(1) Levels of ALD of 61 subjects, 11-73 years of age were in the range of 0-9.6U, averaging 4.2±0.5U. The normal values were 0-8.4U with one exception.
One miligram of serum protein contains 0-137mU, with average of 60mU./mg.
The levels of ALD content were higher in cases of the children with little variation because of sexes or time of determination. Higher level was however observed after exercises.
(2) More enzymatic activities were observed in the sperm and prostatic secretion while less activities in the human milk and the salivery, and even little activity in the bile and cerebrospinal liquor.
(3) Serum ALD were increased in acute cystitis, renal tuberculosis, lithiasis and urological malignant tumor, which rarely presented with abnormal values.
It is therefore of no diagnomonic significance.
(4) Level of serum ALD of progressive muscular dystrophy was abnormally high.
(5) Urine ALD level is of lesser diagnomonic significance.

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A. ALD activities were determind of the normal human organs (the brain, cardiac muscle, liver, spleen, bowel, psoas muscle, kidney, prostate, seminal vesicle, epididymis, testis) and the tumor bearing organs (renal pelvic cancer, Wilms' tumor, vesical cancer, prostatic cancer).
B. ALD activities were highest in the psoas muscle which were followed by the brain. Urogenitally, the enzymatic activities of the prostate were highest which were approximately of the same activity of the liver.
C. Increased activities were not observed in the tumor bearing organs including a case of renal pelvic cancer, and 12 cases of prostatic tumors (4 cases of cancer, and 8 cases of hyportrophy).
The enzymatic activities in vesical cancer were twice as high as those in the normal while those in Wilms' tumor were less than one third of the normal.
D. ALD activities did not necessarily inereased in the tumor bearing tissues.
Some discussions were made on correlation between the body fluid and tumor bearing tissues.

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The development of new therapeutic procedures has improved the prognosis for the paraplegic patients with spinal cord injuries, but in a number of cases the use of a urethral catheter remains necessary, Catheterisation increases the risk of recurrent infection, which provokes the development of vesicoureteral reflux, leading to an involvement of the upper urinary tract and renal function.
In the last several years, studies on wireless stimulation of the detrusor muscle of neurogenic bladder in an attempt to evacuate its contents has been reported by Bradley, Boyce, Kantrowitz and others, but there are many discrepancies in the results among the investigators.
Thus, the writer studied basic problems in an attempt to improve the application of this procedure to paraplegic patients.
In the present study fifty mongrel dogs were used. Through a lower abdominal midline incision, the lateral vesical spaces and pelvic nerves were exposed transperitoneally and a pair of electrodes were implanted in the detrusor muscle or hooked to the nerves. In short-term experiments oval disk copper electrodes and in long-term experiments stainless steel wire electrodes were used. The electrodes were connected directly with wires to the output terminals of an electronic stimulator (Nihonkoden) and a train of monophasic square waves was applied. The stimulating current and tissue impedance were observed throughout the experiment by an oscillograph. The effect of stimulation was evaluated by a rise of intravesical pressure meassured through a cystostomy tube with a strain gauge type transducer and a carrier amplifier.
To obtain a neurogenic bladder we transected the spinal cord of dog at various levels under deep ether anesthesia. For wireless stimulation an external oscillator and an internal receiver with a pair of stimulating electrodes were adopted. The external oscillator produces 200KC carrier waves which are modulated with LF square waves. The receiver buried in the subcutaneous tissue in the lower abdomen receives and rectifies the waves and sends the square waves to the electrodes sutured into the detrusor.
I. Wired experiments
A. Preliminary experiments
Parameters of the stimulating current to be adopted in the wireless stimulation were explored. Since deeper anesthesia showed poor response, the dogs were kept in constant light anesthesia by intravenous pentothal. In repeating the stimulation, intervals exceeding five minutes were maintained since too short intervals between each stimulation produced a gradual lowering in response. The volume of intravesical content widely influenced the height of response and it was found important to maintain the intravesical content constant throughout an experiment. A pair of electrodes were implanted at venous points in the detrusor muscle, and it was found that at points near the ureterovesical junction the highest intravesical pressure was obtained. Use of more than one pair of electrodes did not show any better effect.
A higher voltage of stimulating current produced a larger contraction of the detrusor in a range of less than 32V. When the voltage and frequency of pulses was kept constant, the longer duration of one pulse produced a higher effect. When the voltage and product of frequency and duration of a pulse was fixed, the most effective frequency of pulses was 20-50cps.
B. Experiments on dogs with spinal cord lesion
In experiments on dogs with upper motor neuron lesions (acute and chronic) the voltage required to produce a satisfactory rise of intravesical pressure was 5-15V (impedance ca. 300ohm) by detrusor stimulation and only 3V(impedance ca. 700ohm) by pelvic nerve stimulation.
In experiments on the dogs with lower motor neuron lesions, the reactibility of the bladder at the acute stadium was nearly the same as that of the dog with upper motor lesion, but it became lower day by day. Several weeks later the lowest values were seen and intravesical pressure s

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Normal and physiological position of the kidneys was studied by pyelogram teken in the supine (in 474 cases) and erect (in 163 cases) positions. The following results were obtained.
1) The center of the pyelogram of the right side in the supine position is at the level of the second lumbar vertebra, and that of the left side is located by less than one half of the lumber vertebra higher. No sex difference was noted herein.
2) The center of the renal pelvis in the erect position was lower than that in the supine position by one vertebral height on both sides in male and on the left in female. On the right side in female it may descend even by one and a half vertebral height.
3) The inclination of the longitudinal axis of the kidney against the vertebra was less than 120° in the supine position. In erect position the inclination reduces at most to 0° on the left side, while on the right it may reduce further even to minus angle (upwards opened angle), but not to more than -20°.
4) The kidney rotates around the renal pedicle during the erect podition, but not more than 35°.
5) The kidney which migrates or rotates beyond the overmentioned range is estimated to be pathologic and is rightly called “movable kidney”.
Abdominal or loin pain was complained more often (2 to 3 folds) in movable kidney than in the normal one. Ptosis of the stomach was noticed in about one half of the cases of movable kidney. Infection of the upper urinary tracts occurred in higher frequency than in the normal Urinary stagnation, mostly of slight degree, in the renal pelvis (hydronephrosis) was encountered in 13.3per cent of 323 cases of nephroptosis. Hydronephrosis of A grade was found in 2 per cent and Narath's symptom in 13.6per cent of cases.
For the diagnosis of movable kidney non-compressing intravenous pyelography provides the best information, as it represents the most physiological condition. To be sure of obtaining enough films for diagnosis it is recommended to take films in the erect position at first, 5 minutes after intravenous injection of the contrast medium, followed by taking films in the supine position.
We have obtained excellent films by this method in 80 per cent of cases, while in 30 per cent, at most, in which the pyelography in the erect position was made after that in supine position.

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1. Thirty-four human urinary bladder tumors obtained by surgery were grown in tissue culture.
2. Eighteen cases attached on the surface of glass flasks and of eleven cases formed monolayer cell sheet over four weeks.
3. Nine out of the eleven cases formed cell sheet were identified as of pure epithelial origin from the morphological observation.
4. Two (25%) out of eight cases of benign papillomas and grade II of papillary carcinomas, which had been determined histopathologically, attached on the surface of glass flasks and only one (12.5%) of them formed cell sheets. On the other hand, in eight of more malignant cases, grade III of transitional cell carcinomas, five were successful in attachment (63%) and four (50%) formed cell sheet, while in seven cases of grade IV of transitional cell carcinomas five were successful in attachment (70%) and three (43%) formed cell sheet.
5. It would be concluded that more malignant carcinomas of the urinary bladder were more successful in monolayer culture.
6. A case from grade III of transitional cell carcinoma formed epithelial cell sheets, which has been continued to grow and multiply over 12 months passing over 8 times of transfers.
This is the first report on a successful long term monolayer culture originated from carcinoma of human urinary bladder.

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Urinary oxygen tension (UPo₂) was polarographically determined on freshly collected renal pelvic urine. Urine specimens collected by ureteral catheterization were immediately guided to the oxygen electrode and UPo₂ was directly read on Shimazu Oxygraph. In the experimental study, the significance of UPo₂ in renal physiology was investigated. Changes of UPo₂ were studied in relation to diuresis, urine osmolarity and excretion rates of sodium, potassium creatinine and PAH. Clinically, measurement of UPo₂ was applied in cases of hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis and renovascular hypertension. The results are as follow:
(1) In canine experiments, mannitol diuresis resulted in a sharp increase of urinary oxygen tension and the values of UPo₂ showed a significant correlation with the urine volume and dilution coefficient.
(2) Elevation of ranal pelvic pressure, which was produced by partial occlusion of urinary flow, resulted in a decrease of UPo₂. Changes of UPo₂ were discussed in relation with changes of urine osmolarity and concentrations and excretion rates of sodium, potassium, creatinine and PAH.
(3) UPo₂, of the renal pelvic urine in healthy adults ranged 28 to 47mmHg in dehydration and 38 to 63mmHg in hydration. Water diuresis showed a marked increase of UPo₂.
(4) UPo₂ of hydronephrotic kidneys were lower, than that of the contralateral normal kidneys. Increase of UPo₂ in response to water loading was minimal in the renal pelvic urine of hydronephrotic kidneys. A similar, but less marked tendency was verified in the urine of pyelonephritic kidneys. UPo₂ in kidneys with stenosis of the renal artery was also lower, than that of the contralateral normal kidneys.
Urinary oxygen tension of renal pelvic urine should be considered as one of parameters of renal medullary blood flow and should be used as an available guide of split renal function.

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A case of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis is reported. This 56-year-old man was admitted to our ward on 12th Nov. 1966 complaining of right flank pain, edema on legs, polydipsia and polyuria. He also noticed impotence. Abdominal examination revealed a mass at right flank. An intravenous pyelogram disclosed underwards displaced hydronephrotic right kidney. Retrograde pyelogram revealed marked narrowing of the mid-ureter of the same side. Inferior vena cava and abdominal lymph channels were also obstructed.
Right ureterolysis was performed through a right lumbar incision. Multiple biopsies of the fibrous tissue developing in the retroperitoneal space showed non-specific inflammation.
Postoperatively, the patient did well.

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A new radio-opaque agent, 3-acetylaminomethyl-5-acetylamino-2, 4, 6-triiodobenzoic acid (Jodamide) was examined for excretory pyelography in 76 cases ranging in age from 12 to 74 years.
With this procedure, contrast effects, optimal exposure times and side effects were investigated.
According to dosage and density of contrast media which was injected rapidly within 90 seconds, 76 patients were divided into A, B and C groups.
On A group (20 cases) injected 20ml of 60% iodamide, satisfactory excretory pyelogram was obtained in 85. 0 per cent of the cases.
On B group (21 cases) injected 40ml of 60% iodamide, 90.0 per cent of the cases was good enough to satisfy.
On C group (35 cases) injected 20ml of 80% iodamide, satisfactory result was obtained in 80.0 per cent of the cases.

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