1. Physical and chemical factors which affect in vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine were evaluated by using autoradiography of the Yoshida sarcoma and human bladder tumors.
An adequate labeling was achieved by the following method: Incubating in Hanks' balanced salt solution or normal saline containing 10 microcuries per milliliter of high specific activity ³H-thymidine (more than 10 curies per millimole) for one hour at 37°C, dipping with NTB-3 liquid emulsion, exposing for 7 to 14 days.
2. The autoradiographs of 62 human epithelial bladder tumors and 36 normal urothelia were reviewed and correlated with the clinical and histological findings. Patients were followed up for two years.
a) There was a correlation between the ³H-thymidine incorporation and the histological grading. Mean L. I. (Labeling Index) of grade I, II, III and IV were 3.9, 5.8, 17.7 and 16.0 respectively. Some cases, however, showed extraordinarily high L. I. with low grade.
b) There was a correlation between the ³H-thymidine incorporation and the histological staging. Mean L. I. of stage A, B and C were 4.3, 13.0 and 19.1 respectively.
c) There was no difference between the L. I. of ³H-cytidine of the tumor cells and the urothelial cells. Most L. I. were more than 80.
d) Normal urothelial cells showed less than 5 of ³H-thymidine L.I. in most cases, but few were found to have very high L. I.
e) Patients with tumors of high ³H-thymidine labeling showed poorer prognosis than those of low ³H-thymidine labeling.
f) The ³H-thymidine autoradiography is an effective method for establishing therapy plans and evaluating the prognosis of the patients with bladder tumors.

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This study was undertaken to clarify the site and nature of altered nephron function in chronic hydronephrosis in an attempt to evaluate the mechanism of its inability to produce a concentrated urine which had frequently been documented. For this purpose, the following three clearance studies were made in 30 patients with chronic bilateral or unilateral hydronephrosis and 7 unilateral hydronephrotic dogs.
1) GFR, minimal and maximal urine osmolarity, water and solute excretion were measured under high water diuresis and subsequent antidiuresis induced by the administration of ADH in 4 normal subjects, in 10 bilateral and 5 unilateral hydronephrotic patients.
2) Measurement of the rate of tubular maximal reabsorption of glucose (TmG) in 5 bilateral and 6 unilateral hydronephrotic patients.
3) Measurement of the rate of tubular maximal reabsorption of solute free water (T^cmH₂O) in 7 unilateral hydronephrotic dogs produced by incomplete ligation of one ureter for 28 to 50 days.
In unilateral hydronephrosis, clearance studies were made on each kidney after catheterization of each ureter up to the renal pelvis, using the normal side as a control.
The results revealed a marked reduction of maximal urine osmolarity associated with decreased GFR of variable degree; decreased TmG in accordance with a decrease of GFR; decreased T^cmH₂O with a simultaneous decrease of T^cmH₂O/GFR in hydronephrotic kidney compared with normal kidney. Minimal urine osmolarity of hydronerphrotic kidney was found to be similar to that of normal kidney in unilateral hydronephrosis, although minimal urine osmolarity produced by bilateral hydronephrosis was invariably higher than that of the control. Excretion fraction of filtered sodium (EFNa) was revealed consistently elevated in hydronephrotic kidney of unilateral hydronephrosis as well as in bilateral hydronephrosis, indicating the urinary loss of sodium during and after release of urinary obstruction in chronic hydronephrosis. Plotting the serial changes of ureacreatinine clearance ratio against U/P creatinine ratio during the transition from water diuresis to antidiuresis and subsequent return to diuretic condition, there obtained one circular figure in normal kidney as illustrated by Thomas (1964), while such a figure was not observed in hydronephrotic kidney.
These observations suggest that the basic integrity of the concentrating mechanism is not preserved with the intrinsic defect of sodium reabsorption at the distal portion of the surviving nephron of hydronephrotic kidney and the site involved may exsist in the renal medullary counter-current mechanism.

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Free radicals in human normal bladder mucosa and human carcinoma tissue of the urinary bladder were observed by JES-3BX type of ESR spectrometer and the following results were obtained.
1. Normal mucosa of the urinary bladder.
(1) ESR spectra obtained from fresh normal bladder mucosa usually had an absorption, of which g-value ranged from 2.000 to 2.004 and the width was approximately 18 gauss. In some cases two signals were observed and one of which had g-value of 2.000 to 2.004 and the other one had of 2.010 to 2.013.
These signals were never accompanied with hyperfine structure.
(2) These signals showed the maximum height when the materials were stored in the frozen state -20°C in air for 7 days, and thereafter they decreased their hights gradually. When the materials were stored in the same condition for 20 days or more, a hyperfine structure due to ¹⁴N was obtained, which in some materials did not appear even after 30 days storage under the same condition.
(3) The wide absorption with g-value of approximately 2.008 extending to 350 gauss was interpreted as the effect of transition metals. The Fe⁺⁺⁺ ions, one of those metals, increased with oxidization of tissues and resulted in the appearance of large absorption.
2. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
(1) ESR spectra from fresh transitional cell carcinoma tissues showed signals of a hyperfine structure due to ¹⁴N in the materials.
This is the predominant difference of the ESR spectra of the transitional cell carcinoma from those of normal mucosa of the urinary bladder. G-value of the hyperfine structure ranged from 2.012 to 2.014 and the width was approximately 47 gauss.
(2) The hyperfine structure observed in transitional cell carcinoma was isotropic.
The differences of the ESR spectra between the normal bladder mucosa and the carcinoma tissue of the urinary bladder could be utilized in the field of clinical medicine by means of the diagnosis of pre cancerous state.

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Priapism is a rare disease, which is the prolonged state of the penile erection without sexual desire nor satisfaction and sometimes painful and tender. Four cases of priapism are presented, the first case is thought to have occurred due to psychic or idiopathic cause, the third case idiopathic and the other two cases lesion of central nerve system and/or thrombosis.
As the conservative therapy resulted in failure in many cases, the authors are of the opinion that the early surgical intervention, e.g., aspiration and irrigation, hypotension administered by ARFONAD, ganglion blocking agent, and sapheno-corporeal anastomosis, on the first or second day, should be considered to prevent from dysfunction of penis, i.e., sexual impotence.

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The transition of the intraluminal pressure of the ureter or renal pelvis, obtaining continuous recordings, in cases of complete ureteral obliteration were studied both in men and in rabbits. To obtain records strain-guage manometer was used for men and simple mechanical manometer of our own design for rabbits. Complete obliteration was obtained by inflating the ureteral ballooncatheter inserted into the ureter in men and ligating of the ureter on the ureteral catheter in rabbits. In men some cases of incomplete ureteral obliteration were also studied. Pyelograms were taken a few times during the course of recording in order to know the relation between size and intraluminal pressure of the renal pelvis. As in a few minutes after complete obliteration of the ureter, especially in its upper part, renal pelvis and ureter fell into a single continuous canal, the intraluminal pressure of the ureter indicates at once, that of the renal pelvis.
Results of our studies are as follows:
In cases of acute ureteral obliteration the intraluminal pressure of the upper urinary tract is used to rise suddenly. In not a few cases it falls after a while (Fig. 4). When we observe the longer recordigs, we find that, the intraluminal pressure becomes settled in a lower value than at the beginning, though fluctuations of the pressure, now rising now falling, are seen until then. (Fig. 11). The size of the pyelogram or the degree of pelvic stagnation increases usually as the time goes by, even when the intraluminal pressure falls (Fig. 5-10, 13).
From our results we consider that the renal pelvis adapts and gets accustomed to the increased intraluminal pressure quickly. The repetition of this connection, which occurs always in the renal pelivs, results in formation of hydronephrosis. Though the rise and duration of the intrapelvic pressure is not remarkably high on each occasion, the very repetition plays a definite role in renal damage.

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I) The effects of combined hypothermia and hyperbaric oxygenation on the function of preserved kidney was studied. Removed kidney was immediately perfused and then stored at a low temperature (4°C) in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber (3 ATA O²) for 12 hours. Perfusion of kidney was not performed during the period of storage. As a control, kidney preserved with hypothermia alone was used. Functions of the kidney a few days after autotransplantation (urinary volume, renal angiographic findings, urinary lysozyme activity and ERBF) were apparently better in the group of combined hypothermia and hyperbaria than in the control group of hypothermia alone.
II) Tissue PO² of the preserved kidney was estimated using microelectrode and physiological gas analyzer Beckman Model 160.
1. It was checked that static or dynamic changes of irrigating fluid around the tip of the electrode and a slight temperature change had not any significant influence upon the polarographic readings.
2. Insertion of the electrode into the kidney should be performed in saline bath to avoid the air contamination of the electrode.
3. After the occlusion of the kidney pedicle vessels, PO² in the renal tissue dropped to 50%of the kidney pedicle vessels, PO² in the renal tissue dropped to 50% of the initial value in 5 minutes and 15% in 30 minutes and became almost zero in one hour.
4. PO² in the cortex of the removed kidney during the perfusion with physiologic saline containing procaine and heparin, ranged between 12 and 38mmHg.
5. PO² in the cortex of the removed kidney during the perfusion with saline saturated with 3 ATA O², reached to 160-250mmHg. However it dropped and became almost zero within 15 minutes after the stopping of perfusion.
6. When the removed kidney was perfused with O²-saturated saline in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber of 3 ATA O², PO² of the kidney tissue reached to 400-880mmHg, but it dropped to almost zero within 30 minutes after the stopping of perfusion.
7. When the removed kidney was preserved in a 3 ATA O²-chamber but was not perfused, PO² of the cortex at the point of 5mm deep from the kidney surface did not show any significant rise until 24 hours. PO² of the cortex 3mm deep from the kidney surface showed a very slight rise after 10 hours and it reached to 80-120mmHg after 24 hours.
From the forgoing results, it may be considered that the effects of combined hypothermia and hyperbaric oxygenation on the function of preserved kidney are due to some uncertain factors other than oxygen supply to the kidney tissue.

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