Using 30 cases of almost normal kidney as control the author examined histopathologically the blood vessels of the hilum in 138 tuberculous kidneys which were obtaind surgically. The presence of tubercle bacillus in the vessel wall was also investigated. In both control and diseased kidney the ages of the cases ranged from 20 years to 50 years old (average 30.2 years old in the control and 30.1 years old in the diseased kidney) and 65-70% of the cases were male.
[A] In 15 cases (50%) of the control histopathological changes of the renal vessels were observed, which were found in 11 cases both in the arteries and veins, in 2 cases in either the artery or the vein.
(1) The most prominent changes were so-called arteriosclerosis which consisted of thickening of inner membranes in 14 cases (46%) and atheromatous change in 6 cases. The increase of elastic fibers was found in 11 cases (36%) and the destruction of intermediate elastic fibers was observed in 7 cases (23%). Generally speaking, these changes were commonly slight, in degree and of course more remarkable in arteries than in veins.
(2) The more scarce finding was cell infiltration of the blood vessel wall which was observed in 7 cases (23%). The infiltrated cells consisted of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophiles, basophiles with a greater number on the inner vessel wall than on the outer vessel wall. Generally speaking, these infiltrations were slight in degree and more frequently found on the inner vessel wall than on the outer vessel wall. No particular relation was noted in regards to sex and age.
(3) Both histological and cultural methods failed to reveal the presence of tubercle bacilli.
[B] In 121 cases (87%) of 138 tuberculous kidneys certain histopathological changes were observed in blood vessels at the hilum of kidney, which were found in 74 cases in both arteries and veins, in 35 cases in arteries alone and in 12 cases in veins alone.
(1) So-called arteriosclerosis was observed more frequently [89 cases (63%)] but slighter in degree than in the control. The atheromatous change was observed only in 24 cases and also the abnormal changes of elastic fibers, which were found in company with the thickening of inner membranes appeared less frequently than in the control [increase of inner elastic fibers only in 32 cases (23%) and destruction of intermediate elastic fibers also in 14 cases (10%)].
The thickening of inner membranes was slighter in degree rather in the advanced stage of tuberculous kidney and the abnormal changes of elastic fibers had also tendency to descrease in frequency as the tuberculous change of the kidney advanced. The above mentioned findings appeared of course more frequently and more seriously in the arteries than in the veins.
(2) Cell infiltration of the blood vessel wall was observed in 86 cases (62%), showing a much more frequency than the control. The cell infiltration was situated almost indentically to the control in the first stage of tuberculous kidney, but tuberculous granulations were distinctly found in 2 cases out of 89 tuberculous kidneys in the second stage and in one case out of 26 tuberculous kidneys in the last stage.
Contrary to the results of the control the infiltration of cell appeared more frequently in the outer layer than in the intermediate layer of the blood vessel wall through all stages of the kidney change, and it was found more frequently in the male than in the female in no regards to age. As in case of the control the cell infiltration was slight in degree and was found more frequently in vein than in artery.
(3) Blister tick swelling of the vas oasis on the outer membrane of the blood vessel wall appeared in 37 cases (27%) almost simultaneously in both artery and vein in no regards to sex and age. Although we could find no difference in frequency of the blister tick swelling of the vas vasis between 3 stages of tuberculous kidney, there were 3 cases of the last stage, whose fibe

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There is some accounts of experimental study of reno-renal reflex in animal, but no systematic study in human body. I inserted the ureteral catheter to the renal pelvis of several hundreds normal and tuberculous kidney. And different stimulations (sulfuric acid, caustic soda, alcohol, silver nitrate, sodium iodide, positive pressure, negative pressure, warm water and cold water) were added to one kidney (1) and to one ureter (2) by means of inserted ureteral catheter, and to urine bladder (3) using cystoscop.
I. Reno-Renal Reflex.
(1) When I examined 395 noamal cases, 18% had oliguria, 1.5% had polyuria, most of them began to show the phenamenon within 0.5 minute just after the stimulation, reached the maximum within 1 minute, immediately began recovering within 5 minutes. The phenomenon was observed in the highest percentage and in the highest degree with sulfuric acid and caustic soda, in a lower percentage and in a slighter degree with positive preasure and in the lowest percentage and in the slightest degree with negative pressure and sodium iodide.
(2) The effect of the normal kidney stimulation towards opposite tuberculous kidney (146 cases): In the initial tuberculous kidney, the oliguria was found in higher percentage (36%) and in higher degree than in case of (1), and it began immediately after stimulation. The polyuria also showed the same tendency. But in the heavier tuberculous kidney the oliguria occured in lower percentage (7.4%), in lower degree and in shorter minute than in case of (1), and we could not find the polyuria.
(3) The effect of tuberculous kidney stimulation towards the opposite normal kidney (166 cases): In the initial tuberculos kidney, the oliguria was found in higher percentage (25%), in lower degree and in shorter minute than in case of (1), while it occured in the heavier tuberculous kidney in lower percentage (10.9%), in slighter degree and in shorter minute than in case of (1). We could not find the polyuria all through the stadium of disease.

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This paper is concerned with the study on the cross section of the upper abdomen insufflated air with the technique of the retropneumoperitoneum.
24 healthy adults, operated with air, were rotatory cross section radiographed with the same technique as was described in the Tohoku J. Exp. Med., Vol. 54, 1, 1951 and were examined.
Four cross sections, upper area of the kidney, the center between the upper pole and hilum, hilum and the center between hilum and the lower pole were roentgenographed. Each of them was parallel to the base cross section which containes hilum of the kindey.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) In the first cross section the area of the extraperitoneal areolar tissue is imaged in the right side of the abdomen smaller as the one in the left side.
2) In the second cross section aorta thoracicus, vena cava inf., the spleen and the head of the pancreas are visualized clearly in each topographical position.
3) The size of the kidney shaped hen egg with smooth contour is counted 4.9×3.7cm at the second and the fourth cross section and is counted 5.6×4.7cm at the third cross section on an average.
4) While the longitudinal axis of the right kidney inclines to the saggital plane with 42°, that of the left does 44°.
5) The position of the kidney in the cross section of the abdomen is plotted with the polar coordinate system under the consideration of the statistical control.

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