The effect of various drugs on ureters has been observed and reported by various ways.
However, studies using a ureter electromyogram have been few, since Hanley reported that the ureter peristalsis was inhibited by intravenous injection of Banthine. Furthermore such studies have been performed only on animals.
Recently, Tsuchida and Kimura described the first dependable method to record the electromyogram of human ureters employing intraureter leads.
Their method was adopted in this study, and the electromyographic changes by various drugs were observed on 50 adults who did not have any abnormality in upper urinary tracts.
The drugs employed were Ephedrine (40mg), Imidarin (20mg), Acetylcholine (100mg), Atropin (0.5mg), Buscopan (20mg), Atonin (0.5ml: 5-Oxytocin Units), Methergin (0.2mg) intramusculary, Vagostigmin (0.5mg and 1.0mg) intravenously.
The following results were obtained
1) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulators tended to promote ureter peristalsis and their inhibitors acted oppositely.
2) The change of ureter peristalsis by the above agents was not excessive.
3) Involuntary muscle stimulating agents (Atonin, Methergin) also promoted ureter peristalsis, and its degree was most marked in the case of Atonin among all the agents described above.
4) There was no constant relationship between the urinary volume and the change of ureter peristalsis.

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In patients with traumatic spinal cord lesion the disturbances of urinary tract functions cause various complications which have great effect upon such patient's prognosis. However, few studies have been reported on changes of ureter functions in such cases.
The author has performed a uretero-electro myographic study using a “U-schlinge” type lead on 89 ureters of 53 patients of traumatic spinal cord lesions and the following results have been obtained:
1) The patients in the study showed the uretero-electro-myographic abnormalities such as marked prolongation and shortening of discharge interval which were not seen in normal individuals. Furthermore, abnormalities in amplitude, duration time and conduction velocity were occasionaly observed, and even retrograde peristalsis was seen rarely.
2) Concerning the relationship of the utetero-electro-myogram and the position of the lesion no definite pattern was demonstrated, although the prolongation of discharge interval was relatively frequent in case of thoracic spinal lesions.
3) The more prolonged were the posttraumatic intervals, the more frequently the abnormal action potentials seemed to occur.
4) No direct relationship existed between the uretero-electromyogram and the bladder functions. No remarkable change in the urtero-electro myogram was seen in normotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic bladders although relatively frequent abnormal discharges were observed in cases with absent automatic contraction wave or micturition contraction curve.
5) The abnormalities in renal functions were very frequently seen in cases with abnormal action potentials of ureter especially in cases in which long time passed after trauma.
This tendency was observed also in cases which showed retrograde ureter peristalsis. Therefore, this was considered to be the change of ureter function secondary to the spinal lesions.
6) In cases which showed retrograde ureter peristalsis, no specific abnormality in action potential was seen when the bladder was empty.
When the bladder was filled, its function was decreased compared to normal.
This decreased function at the time of bladder filling was observed also in cases without retrograde peristalsis and cases whose anterior and posterior sacral roots were severed.
However, the ureters responded to the pressure in bladder and it was presumed that no basic change occurred in ureter functions.
7) The retrograde peristalsis was seen in a small portion of cases under study. In such cases the renal functions were severely disturbed, and many had complications. There were two ways in occurrence of retrograde peristalsis.
One way was multiple occurrences as a group and the other was one occurrence innormal peristalsis.

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The various factors affecting the amount of bleeding at prostatectomy was analysed concerning to the local status of the prostate as well as the postoperative fibrinolytic site.
The amount of bleeding was estimated by weight method for the bleeding during the operation and by Gatsch-Little's method for the postoperative bleeding. The fibrinolytic activity was measured by fibrin plate method on citrated plasma, euglobulin fraction of the plasma, and fresh urine.
1) Local status of the prostate and bleeding
The most heavy bleeding during surgical operation was found in the cases with hen's egg-sized prostate, as well as in the cases with severe adhesion between the adenoma and the surgical capsule of the prostate.
On the other hand, the most large amount of postoperative bleeding was found in the cases with hen's egg-sized prostate, as well as in the cases with the adenoma over 41g in its weight and without any adhesion.
2) Fibrinolytic activity and bleeding
There could not be found any relation between the fibrinolytic activity of peripheral blood and the amount of postoperative bleeding. However, in the cases in whom urokinase were inhibited, rather less bleeding in the urine was found.
With the results obtained above, following facts were clarified. First, the factors which affect on the amount of operative and postoperative bleeding would be classified into the prostate bed, and hematological elements.
As to the surgical procedure, the time-saving to ablate the adenoma and to suture the surgical capsule of the prostate should be required to reduce the operative bleeding.
Hemostatic procedure during the surgery would be very important to decrease the postoperative bleeding. Attention should be paid to the nature of the prostatic bed mainly to the amount of postoperative bleeding, and in this case the size of the prostatic bed would be an important factor. And furthermore, it was assumed that the fibrinolytic activity, one of the hematological factors, would be represented as the local process at the prostatic bed, and the general process of it appeared in the whole blood would affect the postoperative bleeding secondarily.

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Enzymatic distribution in the renal homotransplants was experimentally investigated with histochemical stain technique in the course after the interventions. Changes in the enzymatic distribution were compared with those resulted from autotransplantation and temporary renal ischemia. The enzymes investigated were succinic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, DPN diaphorase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. 97 mongrel dogs weighing 9 to 24 Kg were divided into 4 groups, namely Groups of homotransplantation with and without immunosuppressive treatment, Group of autotransplantation and Group of temporary renal ischemia.
The results are follows:
1) Changes of the enzymatic distribution in autographsplants were transient and did not differ from those after temporary renal ischemia. Decreased enzymatic activity was restored to normal within 7 days.
2) Until the 6th postoperative day, the changes in homotransplants without immunosuppression were alike to those of the autotransplants, the decreased enzymatic activity restoring gradually, but thereafter, after showing a slight reduction, a sudden dramatic reduction or deterioration in all enzymatic activity was observed, as soon as urine flow stopped.
3) In the group of homotransplantation with immunosuppression, the changes in enzymatic patterns were postponed, showing a similar tendency to the group of homotransplantation without immunosuppression. There were no specific changes combined with Imuran administration.
4) The enzymes of dehydrogenation activity showed a more marked change than the phosphatases. Above all, succinic dehydrogenase pattern in the proximal convoluted tubuli showed the most marked change.
5) It was interesting that the changes in the enzymatic patterns did not run parallel to the degree of perivascular infiltration of pyroninophilic cells, which began to appear about three days after the intervention and spread thoroughly in the cortex in the stage of urine flow stoppage. The abrupt change of enzymatic activity combined with rejection phenomenon suggested that the perivascular cellular infiltration was not the sole causative factor in development of rejection phenomenon, and that the “humoral mechanism” should be also considered.
6) Possibility in clinical application of histochemical technique in early detection of rejection phenomenon was discussed.

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A case of myeloic leukemic infiltration of prostate was reported.
A 81-years-old man was admitted to our hospital with dysuria and nycturia. Blood examination and sternal bone marrow aspiration revealed acute myeloic leukemia.
Transurethral biopsy was performed for diagnosis and treatment.
This was the 18th known case of leukemic infiltration of the prostate causing obstructive uropathy and the first case in Japan.
The literatures were briefly reviewed and the experiences of other authors with this entity were discussed.

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Following results were obtained from histologic studies of the testes and determination of the fraction of urinary 17-ketosteroids in 25 infertile men.
1) Glycogen of germinal cells and sertoli cells decreased or lacked in the seminiferous tubules of which spermatogenesis was impeded.
2) Increase of the collagenous fibers in the second layer of the walls of the tubules brings on the thickening of the walls mainly. When the wall thickens more and more, the collagenous fibers look winding.
3) Three findings such as hyaline degeneration of the media, thickening of the intima and infiltration of leucocytes around the vessel were observed in their testicular histologic figures. The last one was unusual.
4) Mast cells, their cytoplasmic granules reacted positively to the metachromatic stain, increased in company with the multiplication of the intertubular connective tissue.
5) The IV fraction of urinary 17-ketosteroids indicates endocrine function of the testis directly.
6) The absolute quantity of the III fraction of urinary 17-ketosteroids, determinted by the use of 2 step hydrolysis, ran parallel with spermatogenesis.
7) The IV fraction of urinary 17-ketosteroids increased in the case whose seminal finding improved following TDG therapy.
8) Increased Leydig cells of the testis, of which spermatogenesis is impeded, does not respond to gonadotropin therapy, and its endocrine function decreases.
9) The author devised the testicular index, for the method of the objective estimation of the various types of testicular histologic figures.

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