Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Focusing Properties of a large Mass Spectrograph newly constructed at Osaka University

Hisashi Matsuda

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 183-191
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.183

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A large double focusing type mass spectrograph was newly constructed at Osaka University in order to increase the accuracy of atomic mass measurement by about one order of magnitude. In this apparatus are adopted \sqrt2π⁄3 cylindrical electric field and π⁄3 uniform magnetic field. The focusing properties of this apparatus are discussed from both theoretical and experimental aspects. The direction and velocity focal planes are calculated, and their deviations due to various conditions such as the change of the position of source, the fringing field effect, the deviation of the geometry, etc. are discussed. These results are compared with the experimental procedure of the focal adjustment. A maximum resolving power of 500,000 was obtained experimentally at the present condition, and the mass dispersion is about 9 cm for 1% mass difference in this case.

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On the Analysis of the Slow Particles Emitted from Cosmic-Ray Stars (I)

Shigeo Nakagawa, Eiji Tamai, Humiaki Huzita, Kiyoaki Okudaira

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 191-195
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.191

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An analysis of the nature of tracks of the stars ending in the G5 emulsion was made by measuring their width (diameter). Six groups of tracks having different width were observed. We identified two of these groups as that of α particles and Li nuclei by comparing their width with those of α particles emitted from radiothorium stars and with those of hammer tracks. As for the more thicker tracks, the charge determination on the tracks of each group was made by measuring their thin-down lengths. These measurements seem to indicate that the width of track was approximately proportional to \sqrtZ (Z: atomic number).
The energy and the angular distribution of each group were also examined. The curves of the energy distribution of protons and α particles approximately agreed with those deduced from the evaporation model, assuming the appropriate nuclear temperature and Coulomb barrier height. The angular distributions of these were nearly isotropic. It was noted That the number of slower α particles measured seems to be considerably larger than that deduced from theory.

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A High Pressure Cloud Chamber for Cosmic Ray Observation

Saburo Miyake

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 195-201
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.195

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A high pressure cloud chamber (50 cm in dia, 20 cm deep and used at 150 atm.) was built in the summer of 1952. The cloud chamber can be operated automatically by counter control with a recycling time of about 20 minutes. It was filled with 5.6 kg of nitrogen or 8 kg of argon gas in its illuminated space of about 30 litres, and it became much easier to observe some cosmic ray phenomena especially those events occuring in the gas nuclei in comparison with observations using the smaller type chamber (25 cm in dia, 7 cm deep and used at 100 atm. ) which has been used previously.

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Statistical Theory of Phase Transition III

Application to Vapor-Liquid-Solid Equilibrium

Ikuro Shimose

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 202-205
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.202

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Generalizing the idea of molecular-clusters introduced for a lattice gas with no sublattice in our paper, we calculate the equation of state for a lattice gas with many interstitial sublattices. Thus it is shown that the stable liquid phase, together with the vapor and solid phases, can exist in the above system. Furthermore, we make clear the relation between the two phase transitions, that is the vapor-liquid and the liquid-solid transitions, from the point of view of molecular-clusters.

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Oriented Overgrowth of Evaporated Crystallites

Fluoride Crystallites on Cleavage Surfaces of Single Crystals

Jiro Shigeta

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 206-210
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.206

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The orientation of crystallites in fluoride films (LiF, NaF, CaF₂, MgF₂, AlF₃ and Na₃AlF₆) evaporated in vacuum onto the cleavage surfaces of several kinds of single crystals (galena, rocksalt, molybdenite and zincblende) were investigated by means of electron diffraction. The oriented overgrowth occurs even when the misfit is larger than 20%; for LiF and NaF on galena misfits are −33% and −23% respectively, for LiF on rocksalt misfit is −29% and for CaF₂ on molybdenite +23%. On the other hand, for CaF₂ on rocksalt the random orientation occurs though the misfit is only −3%. Therefore, the occurrence of orientation can not be predicted solely by the value of misfit. It is worth mentioning that in the present experiment no twin was observed provided the evaporated layer is thin, as previously stated by Uyeda [Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. Jap. 26 (1942) 809]. This excludes the mechanism of oriented Overgrowth which was proposed by Menzer [Naturw. 26 (1938) 385; Z. Krist. A 99 (1938) 410] and later adopted by Frank and Merwe [Proc. Roy. Soc. A 198 (1949) 205].

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On the Magnetic Anisotropy of FeF₂ and CoF₂

Tôru Moriya, Kazuko Motizuki, Junjiro Kanamori, Takeo Nagamiya

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 211-225
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.211

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The magnetic anisotropies of FeF₂ and CoF₂ are studied in detail by calculating the crystalline field acting on their magnetic ions and considering the effect of the spin-orbit coupling. The electronic energy level splittings of the ions Fe⁺⁺ and Co⁺⁺ in the crystalline field are calculated assuming first that all the surrounding ions are point charges and then taking account of the overlapping of their 3d electrons with the electron clouds of the surrounding fluorine ions. The spin-orbit coupling is then introduced and the g-values are calculated. Further, introducing the exchange coupling in the approximation of molecular field, the parallel and perpendicular susceptibilities of FeF₂ are calculated and a reasonable agreement with experiment is found. For CoF₂, however, the calculated level splitting is not successful in explaining the observed susceptibilities. Discussions are given on the possible sources of this disagreement and the nature of the approximations made in this study.

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On the Superstructure of the Ordered Alloy Cu₃Pd I. Electron Diffraction Study

Denjiro Watanabe, Shiro Ogawa

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 226-239
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.226

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Ordered structures of copper-palladiurn alloys, chiefly of a″ phase (18∼28 atomic per cent Pd) were investigated by electron diffraction, using orientated, evaporated films. The elucidated structure of a″ phase can be thought of as formed from the elementary face-centred tetragonal lattice, in which the atoms arrange themselves as in the ordered lattice of Cu₃Au but the two kinds of step-shift occur at every definite distance along two directions parallel to the crystallographical axes, respectively. Thus, a two-dimensional anti-phase domain structure takes place, which is considered to have a large orthorhombic unit cell. The present model seems to be connected, not with that proposed by Geisler and Newkirk, but closely with that proposed by Schubert et al.

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiment on the Single Crystal of Lithium Sulfate Monohydrate, Li₂SO₄H₂O

Eiji Hirahara, Miyuki Murakami

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 239-244
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.239

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Proton magnetic resonance absorption of water molecules in the single crystal of Li₂SO₄·H₂O was observed, and the length and directions of the proton–proton line (p–p) of the water of crystallization were determined. The results obtained are as follows: there are two kinds of orientations of the p–p line in the unit cell, which contains two molecules of Li₂SO₄·H₂O, and they are symmetrically disposed with respect to the ac-plane, the plane of mirror, making the angles ±51° to that plane.
The angle between the projection of each p–p line on the ac-plane and the positive direction of a-axis is 94°, and the length of p–p line is 1.59 Å.
From the results obtained and the crystal structure by X-ray analysis, the bond angle of H–O–H is expected to lie between 106°50′ and 112°40′, and presumably some value nearer to 112°40′ may be taken to be favorable from the consideration of the bonding character.
The single crystals were prepared by a slow evaporation method from an aqueous solution in a water bath at 80°C.

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Determination of the End-to-End Distance of High Polymer Molecule in Solution

Hiroshi Mizutani

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 245-248
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.245

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Two convenient methods have been developed for calculating the end-to-end distance of the high polymer molecule in solution from the intrinsic viscosity and the angular distribution of the intensity of the scattered light, in which the volume-exclusion effect of the chain elements of the molecule and the effect of the interaction between chain elements and solvent molecules are taken into consideration. By making use of one of these methods, the determinations of the end-to-end distances of several kinds of polystyrenes in their solutions have been made.

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A Theoretical Analysis of the Magnetic Hyperfine Structure of the Microwave Spectrum of C_2v Molecules

Akira Okaya

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 249-263
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.249

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A theoretical analysis of magnetic hyperfine structure due to the magnetic interaction between the spins of off or on axis nuclei and the molecular rotational magnetic field is developed for asymmetric C_2v molecules in ¹A electronic and vibrational ground state.
This analysis is for the special case where two equivalent nuclei of spin 1/2 are off the molecular axis, one nucleus of spin zero and one nucleus of arbitrary spin are on the molecular axis.
This analysis predicts that a triplet will be observed for prolate rotational transitions for which ΔJ=0, ΔK₊₁=−1, and both initial and final K₋₁ values are odd.

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The Microwave Hyperfine Spectrum of Formaldehyde

Akira Okaya

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 258-263
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.258

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A hyperfine structure of the 4_1,4→4_1,3 transition in the microwave spectrum of formaldehyde has been observed. The observed hyperfine features are mainly explained in terms of the interaction of the magnetic moments of the protons with the moleculer rotational magnetic field.
The main absorption lines were composed of three strong lines with total quantum numbers F=3, 4 and 5 respectively. The determined splitting frequency between the F=5 and the F=3 lines was 188±15 kc. For a detailed explanation of this value, further information on electronic and magnetic properties of this molecule is required.

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Molecular Structure of Methylamine

Takashi Itoh

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 264-271
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.264

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The matrix elements of the Hamiltonian of a semiasymmetric internal rotor which have been given by Hecht and Dennison are rederived in a different way and in a form which is also applicable to more general semiasymmetric internal rotors. This theory together with a semi-empirical formula for the inversion splitting is applied to the analysis of the microwave spectrum of methylamine.
The barrier height of internal rotation is determined to be 691.1 cm⁻¹. The moments and product of inertia are obtained as A=37.085, B=38.662, C=8.136, C₁=2.805, C₂=5.331, D=−0.120 all times 10⁻⁴⁰ g cm². The hypothetical inversion splitting in the absence of the coupling between inversion and internal rotation is determined to be 28604 Mc/sec for n=0 and 29358 Mc/sec for n=1. The molecular dimensions are obtained from the inertial constants as follows: d_CH=1.093 A (assumed), d_NH=1.014 A (assumed), d_CN=1.474 A, ∠HCH=109°30′, ∠HNH=105°50′, ∠CNH=112°10′, and the methyl axis passes through the NH₂ triangle making an angle of 3°30′ with the CN direction.

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The Time Lag and other undesirable Phenomena observed in Vacuum Photo-tubes at Weak Illumination II

Masao Sugawara

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 271-278
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.271

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Using the tubes with two photocathodes the abnormalities of photocurrents were studied. The abnormalities of the tubes were conspicuous when one of the cathodes was isolated. These abnormal effects could be well explained from the results obtained when the potential of the isolated cathode was varied and current characteristics of the tubes were measured at various wave length of light. The effects were considered to be due to the voltage changes of the isolated cathode resulting from its own photoemission and secondary emission caused by the incidence of light. Photoelectric materials of usual photo-tubes adhering to the undesired portion of the inner surfaces can be analogously considered to the isolated cathodes of the tubes.

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Diffraction of Elastic Waves by a Spherical Surface

Masahumi Nagase

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 279-301
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.279

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To clarify the effect of the curvature of a surface on the propagation of elastic waves generated at a point source, as alluded to by Lamb in the case of a plane surface, we investigate the properties of waves in an infinite elastic medium enclosing a spherical cavity. Waves of any kind are shown to be represented as linear combinations of Φ, A_\varphi, d_\varphi, the scalar potential, the \varphi-component of the vector potential and the \varphi-component of the displacement, if the phenomena are independent of \varphi, the longitudinal angle in spherical polar coordinates with the polar axis joining the source and the center of the cavity. Taking as the initial waves Φ, A_\varphi, d_\varphi with monochromatic dipole character respectively, we obtain, in the ordinary way of mathematical physics, the solutions satisfying the boundary conditions in series forms, which are transformed into more rapidly convergent ones. In the first two cases we find the waves representing Φ, A_\varphi in three separated groups, corresponding to three types in the case of a plane surface respectively, and in the third we find only group of solutions representing d_\varphi. The angular and distance dependence of their amplitudes and phases are investigated in detail.

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Experimental Investigation of the Wakes behind Cylinders and Plates at Low Reynolds Numbers

Sadatoshi Taneda

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 302-307
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.302

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Wakes behind cylinders and plates were photographically investigated at Reynolds numbers from 0.1 to 2,000. Main results are as follows.
In the case of a circular cylinder, the rear twin-vortices begin to form at R=5 (R is Ud⁄ν), then become more and more enlarged as R increases, and finally become asymmetrical at about R=45. The laminar wake, on the other hand, begins to oscillate sinusoidally some distance downstream at R=30.
In the case of a flat plate parallel to the flow, the wake begins to oscillate sinusoidally some distance downstream at about R=700 (R is Ul⁄ν, where l is the length of the plate).
Lastly, some detailed knowledges about the structure and the nature of the Kármán vortex street are obtained by a new method.

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Apparatus for the Study of Spectral Response of Photoelectric Surface

Hiroji Mitsuhashi, Tadahisa Nakayama

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 308-311
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.308

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An optical instrument was designed which measures the photoelectricity for the visible wavelength region rapidly and accurately. The output from a monochromator is kept constant for a long time. The monochromatic beam emerging from it is split into two beams, one of which is brought to focus on a thermocouple alternately with The other white beams coming from a reference light source of well-stabilized brightness. Difference in intensity between these monochromatic and white beams generates ac signal which drives the optical attenuator in front of the entrance slit of the monochromator until their intensities are brought into balance. The other monochromatic beam is fallen upon a photoelectric surface, spectral response of which is recorded automatically.

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New Determination of the Temperature of Gold and Silver Points on the Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

Jiro Oishi, Mitsuru Awano, Takeshi Mochizuki

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 311-321
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.311

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The freezing points of gold and silver are determined by a constant volume nitrogen gas-thermometer with a gas bulb made of silica glass.
The temperature of the gold point which is adopted as 1063.0°C on the International Temperature Scale is determined as
T_Au=1336.84±0.05
on the Kelvin Scale and
t_Au=1063.69±0.05
on the Celsius Scale.
The temperature of the silver point which is 960.8°C on the International Temperature Scale is
T_Ag=1234.43±0.05 and t_Ag=961.28±0.05
on the Kelvin and Celsius Scales respectively.

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Statistical Study of Electron Avalanches in Gaseous Discharge

Shoji Kojima, Kiyoe Kato

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 322-326
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.322

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Size distributions of electron avalanches were observed at a potential several percent below the breakdown value. The distributions at low pressure discharge agreed well with Wijsman’s formula which was derived from the Townsend theory in the absence of space charge effect. The distributions at atmospheric pressure, however, are different from this formula in that the pulses had a tendency to become uniform in size. This tendency was accounted by the space charge effect. In connection with these mesurement the pulses of corona discharges were also measured.

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Ferromagnetic Resonance Absorption in a Pyrrhotite Single Crystal

Tadao Fujimura, Yosiharu Torizuka

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 327
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.327

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Variation of the Young’s Modulus of the Alloy Mg₃Cd with the Order-Disorder Transition

Kayako Tanaka, Hidetaro Abe, Hideyo Maniwa

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 328-329
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.328

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Graphical Solution of Linear Heat Flow with Radiation

Mashige Nagai

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 329-330
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.329

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Hydration of Ions and Coordinate Bond

Isao Oshida, Ohi Horiguchi

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 330-331
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.330

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A Note on the Theory of Dislocation in Germanium

Takuzo Shindo

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 331-332
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.331

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Electrostatic Deflection of a Cyclotron Ion Beam

Jun Kokame, Sukeaki Yamashita

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 332-333
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.332

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Microwave Spectra of Formaldehyde and Methylamine in the SHF Region

Hiromasa Hirakawa, Akira Miyahara, Koichi Shimoda

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 334-335
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.334

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l-Type Doubling Spectra of HCN and DCN in the SHF Region

Akira Miyahara, Hiromasa Hirakawa, Koichi Shimoda

1956 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 335
Published: March 05, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.11.335

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