Suwa et al. comfirmed a positive correlation between the blood flow and arterial radius by means of the measurements on arterial casts. They proved that arterial blood flow was expressed in the form of Q=qrⁿ, where Q was mean arterial blood flow in ml/sec., r was radius of an artery branch in μ, q was an organ specific correlation coefficient and in kidney it was 4.4×10^-9ml/sec., and n was almost invariable value in all arterial system and was approximately 2.7.
Renal blood flow computed by the theoretical formula of Suwa et al. is studied as to whether clinically useful or not, when radius of the renal artery is calculated on the basis of renal arteriogram and the results are as follows;
1. In adult dogs, renal blood flow, Q, computed by this formula is distinctly correlated with the value directly measured with a square-wave electromagnetic flow-meter.
2. In 29 clinical cases, 19 pyelographically normal cases and 10 cases with organic renal disease, Q is correlated with ERPF, ERBF and Ccr.
In conclusion, it is clarified that the formula of Suwa et al. can be applied to clinical cases and total renal blood flow can be computed by this formula, if it is possible to measure radius of the renal artery on the renal arteriogram.

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Seven hundred patients with urolithiases, treated from 1953 through 1970, were studied for the stone recurrence. The length of the follow-up period was from 1 year and 0 month to 19 years and 0 month, the mean being 8 years and 8 months. The chemical compositions of 735 urinary calculi from these patients were analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The sites of 735 calculi are shown in Table 1. The age distribution and the sex of 700 patients are shown in Fig. 1-2. Of these 700 patients, 422 cases were possible to follow up; 250 cases have had no further stone, 138 cases experienced recurrent stones and 34 cases had multiple stones (i. e., stones of bilateral upper urinary tracts, or both of upper and lower urinary tracts).
The results of survey study on these 422 cases were following;
1) Of 383 patients with upper urinary tract calculi, 163 cases (42.6per cent) have had their recurrent stones (the cases with multiple calculi included). The percentage recurrence was 43.6per cent for males and 40.0per cent for females. Although the highest incidence of stone recurrence was noticed in 30-39 year and 70-79 year in age, there was no marked difference of stone recurrence at different ages (Fig. 1, Table 2). Of 39 patients with lower urinary tract calculi, 9 cases (23.1per cent) have had their recurrent stones. The percentage recurrence was 22.9per cent for males and 25.0per cent for females (Fig. 2, Table 3).
2) Relationships between the sites of initial stone and the stone recurrence: Percentage recurrence was 34.4per cent for rt. upper urinary tract calculi, 39.1per cent for lt. upper urinary tract calculi and 23.1per cent for lower urinary tract calculi (Table 4).
3) Recurrence rates according to stone compositions: 41.2per cent of the patients with oxalate-phosphate calculi, 38.7per cent of the patients with magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi, 55.6per cent of the patients with uric acid calculi, 22.2per cent of the patients with urate calculi and 50.0per cent of the patients with cystine calculi have had their recurrent stones (Table 5-6).
4) Recurrence rates according to the types of removal of initial stones were: 12.5per cent of partial nephrectomy, 16.6per cent of basket catheter, 22.6per cent of nephrectomy, 30.0per cent of nephrolithotomy, 30.0per cent of pyelolithotomy, 38.4per cent of ureterolithotomy, 59.3per cent following spontaneous discharges of stones, 13.3per cent of cystolithotomy, 28.6per cent of cystolitholapaxy and 31.3per cent of cystolithotripsy (Table 8-9).
5) The average interval between initial stone and first recurrence was 4 years and 0 month. Most of recurrences occurred in 1-2 years following the removal of initial stones (Table 10).
6) The times of recurrences: 70.3per cent of patients with recurrent stones have had only one recurrence and 5.8per cent of patients have had frequent recurrences of over 7 times (Table 11).
7) The urinary excretion values of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and uric acid in patients with oxalate-phosphate calculi were not different between the patients without recurrence and those with recurrences. However, the ratio of magnesium/calcium×oxalic acid in urine of the patients with recurrent oxalate-phosphate calculi was significantly lower than that in urine of the patients without stone recurrence (Fig. 3, Table 13).

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Aldolase activities and isozyme patterns of mucous membrane and tumor tissue of the bladder were studied in order to investigate their enzymochemical characteristics and forecast recurrence of the tumors.
Results were as follows:
1) The average fructose-1, 6-diphosphate (FDP) activity of normal mucous membrane of the bladder was 7.6±1.3U/g protein and the value of the tumor tissues was 43.7±5.8U/g protein.
Then FDP activity of the latter is 5.8 folds higher than the former.
2) The average fructose-1-phosphate (FlP) activity of bladder tumors was 4.2±0.8U/g protein, while no FlP activities was assayed in normal mucous membrane of the bladder.
3) The average ratio of FDP/FlP was 16.3±2.0 in bladder tumors.
4) The FDP activities were higher in large sized tumors than in medium sized tumors.
5) No relationship was found between FDP activities and number, grade or stage of bladder tumors.
6) There was an increasing tendency of aldolase C fraction in large sized tumors but not in medium sized tumors.
7) No relationship was found between aldolase isozyme patterns and number, grade or stage of bladder tumors.
8) There was an increasing tendency of aldolase C fraction in bladder tumors of high FDP activities compared with those of low FDP activities.
9) No relationship was found in bladder tumors between FlP activities or FDP/FlP activity ratios and isozyme patterns.
10) No relationship was found between recurrences of bladder tumor after the operation and the FDP activities or the aldolase isozyme patterns of the tumor.
11) The aldolase A and A₃C hybrid were found in many bladder tumors, while the aldolase A and A₃B hybrid were found in normal mucous membranes. It was suggested that a disordered pattern on gene expression occurred during carcinogenesis of the bladder.

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A case (37yr.) of testicular tumor with a histological picture of seminoma mixed with some syncytial cell elements was studied for changes of serum lutenizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels before removal of the tumor, during postoperative treatment by ⁶⁰Co-irradiation and anticancer chemotherapy with Actinomycin-D, and thereafter for the subsequent follow-up period of two years. The measurement of serum LH, FSH and testosterone was performed by radioimmunoassay. The serum LH level before the treatment was increased to an abnormally high level, probably reflecting chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) secreted by the tumor. HCG has been shown to be strongly cross reactive with the LH preparation in radioimmunoassay. The LH level was decreased within normal limits immediately after the removal of the testicular neoplasm. The serum FSH level, on the other hand, was undetectable before surgery, but it increased gradually toward the normal range after the operation, in contrast with the marked decrease in the LH level. The markedly depressed serum FSH level before the removal of the tumor may be explained either by the pituitary-gonadal feedback mechanism through steroid hormones (androgens or estrogens) probably secreted by the Leydig cells stimulated by the tumor originated HCG, or by the so-called short feedback mechanism in which HCG exerted negative feedback control on the hypothalamic center.
The serum LH and FSH levels which were normalized transiently after orchiectomy, rose again during the postoperative treatment by radiotherapy and anticancer chemotherapy. The elevation in FSH was observed earlier and more distinctly than that in LH. These elevated serum LH and FSH concentrations were completely suppressed by administration of exogenous testosterone and increased further in good response to synthetic lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). Thus the increased serum gonadotropins after the removal of the tumor were concluded to be not of tumor origin but of pituitary origin. On the other hand, serum testosterone which had remained within the normal range before the removal of the tumor was lowered during the courses of the postoperative therapy. Seminalysis performed 9 months after orchiectomy revealed no sperm in the ejaculate. The increases of serum gonadotropin levels after the treatment were considered as a result mainly of testicular dysfunction affected by the postoperative irradiation and anticancer chemotherapy. The patient is enjoying a good health for two years after surgery with no sign of tumor recurrence and with a tendency toward normalization of serum LH, FSH and testosterone levels and an improvement of sperm count.

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