Surgical specimens from 110 malignant tumors and 33 normal tissues of human urianry tract were submitted to the study. An active growth of the epithelial cells was observed in 14 renal cell carcinomas (58.3%), 2 transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis (28.6%), 8 transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder (11.0%), and 23 normal kidneys (88.5%). The cells from a renal cell carcinoma, a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and a normal kidney clearly showed an active growth for more than 10 transfer generations in their subcultures. Specimens from cancerous and normal tissues of the bladder were rarely kept for a long-term culture, mainly because of the high frequencies of bacterial contaminations. The cells derived from a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder have been keeping a multiplying activity for over 75 transfer generations and survived storage at -80°C for 6 months. These cells are now regarded to be established and designated as KK-47 cells.

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Thirty-five micturition parameters of urinary flow curves have been statistically evaluated by computer analysis. The flow rate and urinary volume voided were calculated every second by the analysis of flow curve. Parameters involve the correlation found among flow rate, total urinary volume, volume voided each second, voiding time and sex. A flow curve, obtained through Mictiograph (DISA, 14F43), was photographed and mounted on a slide. Enlarged curve by a slide projector was plotted every second with Graph pen, which was simultaneously recorded on teletype printer. 249 flow curves out of 500 obtained in 150 healthy male and female volunteers aged from 18 to 45 were fed into a digital computer.
Experimental study of the accuracy of Mictiograph demonstrated that the change in urinary stream velocity and centripetal force on the rotating disk had yielded a significant error upon its flow rate and the subsequent total urinary volume computed in the present study. The response to change in urinary volume alone was quite satisfactory. The volume coefficient (computed urinary volume/real urinary volume) was found spread between 0.5 and 1.3. Reliability of data to be utilized for computer analysis was defined to be ±15 percent of volume coefficient, which further reduced the number of flow curves from 249 to 176.
1) Total urinary volume, average flow rate and maximum flow rate: they are all proportional to the total urinary volume in both sexes. Significant difference between sexes was found only at the maximum flow rate; the values are higher in females than in males.
2) Time and time percent at maximum flow rate: the time at maximum flow rate is correlated with the total urinary volume in males, but not in females. Flow rate reaches the maximum in one third of total voiding time.
3) Volume and volume percent until time of maximum flow rate: the former is proportinal to the total urinary volume in both sexes. Approximately 40 percent of total urinary volume is voided within this period.
4) Volume and volume percent for the first 1 to 5 seconds: the former is correlated with the total urinary volume. During the first 5 seconds 70 percent of total volume is evacuated in the group of 50 to 99ml, while only 25 percent in the group of 400 to 499ml.
5) Correlation between voiding time and volume voided: Regardless of sex and total urinary volume, 25 percent of total volume is voided in one fifth of total voiding time, 50 percent in one third and 75 percent in one half.
6) In general females have a stronger urinary stream force than males.
7) A drop is observed in the flow rate curve at 1 to 5 seconds in males and at 2 and 3 seconds in females. No significant meaning can be drawn from this phenomenon.
8) Mictiograph is one of the valuable clinical tools to evaluate the mode of micturition qualitatively. However it possesses a certain intrinsic limitation as a method for the quantitative analysis of micturition parameters.

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In recent years, considerable interest has been stimulated in the effect of various diseases upon the metabolic pathway by which L-Tryptophan is converrted to nicotinic acid derivatives. Since the present method of determination of these metabolites is complicated and time consuming we have developed a method which is simple and accurate. Using Gas Chromatography techniques we have separated eleven of the Tryptophan metabolites (Nicotinic acid, O-aminophenol, Picolinic acid, Anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid, Quinolinic acid, Quinaldic acid, Kynurenic aicd, DL-kynurenine, Xanthurenic acid, and 3-hydroxy-DL-kynurenine.) utilizing N, O-bis-trimethylsilylacetamide (BSA) in Pyridine to prepare the trimethylsilyl derivatives. A glass column 2m long 4mm, i. d., was utilized, which contained 2% OV-17 Gas chrom Q (80-100mesh) with a nitrogen carrier gas flow of 30ml/min. and FID. The column temperature was changed at a rate of 3°C/min, starting from the initial temperature of 130°C.

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The cell cycle of MGH-UI cells, a cultured human bladder carcinoma cell line, were analyzed at various time points after the treatment with static dose of Thio-TEPA. Immediately after the treatment TC (cell cycle time) prolonged by 32% of the untreated control, with a main effect in S phase. Fourty-eight hours later, that was an interval shorter than 2 cell cycle time, T_C and T_S reduced to approximately the same level as the control. However, T_G1 was shorter and T_G2 was longer as compared to the corresponding values of the control, indicating a slight accumulation of G₂ cells in the cell cycle. Reexposure at this time point to a high concentration of the agent, which was equal to cidal dose for the untreated cells, induced a regrowth of the cells.
The experimental results indicate that Thio-TEPA retains a certain sensitivity on the cell cycle phases and suggest that G₂ and G₁ keep a crucial role for kinetics of cell killing by the agent.

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Prostatic tissues from 34 patients who were suspected to suffer from prostatic cancer were obtained by either rectal or perineal needle biopsy. The tissues were minced into small explants and were placed in T-D 15 flasks and were immersed in a culture medium consisting of Eagle's MEM supplemented with 10% calf serum or bovine serum and were placed in an incubator at 37°C. Outgrowth of monolayer cells was observed morphologically by means of an inverted phase-contrast microscope and photographed. Some tissues were fixed and stained for histopathological observation.
Histopathological diagnosises of 34 cases were benign prostatic hypertrophy in 14 cases prostatic adenocarcinoma in 16 cases, suspected carcinoma in 2 cases, reticulum cell sarcoma in 1 case and chronic prostatitis in 1 case.
As the results of tissue culture, 4 cases of benign hypertrophy, 11 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma and 1 case of reticulum cell sarcoma formed monolayer cell sheet over 2 weeks. Therefore, the successful rate was statistically higher in prostatic carcinoma (68.8%) than in hypertrophy (28.6%).
In phase contrast microscopy, both the polygonal epithelial cells and the spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells were observed in all the cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy. On the contrary, epithelial cells were dominant in 6 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma while both the epithelial and the fibroblastic cells were equivalent in other 5 cases of adenocarcinoma. The rate of appearance of the epithelial cells tended to be higher in the adenocarcinoma than in the hypertrophy. All cells in reticulum cell sarcoma were epithelial cells.
Although no established cell line was obtained due to infection, many cell strains were obtained from both the biopsied tissues of benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic adenocarcinoma, which were maintained in vitro for more than 2 weeks. These cell strains can be used as the experimental models to study the effects of sex hormones upon the prostatic cells.

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Voiding urodynamic studies (V. U. D.) were performed in a series of 75 children with infravesical obstruction other than neurogenic bladder by simultaneously recording the abdominal pressuer, urethral pressure, vesical pressure, anal sphincter tone, electromyograms (EMG) of the anal sphincter and urinary flow rate with a 6-channel polygraph. In addition, patients were tested for sacral nerve reflex wherever deemed necessary by means of urethral pressure profile (U. P. P.) and anal sphincter EMG. Through statistical analysis (by the student t-test) of data obtained for 35 voiding parameters in the V. U. D., attempts were made to clarify the voiding urodynamic characteristics in various disease states as well as to characterize the tracing patterns of individual voiding factors. The results obtained are as follows.
1) Urethral hypertonia
Urethral hypertonia with spasms of the pelvic floor musculature: Both in males and females, urethral resistance was increased during micturition due to spastic pelvic floor musculature. In spite of consequent application of abdominal contraction in the facilitation of voiding, a lowered urinary flow rate and protracted urination were noted (Table 2-A). The voiding urodynamic pattern seen in this group of patients was characterized by elevation of urethral pressure and emergence of spikes in the tracing of anal sphincter tonus during urination with concomitant increments of spike discharge and increased amplitude in the anal sphincter EMG (Figs. 3-a and 3-b).
Urethral hypertonia without spasms of the pelvic floor musculature: Voiding was apparently aided by the abdominal muscular contraction to overcome the increased posterior urethral resistance, yet, the urinary flow rate remained low. Vesical after-contraction was fairly frequent in this group of patients, and this finding is of particular note when viewed with respect to the detrusor-urethral smooth muscle organization. No significant difference could be observed for any voiding parameter between females in this group and a normal female control group (Table 2-A), and a greater pressure was noted to be required in males than in females for dilatation of the posterior urethra (Table 2-B). In the polygraphic tracing of voiding urodynamics, a normal relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles, increased vesical and urethral pressure and a lowered urinary flow rate were evident during urination (Figs. 4-a and 4-b-i, ii and iii).
2) Congenital bladder neck obstruction
Congenital bladder neck obstruction with spasms of the pelvic floor musculature: The condition in this group of patients was characterized by stenoses in the two areas of the urinary tract, i. e. the bladder neck and the posterior urethra (chiefly the membranous urethra), with a greater loss of energy at the former site in voiding. A high vesical pressure is eventually required to facilitate urination by overcoming augmented resistance at these sites (Table 2-A). The study has revealed a greater pressure was required to open the posterior urethra in males than in females (Table 2-B). There was evidence for elevation of vesical pressure and only a slight increase of urethral pressure; hence a noticeable difference between these pressures. The tracing of anal sphincter tonus showed spikes during voiding. Coinciding with them were interference waves in the EMG of anal sphincter. The urinary flow rate remained low (Fig. 6-i and 6-ii).
Congenital bladder neck obstruction without spasms of the pelvic floor musculature: Energy loss associated with urination occurred primarily in the bladder neck, the condition requiring a high intra-abdominal pressure to open this region of the urinary tract. There was also a high vesical pressure required to facilitate completion of voiding by overcoming the increased resistance of bladder neck. Patients showed low urinary flow rates (Table 2-A). Polygraphic tracings showed a remarkably elevated vesical pressure with a peak in the initial cour

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Seven cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis are herein reported. Four cases were reared as females and other three were reared as males. All patients had ambiguous external genitalia of varied degrees. Sex chromosome analysis which was performed in all cases but one disclosed tow cases of 46, XY; one case of 45, XO/46, XY; one case of 45, XO/46, XYq-; one case of 46, XY/47, XY_+mar and one case of 45, XO/46, XY/47, XYY.
The serum LH and FSH levels or urinary gonadotropin levels were markedly high in four post-pubertal patients and these values showed no remarkable elevation in an infantile case. The serum testosterone levels of three patients were variable depending on their testicular function and these basal levels were elevated to some extent by hCG stimulation.
A hypoplastic uterus with bilateral fallopian tubes, a testicle on one side and a streak gonad on the other side were discovered at exploratory laparotomy in all cases. In two of the three patients in whom the testicle was not removed at the first laparotomy, gonadal tumors such as teratocarcinoma and gonadoblastoma developed after puberty.
Sex chromosome study in an individual with ambiguous external genitalia is most important to find out mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Hormonal assays are also useful. Exploratory laparotomy is imperative to diagnose this syndrome correctly. Frequent occurrence of gonadal tumors indicates an early prophylactic gondadectomy in cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis, especially in those with the XY karyotype.

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Although the incidence of Klinefelter's syndrome is approximately 0.2% of total male birth, identical twins with this condition are extremely rare and only twelve cases have been reported hitherto.
Heren is reported a rare case of 17-year-old monozygotic twins with the 47 XXY chromosome constitution associated with chordee without hypospadias. At birth, their maternal and paternal ages were 39 and 44. Their growths and developments were entirely norml except some mental backwardness. Studies on blood antigens in the twins and the parents revealed that the probability of monozygosity was 99.99% and that the X chromosome were originated from nondisjunction of the maternal X chromosome, since Xg (a-) was found in the twins and their mother while Xg (a+) in their father.
The concordant identical twins with Klinefelter's syndrome and the abnormalities of external genitalia; chordee without hypospadias has never reported in the available literature. We should say that the occurrence of these two malconditions are only coincidental so long as whether hypospadias and Klinefelter's syndrome have common etiology is unknown.

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