of some patients seen to be improved. Of 9 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis followed for average 1.5 years, 4 died, and 5 showed advanced impaired renal functions. 5. The diagnosis of subchronic glomerulonephritis was not very difficult. As the precise determi-nation of types was not always easy, percutaneous renal biopsy should be operated. 6. Two third of patients with glomerulonephritis progressed with long-term chronicity were proved to be those of subchronic glomerulonephritis with favorable prognosis and the greater part of patients with subchronic glomerulonephritis were treated without being distinguished from those of chronic glomerulonephritis with grave prognosis. Judging from the point of return to society, however, both subchronic gl

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The screening test on the urinary tract infection especially on chronic pyelonephritis was discussed.
1. Number of the urinary bacteria :
Whereas in the normal healthy persons the number was less than 10₃/ml., in the cases of pyelone-phritis the number over 10₅/ml, was marked in around 600 of the total observed cases, however the number less than 10₃/ml, was also tfound in about 10%; that seemed us that the number such with danger over looking the infection cannot be installed in an exact screening.
2. Urinary white cell excretion rate (W. E. R.) :
According to our own data and the literatures the overcounting than 40X10₄/hr was regarded as an abnormai, as the majority of cases was counted 20X10₄/hr, so in the cases of pyelonephritis W. E. R. sometimes showed normal and even the count less than 30 X 10₄/hr was noticed.
3. Provocation Test :
The provocation of pyrogen (TTG 50 gamma) or 40mg of predonisolone intravenous injection mostly brought the increase of W. E. R. among the cases of chronic pyelonephritis, while the W. E. R. of the normal control's did not. The rate before the provocation was usually amounting to over 40X10₄/hr but some cases had no increase or even showed a decrease, so that the method is not so trustworthy to screen the cases.
4. Urinary white cell concentration :
Little's method was allied. Discordance was however noted between the groups centrifuged and non-centrifuged, that required so much care in its manuplation, that it would be hardly considered as the simple method as Little originally mentioned.
5. On the so-called glitter cell :
Being dependent upon the urinary osmolarity, it is also uncertain.
So was the each method never complete for screening, unless the combination of the methods was attempted. Or rather, the general urological examination (endoscopical, roentgenological, & c.) should be carried out ; otherwise, there exists no perfect screening for the urinary tract infection.

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