Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
Online ISSN : 1347-4073
Print ISSN : 0031-9015
ISSN-L : 0031-9015
Volume 75, Issue 11
Displaying 1-50 of 51 articles from this issue
  • R. A. Cowley, S. M. Shapiro
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 111001
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Gen Shirane began studying ferroelectrics while he was still based in Japan in the early 1950’s. It was therefore natural that when he arrived at Brookhaven and began specialising in neutron scattering that he would devote much of his energy and expertise studying structural phase transitions. We review the ground breaking experiments that showed the behaviour of antiferroelectrics and ferroelectrics were reasonably described in terms of the soft mode concept of structural phase transitions. This work lead directly to Gen being awarded the Buckley prize and, jointly with John Axe, awarded the Warren prize. We then describe his work on incommensurate phase transitions and in particular how the giant Kohn anomalies are responsible for the structural instabilities in one-dimensional metals. Finally Gen carefully investigated the central peak and the two-length scale phenomena that occur at most if not all transitions. Due to Gen’s elegant experimental work we know a great deal about both of these effects but in neither case is theory able to explain all of his results.
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  • Yasuo Endoh, Peter Böni
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 111002
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    The recent twenty years have witnessed significant progress in the basic understanding of the dynamical magnetic properties in metallic and strongly correlated materials, mainly due to the progress in inelastic neutron scattering (INS) techniques and polarization analysis. One of the major achievements in this discipline is, in fact, the finding that the magnetic scattering in ferromagnetic metals shows a universal behavior independent of the itinerancy of the magnetic moment. The dynamic susceptibility in the ordered state at low temperatures is well described by spin-wave excitation. In addition, the magnetic scattering function in the paramagnetic phase above the Curie temperature, TC, follows a simple double Lorentzian behavior in both momentum and energy. Then, the energy scale of the spin fluctuations can be expressed in terms of the ratio of the strength of the magnetic correlations defined by the molecular field Curie temperature with respect to TC. The magnetic fluctuations in incommensurate antiferromagnets, i.e., in metallic Cr or in the high temperature superconductors of doped La2CuO4 compounds, show, on the other hand, a rather complicated dynamical structure factor. In contrast to ferromagnetic metals and localized antiferromagnets, the longitudinal fluctuations seem to play an important role deep in the ordered state of Cr.
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  • Robert J. Birgeneau, Chris Stock, John M. Tranquada, Kazuyoshi Yamada
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 111003
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    A review is presented of the static and dynamic magnetic properties of hole-doped cuprate superconductors measured with neutron scattering. A wide variety of experiments are described with emphasis on the monolayer La2−x(Sr,Ba)xCuO4 and bilayer YBa2Cu3O6+x cuprates. At zero hole doping, both classes of materials are antiferromagnetic insulators with large superexchange constants of J>100 meV. For increasing hole doping, the cuprates become superconducting at a critical hole concentration of xc=0.055. The development of new instrumentation at neutron beam sources coupled with the improvement in materials has lead to a better understanding of these materials and the underlying spin dynamics over a broad range of hole dopings. We will describe how the spin dispersion changes across the insulating to superconducting boundary as well as the static magnetic properties which are directly coupled with the superconductivity. Experiments probing the competing magnetic and superconducting order parameters involving magnetic fields, impurity doping, and structural order will be examined. Correlations between superconductivity and magnetism will also be discussed.
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  • Dieter Richter
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 111004
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    In soft materials the structures, the macroscopic mechanical and rheological properties and the phase changes are determined to high degree but thermal motion of the atoms and molecules. Most of the relevant dynamics takes place on mesoscopic lengths and time scales in between the picosecond atomic scale and the macroscopic frame. Offering the proper space time observation window, neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy uniquely addresses these motions. In this short review we briefly present some key experimental results on the mesoscopic dynamics of polymer systems. We address the standard model of polymer motion, the Rouse model, the role of topological confinement as expressed in the reptation model and finally, processes limiting the confinement—we discuss contour length fluctuations of entangled chains. Very recently it became also possible to directly identify large scale internal dynamics of proteins by neutron spin echo. We report the results of these pioneering studies, which most likely will initiate further experiments on the large scale motions of proteins and their relation to the function.
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  • Martin Blume, Doon Gibbs, John Hill
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 111005
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We pay tribute to Gen Shirane’s legacy by summarizing the results of x-ray magnetic scattering studies of a series of interesting materials, including chromium, NiO, MnF2, rare earth boro-carbides, cuprates, and NdNiO3 thin films. We focus on what may be learned through the use of polarization-dependent x-ray techniques, both elastic and inelastic, and compare that with the results of neutron scattering.
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  • Kazuma Hirota, Shuichi Wakimoto, David E. Cox
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 111006
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    The extensive and wide-ranging neutron and x-ray scattering studies of relaxors carried out by Gen Shirane and his collaborators are reviewed. Among the many results they have reported in some 50 scientific papers published since 1999, there are three especially notable accomplishments; namely, the discovery of a monoclinic phase near the morphotropic phase boundary, the clarification of the existence and roles of transverse optic soft-mode phonons, and detailed studies of polar nanoregions particularly by diffuse scattering techniques. We will focus mostly on the above topics, and discuss the impact of these on the research and understanding of relaxors.
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  • Jiro Mizushima, Shigeki Yoshida, Masanori Takaoka
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 113401
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Bifurcations of flow in a two-dimensional symmetric channel with suddenly expanded sections arranged periodically and its relaxation processes are investigated numerically. Linear stability analysis revealed that the flow is subject to both a symmetry-breaking pitchfork bifurcation leading to a steady deflection and a Hopf bifurcation leading to an oscillation similar to the Tollmien–Schlichting wave. We observed two kinds of propagating waves in the relaxation to another bistable steady state, one of which is a fast wave being convected passively and the other a slow wave flipping flow deflections. It was confirmed that the deflection-flipping wave propagates downstream without decaying due to a self-sustaining mechanism of instability.
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  • Noriaki Oba, Hiroshi Kageyama, Taro Kitano, Jun Yasuda, Yoichi Baba, M ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 113601
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, high-field magnetization and neutron diffraction measurements have been performed on a two-dimensional S=1⁄2 square-lattice system (CuBr)LaNb2O7, prepared by a topotactic ion-exchange reaction of a nonmagnetic double-layered perovskite RbLaNb2O7. (CuBr)LaNb2O7 exhibits a second-order magnetic transition at 32 K, in marked contrast to a spin-singlet nature for its Cl-based counterpart (CuCl)LaNb2O7, despite nearly identical structural parameters. The magnetic structure is a novel collinear antiferromagnetic (CAF) ordering characterized by a modulation vector q=(π,0,π) with a reduced moment of 0.6μB. Mixed ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor (J1) and antiferromagnetic second-nearest-neighbor (J2) interactions are of comparable strength (J1kB=−35.6 K and J2kB=41.3 K), placing the system in a more frustrated region of the CAF phase than ever reported.
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  • Daichi Kawana, Keitaro Kuwahara, Masashi Sato, Masatoshi Takagi, Yuji ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 113602
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We report the first X-ray diffraction experiments of PrFe4P12 under high pressure. We discovered a symmetry lowering from cubic to orthorhombic or lower at the metal–insulator transition temperature, accompanied by a jump in the lattice constant, which indicates a first-order phase transition. The superlattice reflections at q=(1,0,0) observed in the low-pressure nonmagnetic ordered phase are found to disappear in the insulating phase. The temperature dependence of the lattice constant and the absence of the superlattice reflections are well explained by taking into account an antiferromagnetic ordering.
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  • Hiroyuki Kimura, Youichi Kamada, Yukio Noda, Koji Kaneko, Naoto Metoki ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 113701
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Neutron diffraction measurements under high magnetic fields in multiferroic HoMn2O5 have revealed a clear relationship between microscopic magnetism and field-induced ferroelectricity. The applied magnetic field induces a first-order phase transition from an incommensurate magnetic order to a commensurate magnetic order, where a spontaneous electric polarization occurs. The one-to-one correspondence between the magnetic phase diagram and the dielectric phase diagram under magnetic field clearly indicates that the electric polarization is magnetically induced and the commensurate magnetic structure is indispensable to the ferroelectricity in the multiferroic RMn2O5 system.
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  • Noriki Terada, Yoshikazu Tanaka, Yoshikazu Tabata, Koichi Katsumata, A ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 113702
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Structural deformations associated with magnetic phase transitions have been studied by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction in high magnetic fields up to 14 T for the geometrically frustrated triangular lattice antiferromagnet CuFeO2. When a magnetic field is applied along the hexagonal c-axis, “scalene triangular” (ST) lattice distortion, which causes the three different exchange interaction paths in the basal plane, is successively relieved at the critical fields corresponding to field-induced magnetic phase transitions. In particular, the ST lattice is deformed into the higher symmetric “isosceles triangular” lattice at the second-field-induced magnetic phase transition (∼13.5 T). We thus conclude that the spontaneous lattice distortion in CuFeO2, which occurs without any orbital degrees of freedom, originates from a magnetoelastic coupling produced by spin frustration.
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  • Masahito Mochizuki, Masao Ogata
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 113703
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Motivated by recently reported experimental phase diagrams, we study the effects of CoO6 distortion on the electronic structure in NaxCoO2·yH2O. We construct the multiband tight-binding model by employing the LDA result. Analyzing this model, we show the deformation of band dispersions and Fermi-surface topology as functions of CoO2-layer thickness. Considering these results together with previous theoretical ones, we propose a possible schematic phase diagram with three successive phases: the extended s-wave superconductivity (SC), the magnetic order, and the spin-triplet SC phases when the Co valence number s is +3.4. A phase diagram with only one phase of spin-triplet SC is also proposed for the s=+3.5 case.
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  • Takayuki Tajiri, Hiroyuki Deguchi, Shigemi Kohiki, Masaki Mito, Seishi ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 113704
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    LaMnO3+δ nanocrystals with a mean diameter of 75 Å, were synthesized using SBA-15 mesoporous silica. The magnetic properties of the nanocrystals showed a novel size effect and were quite different from those of bulk crystal. The magnetic and electron spin resonance measurement results indicate that the existence of two transition temperatures, 278 and 235 K, which are higher than Néel and Curie temperature of bulk LaMnO3+δ. The ESR spectrum was observed even at the lower transition temperature and consisted of the two broad lines whose shape changed at each transition temperature. The magnetization curve at 77 K was well reproduced by the summation of the two superparamagnetic magnetizations corresponding to antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic nanoparticles, respectively. These results suggest that there are noninteracting ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic nanoparticles with transition temperatures of 278 and 235 K, respectively.
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  • Atsuko Fukaya, Isao Watanabe, Kazuyoshi Yamada, Kanetada Nagamine
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 113705
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Copper metaborate CuB2O4 was studied by muon spin relaxation measurements in order to clarify its static and dynamic magnetic properties. The time spectra of muon spin depolarization suggest that the local fields at the muon site contain both static and fluctuating components in all ordered phases down to 0.3 K. In the weak ferromagnetic phase (20>T>9.3 K), the static component is dominant. On the other hand, upon cooling, the fluctuating component becomes dominant in the incommensurate helix phase (9.3>T>1.4 K). The dynamical fluctuations of the local fields persist down to 0.3 K, where a new incommensurate phase (T<1.4 K) is suggested to appear. This result suggests that spins fluctuate even at T→0. We propose two possible origins of the remnant spin fluctuations: frustration of the exchange interactions and the dynamic behavior of the soliton lattice.
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  • Hiroshi Kohno, Gen Tatara, Junya Shibata
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 113706
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Effects of conduction electrons on magnetization dynamics, represented by spin torques, are calculated microscopically in the first order in spatial gradient and time derivative of magnetization. Special attention is paid to the so-called β-term and the Gilbert damping, α, in the presence of electrons’ spin-relaxation processes, which are modeled by quenched magnetic (and spin–orbit) impurities. It is shown that these two torque terms actually arise from the spin relaxation processes, both transverse and longitudinal, and their coefficients are different, α≠β, in general. These features hold for both localized and itinerant models for ferromagnetism.
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  • Hisato Yabuta, Kazunori Umeo, Toshiro Takabatake, Keiichi Koyama, Kazu ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 113707
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We have found that the hexagonal ZrNiAl-type compounds MnFe(P1−xGex) with x=0.15 and 0.17 show temperature- and field-induced first-order paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transitions with remarkable hysteresis loops at TC\\simeq250 K. The hysteresis widths in both temperature and field are much larger than those for a similar system of MnFe(P,As). On cooling below TC, the hexagonal lattice of MnFe(P1−xGex) contracts by 1.5% along the a-axis and elongates by 2.8% along the c-axis, keeping the crystal symmetry unchanged. The very small volume expansion of less than 0.1% suggests that the first-order transition is related to the anisotropic lattice distortion rather than the volume change.
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  • René Derian, Andrej Gendiar, Tomotoshi Nishino
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114001
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    The axial next-nearest-neighbor Ising model is studied in two dimensions at finite temperature using the density matrix renormalization group. The model exhibits phase transition of the second-order between the antiphase in low temperature and the modulated phase in high temperature. Observing the domain wall free energy, we confirm that the modulation period in high-temperature side is well explained by the free-fermion picture.
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  • Hidetsugu Sakaguchi, Takashi Yoshida, Shuji Nakanishi, Kazuhiro Fukami ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114002
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We propose a coupled map lattice model for oscillatory growth in electrodeposition. The coupling of the transition of growth modes between facet growth and dendritic growth and the dynamics of the electrode potential is important for the oscillatory growth. Firstly, we study a transition from facet growth to dendritic growth under the condition of the fixed electrode potential. Secondly, we study a spontaneous transition from the reaction-limited growth and the diffusion-limited growth in a one-dimensional system under the current control. Finally, we study the oscillatory growth in electrodeposition in two dimensions.
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  • Masayuki Ohzeki, Hidetoshi Nishimori
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114003
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We calculate the internal energy of the Potts model on the triangular lattice with two- and three-body interactions at the transition point satisfying certain conditions for coupling constants. The method is a duality transformation. Therefore we have to make assumptions on uniqueness of the transition point and that the transition is of second order. These assumptions have been verified to hold by numerical simulations for q=2, 3, and 4, and our results for the internal energy are expected to be exact in these cases.
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  • K. W. Chow, Boris A. Malomed, B. Xiong, W. M. Liu
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114004
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We produce a class of solvable Gross–Pitaevskii equations (GPEs), which incorporate the nonlinearity management, a time-dependent factor in front of the cubic term, accounting for the Feshbach resonance in variable magnetic field applied to the Bose–Einstein condensate, and the trapping potential, which may be either static or time-dependent. The GPE is transformed into an equation with a constant nonlinearity coefficient and an additional time-dependent linear term. We present four examples of the nonlinearity-management scenarios which, in proper conjugation with the trapping potential, lead to solvable GPEs. In two cases, the potential is required in the inverted form, which may be a physically meaningful one. In all the cases, the solvable schemes are singular, with the corresponding nonlinearity-enhancement factor diverging at one or multiple moments of time. This singularity may be relevant to the Feshbach resonance. Solvable equations with the normal trapping potential feature multiple singularities (thus limiting the applicability of the GPE to a finite interval of time), while, with the inverted potential, the singularity occurs only at t=0, validating the equations for 0<t<∞. Using the Hirota transform (HT), we construct bright solitons for all solvable cases, and demonstrate that higher-order solitons can be obtained too. Dark solitons are also found, in counterparts of the same models with self-repulsion. In comparison with the previous analysis, a crucial ingredient of the present method is finding the soliton’s chirp.
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  • Takafumi Kita
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114005
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Entropy in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics is investigated theoretically so as to extend the well-established equilibrium framework to open nonequilibrium systems. We first derive a microscopic expression of nonequilibrium entropy for an assembly of identical bosons/fermions interacting via a two-body potential. This is performed by starting from the Dyson equation on the Keldysh contour and following closely the procedure of Ivanov, Knoll, and Voskresensky [Nucl. Phys. A 672 (2000) 313]. The obtained expression is identical in form with an exact expression of equilibrium entropy and obeys an equation of motion which satisfies the H-theorem in a limiting case. Thus, entropy can be defined unambiguously in nonequilibrium systems so as to embrace equilibrium statistical mechanics. This expression, however, differs from the one obtained by Ivanov et al., and we show explicitly that their “memory corrections” are not necessary. Based on our expression of nonequilibrium entropy, we then propose the following principle of maximum entropy for nonequilibrium steady states: “The state which is realized most probably among possible steady states without time evolution is the one that makes entropy maximum as a function of mechanical variables, such as the total particle number, energy, momentum, energy flux, etc.” During the course of the study, we also develop a compact real-time perturbation expansion in terms of the matrix Keldysh Green’s function.
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  • Shinji Koga
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114006
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We deal with exactly solvable inverse problems of finding 1D mappings from knowledge of given invariant densities and eigenfunctions in 1D Frobenius–Perron equations, and we find the 1D mappings yielding the white Gaussian densiy and the white Lorentzian densiy. We also find the exact eigenvalues for the quadratic eigenfunction. In the latter part, we construct the approximate ortho-normal set of eigenfunctions for a given n-D mapping either of invertible type or of noninvertible type on the basis of the Markov chain assumption. We find the distributions of the eigenvalues in the complex plane, and the theoretical formulas for the spectral decomposition of the correlation by utilizing the weighted sum of delta functions and the weighted sum of auxiliary functions.
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  • Tatsuya Uezu, Yoshiko Maeda, Sachi Yamaguchi
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114007
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We analyze the on-line learning of a Perceptron from signals produced by a single Perceptron suffering from external noise or by two independent Perceptrons without noise. We adopt typical three learning rules in both single-teacher and two-teacher cases. For the single-teacher case, we treat the input and output noises and for the two-teacher case, we assume that signals are given by two teachers with a definite probability. In the single-teacher case, in order to improve the learning when it does not succeed in the sense that the student vector does not converge to the teacher vector, we use two methods: a method based on the optimal learning rate and an averaging method. Furthermore, we obtain an asymptotic form of the generalization error using an optimal learning rate for the three learning rules, and we estimate noise parameters using the simulation data by the averaging method. In the two-teacher case, for the Hebbian rule, we give analytical solutions of order parameters. Furthermore, we estimate noise parameters using the Perceptron rule by the averaging method. The theoretical results agree quite well with the numerical simulations.
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  • K. S. Kim, B. G. Yu, M. K. Cheoun
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114201
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We investigate the cross sections for inclusive (e,e′) reaction from 56Fe in quasielastic region at large electron energies (2–4 GeV) and large three momentum transfer (0.5–1.5 GeV/c). We use a relativistic mean-field single particle model for the bound and continuum nucleon wave functions based on the σ–ω model and we include the effects of electron Coulomb distortion in the calculation. The results are compared to high energy data from SLAC and more recent data from Jefferson Laboratory, particularly for the kinematics where the quasielastic process is expected to dominate the cross section with the energy transfer less than 500 to 600 MeV. The effects of the predicted weakening of the strong scalar and vector potentials of the σ–ω model at high energy are discussed. Possible evidence for “longitudinal suppression” or modifications of nucleon form factors in the medium is considered, but neither is necessary to explain the quasielastic data for four momentum transfers less than 1 (GeV/c)2.
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  • Akinori Igarashi
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114301
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Solution of the radial Dirac equation is treated by expanding wavefunction over B-splines. Spurious states, which may appear in the eigenvalue problem, can be removed with suitable combinations of boundary conditions and basis sets. A solution of the initialvalue problem is also considered.
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  • Yasuo Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi Akiyama, Mitsutaka Isobe, Akihiro Shimizu, C ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114501
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    A 106.4 GHz electron cyclotron heating (ECH) system for compact helical system (CHS) has been newly constructed. Initial experiments to confirm the system’s performance showed good controllability of beam direction and polarization for optimized heating. In the beam direction and polarization scan experiments, on-axis beam injection with second-harmonic X-mode polarization resulted in the highest stored energy and central electron temperature. Additional heating becomes possible for the plasmas sustained by neutral beam injection with a density higher than the plasma cutoff density of 3.5×1019 m−3 for the 53.2 GHz waves of the existing ECH system. Applying the 106.4 GHz heating waves extends the CHS plasma parameter to a high electron temperature of the keV order at a high density up to the second-harmonic X-mode cutoff density of 7×1019 m−3.
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  • Syohei Yamamoto, Yasuhiro Hieida, Shin-ichi Tadaki
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114601
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Traffic congestion is usually observed at the upper stream of bottlenecks such as tunnels. Congestion appears as stop-and-go waves and high-density uniform flow. We perform simulations of traffic flow with a bottleneck using the coupled map optimal velocity model. The bottleneck is expressed as a road segment with speed reduction. The speed reduction in the bottleneck controls the emergence of stop-and-go waves. A phenomenological theory of bottleneck effects is constructed.
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  • Fuyuki Shimojo, Tamoru Inoue, Masaru Aniya, Takayuki Sugahara, Yasuhis ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114602
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    The static structure and bonding properties of molten silver iodide are studied by ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations. It is shown that the calculated static structure factor is in good agreement with recent neutron scattering measurements. The pair distribution function for Ag–Ag pairs shows that there is a weak but clear Ag coordination shell around Ag ions with an average interatomic distance, which is close to that for Ag–I pairs. As a result of such a short nearest-neighbor Ag–Ag distance, the density distribution of Ag ions fluctuates on an intermediate length scale of a few angstroms, which gives a hump in the structure factor at a wave vector of about 1 Å−1. From population analysis, it is revealed that there exists an interaction between Ag ions due to the electronic charges that spread over ions.
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  • Yusuké Konishi, Hiroko Tokoro, Masamichi Nishino, Seiji Miyashi ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114603
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    The combination of spin transitions and magnetic ordering provides an interesting structure of phase transitions in Prussian blue analogues (PBAs). To understand the structure of stable and metastable states of Co–Fe PBA, it is necessary to clarify free energy as a function of magnetization and the fraction of the high-temperature component. Including the magnetic interaction between high-temperature states, we study the magnetic phase transition of Co–Fe PBA in addition to spin transitions. Here, we take into account the degeneracy changes due to charge transfer between Co and Fe atoms accompanying the spin transition. In this study, the charge transfer between Co and Fe atoms is explicitly taken into account and also the ferrimagnetic structure of Co–Fe PBAs is expressed in the proper way. First, we found systematic changes in the structures of stable and metastable states as functions of system parameters using mean field theory. In particular, the existence of a metastable magnetic-ordered high-temperature state is confirmed at temperatures lower than that of the hysteresis region of spin transitions. Second, we found that the magnetic interaction causes complex ordering processes of a spin transition and a magnetic phase transition. The effect of a magnetic field on the phase structure is also investigated and we found metamagnetic magnetization processes. Finally, the dynamical properties of this metastable state are studied by Monte Carlo method.
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  • Yoshiya Ogawa, Mikito Koshino, Tsuneya Ando
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114701
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Interference effects are studied in an Aharonov–Bohm ring with a quantum dot within a one-dimensional model with effects of phase-breaking scattering. When a dot level crosses the Fermi level, the phase of the reflection coefficient changes over a wide range, inducing a resonance in various regions of the ring. Such reflection effects compete with those of resonant transmission through the dot. The peak asymmetry is determined by a combination of these effects and therefore exhibits a complicated behavior even as a function of the phase coherence length.
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  • Thomas Strutz, Tadashi Takamasu, Hiroyuki Sakaki, Noboru Miura
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114702
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    The relaxation of hot electrons injected by resonant tunneling into a wide undoped drift region is investigated by measuring the field dependence of the IV characteristics. In the resonant tunneling region, an increase of the current up to 10% and a decrease in the peak voltage of the resonant tunneling characteristics are observed for a field parallel to the current. It is demonstrated that both phenomena result from a magnetic field induced phonon bottleneck effect in the drift region. In high-field regions, phonon scattering of hot electrons is reduced due to strong confinement into quasi-one-dimension states. However, at magneto-resonance fields, strong current minima are observed.
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  • J. H. Ho, Y. H. Lai, S. J. Tsai, J. S. Hwang, C. P. Chang, M. F. Lin
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114703
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    The magnetoelectronic structure of a single-layer graphite is mainly determined by the strength, the period, and the direction of the modulated magnetic field. Such field could induce the destruction of state degeneracy, the drastic change of energy dispersion, the increment of band-edge states, and the alternation of band width. Most of energy bands become nondegenerate, and the flat bands are replaced by the parabolic bands. Density of states exhibits the linear energy dependence, the square-root divergences, the logarithmic divergences, the discontinuous structures, and the delta-function-like divergences. These special structures directly reflect rich energy spectra.
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  • Motoki Endo, Shintaro Nakamura, Toshiyuki Isshiki, Noriaki Kimura, Tsu ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114704
    Published: November 15, 2006
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    We report the de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) effect measurements of the Fermi surface properties in LaB6, CexLa1−xB6 (x=0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) and PrxLa1−xB6 (x=0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) with particular attention to the spin dependence of the Fermi surface properties. The Fermi surface shape and dimension of CexLa1−xB6 change considerably with Ce concentration, while those of PrxLa1−xB6 change very slightly up to x=0.75, and in PrB6 the Fermi surface splits into the up and down spin Fermi surfaces. The effective mass of CexLa1−xB6 increases considerably with Ce concentration and is nearly proportional to the number of Ce ions, whereas that of PrxLa1−xB6 increases slightly with Pr concentration. In CexLa1−xB6 the effective mass depends very strongly on field and increases divergently with decreasing field, while that of PrxLa1−xB6 increases slightly with decreasing field. The contribution to the dHvA signal from the conduction electrons of one spin direction diminishes with Ce concentration and appears to disappear somewhere around x=0.25–0.5. A weak spin dependence is also found in PrxLa1−xB6. The behaviors of CexLa1−xB6 and PrxLa1−xB6 are compared to discuss the origin of the spin dependence of the Fermi surface properties.
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  • Ki Young Kim, Ki-Taek Byun, Ho-Young Kwak
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114705
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    A new paradigm of sonoluminescence phenomena which displays alternating pattern of on/off luminescence pulse was observed recently in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions. A set of solutions of the Navier–Stokes equation for the gas inside a spherical bubble with heat transfer through the bubble wall permits to predict correctly characteristics of the sonoluminescing phenomena in the solutions. Calculation results of the minimum velocity of bubble wall, the peak temperature and pressure are in excellent agreement with the observed ones. Further, the calculated bubble radius–time curve displays alternating pattern of bubble motion as observed in experiment. The origin of sonoluminescence from gas bubble in sulfuric acid turns out to be blackbody emission with finite absorption.
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  • Hisatoshi Yokoyama, Masao Ogata, Yukio Tanaka
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114706
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Mechanisms of Mott transitions and dx2y2-wave superconductivity (SC) are studied in the half-filled-band Hubbard model on square lattices with a diagonal hopping term (t′), using an optimization (or correlated) variational Monte Carlo method. In the trial wave functions, a doublon–holon binding effect is introduced in addition to the onsite Gutzwiller projection. We mainly treat a d-wave singlet state and a projected Fermi sea. In both wave functions, first-order Mott transitions without direct relevance to magnetic orders occur at U=Uc, which is approximately the bandwidth, for arbitrary t′⁄t. These transitions originate in the binding or unbinding of a doublon to a holon. d-wave SC appears in a narrow range immediately below Uc. The robust d-wave superconducting correlation is necessarily accompanied by enhanced antiferromagnetic correlation; the strength of SC decreases, as t′⁄t increases.
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  • Hitoshi Seo, Kenji Tsutsui, Masao Ogata, Jaime Merino
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114707
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Effects of geometrical frustration in low-dimensional charge ordering systems are theoretically studied, mainly focusing on dynamical properties. We treat extended Hubbard models at quarter-filling, where the frustration arises from competing charge ordered patterns favored by different intersite Coulomb interactions, which are effective models for various charge transfer-type molecular conductors and transition metal oxides. Two different lattice structures are considered: (a) one-dimensional chain with intersite Coulomb interaction of nearest neighbor V1 and that of next-nearest neighbor V2, and (b) two-dimensional square lattice with V1 along the squares and V2 along one of the diagonals. From previous studies, charge ordered insulating states are known to be unstable in the frustrated region, i.e., V1\\simeq2V2 for case (a) and V1\\simeqV2 for case (b), resulting in a robust metallic phase even when the interaction strengths are strong. By applying the Lanczos exact diagonalization to finite-size clusters, we have found that fluctuations of different charge order patterns exist in the frustration-induced metallic phase, showing up as characteristic low energy modes in dynamical correlation functions. Comparison of such features between the two models is discussed, whose difference will be ascribed to the dimensionality effect. We also point out incommensurate correlation in the charge sector due to the frustration, found in one-dimensional clusters.
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  • Ryousuke Shiina
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114708
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    The skutterudite superconductor PrOs4Sb12 exhibits a field-induced phase transition that is interpreted as an antiferro-quadrupolar (AFQ) ordering in the low-lying singlet–triplet crystal field levels. In this paper, we investigate the properties of the possible AFQ state in lower magnetic fields which can be realized with hydrostatic and uniaxial pressures. Making use of a new pseudo-spin description, we show that the AFQ model at zero field is well approximated as the quantum four-state Potts model with macroscopic ground-state degeneracy. Some consequences of this mapping and the resulting magnetic field effects on the AFQ state are discussed. In particular, it is shown that a type of uniaxial strains can stabilize the AFQ state in low fields by relaxing the frustration in the Potts limit. Based upon such findings, we study the mean field solutions of the original AFQ model as a function of the magnetic field. The evolutions from the field-induced order to the zero-field one are elucidated by changing the crystal field and the uniaxial strains. The origin of a marked anisotropy for the strain direction is discussed in relation with the competing nature of the AFQ interaction.
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  • G. Knebel, R. Boursier, E. Hassinger, G. Lapertot, P. G. Niklowitz, A. ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114709
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We present detailed measurements of the electrical resistivity and microcalorimetry under magnetic field and high pressure which confirm the proximity of YbRh2Si2 to a quantum critical point at ambient pressure. Our data seems to rule out the divergence of the heavy quasiparticle mass at the magnetic field tuned quantum critical point. Further Mössbauer spectroscopy gives evidence that the observed ESR resonance cannot be assigned directly to the trivalent Yb local spin dynamics. We report for the first time on quantum oscillations in YbRh2Si2. The obtained angular dependence is compared with band-structure calculation. A significant change of the resistivity and specific heat under high pressure and magnetic field is observed. Above 5 GPa ferromagnetic coupling plays the dominant role. The unusual high pressure phase diagram of YbRh2Si2 cannot be explained in term of the Doniach phase diagram. In Yb heavy fermion case, slow valence fluctuations may occur due to an occupation number of the trivalent state which differs notably from unity. The differences between the Ce and Yb heavy fermion systems are discussed. In particular a comparison is made between CeRh2Si2 and YbRh2Si2. The observed field and pressure variations of the Hall voltage in CeRh2Si2 are not straightforwardly linked to the change in the Fermi surface topology. A tiny change in the 4f electron occupation number will have a huge effect on the effective mass of different orbits of the complex band structure and thus on the Hall effect in this multiband electronic structure. A similar scenario must be certainly considered for YbRh2Si2.
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  • Toshiaki Fujita, Minoru Soda, Masatoshi Sato
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114710
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    To investigate the Hall resistivity ρH of systems with nontrivial spin structures, the transport and magnetic properties of the oxygen-deficient perovskite system TbBaCo2O5.53 with nontrivial magnetic structures have been studied. As is already known, the system exhibits, with decreasing temperature T, a transition to a ferromagnetic (FM) phase with a noncollinear magnetic structure at TC∼280 K in zero magnetic field, and with further decreasing T, the spontaneous magnetization begins to decrease at T1∼260 K and becomes zero at TN∼245 K, where an antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase with a noncollinear magnetic structure is realized. The metamagnetic behavior is induced by a relatively small magnetic field H (<5 T) in the T-region between ∼200 K and T1. In this T-region, unusual H-dependence of ρH has been observed. By analyzing the observed ρH and magnetization M, the H-dependence of the anomalous Hall coefficient Rs has been obtained at various fixed temperatures. On the basis of the magnetic structure reported previously by our group, the possible relevance of the nontrivial magnetic structure to the observed unusual behavior of ρH is discussed.
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  • Ram Kripal, D. K. Singh
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114711
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    ESR study of Mn2+ doped Diglycine Barium Chloride Monohydrate single crystals has been done at room temperature. The Mn2+ spin-Hamiltonian parameters have been evaluated employing a large number of resonant line positions observed for different orientations of the external magnetic field. The values of g, A, B, D, E, and a are 1.9922±0.0002, 89±2×10−4 cm−1, 88±2×10−4 cm−1, 237±2×10−4 cm−1, 80±2×10−4 cm−1, and 5±1×10−4 cm−1 respectively. The optical absorption study of the crystal has also been done. The observed bands are assigned as transitions from the 6A1g(S) ground state to various excited quartet levels of a Mn2+ ion in a cubic crystalline field. These bands are fitted with four parameters B, C, Dq, and α and the values found for the parameters are B=771 cm−1, C=3053 cm−1, Dq=755 cm−1, and α=76 cm−1. On the basis of the data obtained the surrounding crystalline field and the nature of metal–ligand bonding have been discussed.
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  • Masawo Nakane, Yoshiyuki Fukumoto, Akihide Oguchi
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114712
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Using the bosonization and level spectroscopy methods, we study the ground-state phase diagram of a XXZ antiferromagnet on a railroad–trestle lattice with asymmetric leg interactions. It is shown that the asymmetry does not change the dimer/Néel transition line significantly, which agrees with the expectation based on a naive bosonization procedure, but it does change the dimer/spin-fluid transition line. To understand this observation, we analyze eigenvectors of the ground state, dimer excitation, doublet excitation and Néel excitation, and find that only the doublet excitation is affected by the asymmetric interaction.
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  • Kanji Takehana, Tadashi Takamasu, Mohamed Henini
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114713
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We investigate the magnetoresistance of a gated two-dimensional electron system (2DES) separated by a thin barrier from a layer of InAs self-assembled quantum dots (QDs). Clear features of the quantum Hall effect were observed despite the proximity of the QD layer to the 2DES. However, the magnetoresistance (ρxx) and Hall resistance (ρxy) were suppressed significantly in the magnetic field range corresponding to filling factor ν<1 when a positive voltage was applied to the front gate. We attribute this to the effect of the charge state of the QD layer on the transport properties of the nearby 2DES. We propose that the anomalous suppression of ρxx and ρxy is related to spin excitation, which is induced by spin-flip processes involving electrons in the QDs and the 2DES.
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  • Md. Mahmudur Rahman, Rifki Muhida, Eben Sy Dy, Romel Mozo, Hideaki Kas ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114714
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We investigate electric and magnetic properties of a benzene–iron multiple-decked sandwich chain [Fe(C6H6)]. By performing first principles calculation based on the density functional theory, we find that the system [Fe(C6H6)] is stable and has no magnetic moment for which the two succeeding iron atoms are antiferromagnetically arranged. We propose a superexchange interaction mechanism for this antiferromagnetic order.
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  • Dai Aoki, Yoshinori Haga, Yoshiya Homma, Yoshinobu Shiokawa, Etsuji Ya ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114715
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    We succeeded in growing a new neptunium compound NpPtGa5 by the Ga-flux method, and measured the electrical resistivity, specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, magnetization and de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) effect. NpPtGa5 orders antiferromagnetically below TN=26 K. The magnetic moment is most likely directed along the [100] direction. A cylindrical Fermi surface was detected by the dHvA experiment in the antiferromagnetic state. The cyclotron masses are large, 17–21 m0, indicating the heavy electronic state in NpPtGa5. The large cyclotron masses are consistent with the large electronic specific heat coefficient, γ=123 mJ/(K2·mol), which is the largest among NpTGa5 (T=Fe, Co, Rh, Ni, and Pt).
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  • Kazuhiko Kuroki
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114716
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    The origin of the charge ordering in organic compounds θ-(BEDT-TTF)2X (X=MM′(SCN)4, M=Tl, Rb, Co, M′=Cs, Zn) is studied using an extended Hubbard model. Calculating the charge susceptibility within random phase approximation (RPA), we find that the (3×3)–(3×4) charge ordering observed at relatively high temperatures can be considered as a consequence of a cooperation between the Fermi surface nesting, controlled by the hopping integral in the c direction, and the electron–electron interactions, where the distant (next nearest neighbor) interactions that have not been taken into account in most of the previous studies play an important role. Mean field analysis at T=0 also supports the RPA results, and further shows that in the 3×3 charge ordered state, some portions of the Fermi surface remain ungapped and are nested with a nesting vector close to the modulation wave vector of the horizontal stripe ordering observed at low temperatures in X=MM′(SCN)4. We further study the possibility of superconductivity by taking into account the distant off-site repulsions and the band structure corresponding to X=I3, in which superconductivity is experimentally observed. We find that there is a close competition between dxy-wave-like singlet pairing and px+2y-wave-like triplet pairing due to a cooperation between the charge and the spin fluctuations. The present analysis provides a possible unified understanding of the experimental phase diagram of the θ-(BEDT-TTF)2X family, ranging from a charge ordered insulator to a superconductor.
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  • Kiyonobu Nagaya, Makoto Yao, Hitoshi Murakami, Arata Mori, Yoshinori O ...
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114801
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    The decay processes of inner-core excited krypton atom and free krypton clusters up to ⟨N⟩=1640, ⟨N⟩ being the average cluster size, have been studied by means of electron ion coincidence (EICO) measurements utilizing hard X-ray. Unlike the soft X-ray absorption measurements, highly charged daughter ions are observed. With increasing cluster size, the relative abundance of the multiply charged ions decreases and that of singly charged dimer or trimer ions increases. The results may be interpreted if one takes site-dependent decay processes into account: when the core hole is generated on the cluster surface, the proliferated holes due to the vacancy cascade are strongly localized within the X-ray absorbing atom, while the charges are migrated to surrounding atoms when the X-ray absorption occurs inside the cluster.
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  • Toru Aonishi, Keisuke Ota
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114802
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    Phase response curves (PRCs), which correspond to the Green function, represent an impulse response in oscillatory systems to capture the essence of non-equilibrium dynamics induced by small disturbances. While it is important to measure PRCs to bridge single neuron dynamics and network dynamics, methods of estimating PRCs have not yet been established. We proposed a Bayesian approach to estimating PRCs from noisy data measured through perturbation-response experiments. First, we analyzed the stochastic process describing the observation process in perturbation-response experiments, and obtained a probability distribution for the deterioration process in measuring PRCs. Then, by introducing prior generating PRCs, we derived a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation algorithm for PRCs, and finally derived the free energy to estimate hyper-parameters.
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  • Kazuya Ishibashi, Kosuke Hamaguchi, Masato Okada
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 114803
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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    A synfire chain is a network that can generate repeated spike patterns with millisecond precision. Although synfire chains with only one activity propagation mode have been intensively analyzed with several neuron models, those with several stable propagation modes have not been thoroughly investigated. By using the leaky integrate-and-fire neuron model, we constructed a layered associative network embedded with memory patterns. We analyzed the network dynamics with the Fokker–Planck equation. First, we addressed the stability of one memory pattern as a propagating spike volley. We showed that memory patterns propagate as pulse packets. Second, we investigated the activity when we activated two different memory patterns. Simultaneous activation of two memory patterns with the same strength led the propagating pattern to a mixed state. In contrast, when the activations had different strengths, the pulse packet converged to a two-peak state. Finally, we studied the effect of the preceding pulse packet on the following pulse packet. The following pulse packet was modified from its original activated memory pattern, and it converged to a two-peak state, mixed state or non-spike state depending on the time interval.
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  • Jun Ohkubo, Kazuyuki Tanaka
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 115001
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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  • Yugo Onoda, Masahiro Kimura
    2006 Volume 75 Issue 11 Pages 115002
    Published: November 15, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: August 27, 2009
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