Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Theory of Color Centers. III. Continuum Models of F₂⁺- and F₂-Centers

Takeo Nagamiya, Noriko Tatsuuma

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 307-310
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.307

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The F₂⁺- and F₂-centers, the molecule ion and molecule formed from two F-centers, are treated by the variational method developed by R. Kubo. The crystal is supposed to be a continuous medium with dielectric constants κ (static) and κ₀ (optical) and the two negative ion vacancies are considered as point charges. The polarization arising from ionic displacements is supposed to give a fixed field for the electronic motion. The electronic levels are calculated and compared with those obtained by Kubo for the F-center. A rough estimate of the dissociation energies are also given.

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Theory of Color Centers. IV. Energy Levels of Various Complex Centers

Takeo Nagamiya, Tadanobu Kojima, Hisamoto Kondoh

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 310-315
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.310

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Several complex centers consisting of two or more negative and positive ion vacancies with one or two electrons trapped there are treated by an approximate method of taking for the electronic wave function a linear combination of the valence wave functions of the positive ions which surround the vacancies. The resonance integral between two neighboring positive ions is determined in the case of F-center by comparing theory with experiment and then it is used for other centers. Rough estimate of the dissociation energy of each center is also given.

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A Mathematical Model for the Narrowing of Spectral Lines by Exchange or Motion

P. W. Anderson

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 316-339
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.316

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In this paper a simplified mathematical model of exchange and motional narrowing, which we call the “random frequency-modulation model,” is developed, and, to a certain extent, justified. A number of cases are treated. The one general conclusion which is common to all is that in the case of extreme narrowing the central part of the line is resonance-shaped while the wings fall off more steeply than the resonance shape; the half-width is always of order of magnitude of the mean square frequency breadth divided by the rate of motion or exchange.
In two cases the model makes some quantitative approach to realism: first, the case of a single dipolar-broadened line with exchange, where the “Gaussian” assumption can be made and the results have been fitted to Van Vleck’s fourth moment calculation to give satisfactory numerical answers; and second, the case of narrowing by diffusion in solids, where the “Markoffian” assumption is valid. The problem of narrowing of hyperfine structure is considered, and on this model it is found that before merging the lines draw together, a result which is confirmed by experiments.

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Theory of Superexchange Interaction in MnO Crystal

Jiro Yamashita

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 339-345
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.339

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The mechanism of the superexchange interaction of MnO crystal is investigated qualitatively taking into consideration of the non-orthogonality of wave functions. The energy expression is obtained for both spin states, that is, the perfect parallel spin arrangement and the ordered antiparallel spin arrangement, by the method of Heitler-London-Lowdin. As a result we find the the energy of the ordered antiparallel spin arrangement may be lower than that of the perfect parallel spin arrangement mainly by the effect of the S-energy, which consists of several overlap-integrals.

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Formation Energy of Superlattice in Ni₃Fe (II)

Kinetics of the Superlattice in the Stage of Local Ordering

Sh\={u}ichi Iida

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 346-354
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.346

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The change of the internal energy of Ni₃Fe superlattice during cooling processes was studied by specific heat measurement for various rates of cooling. After eliminating the part of the internal energy due to magnetic transformation, it was shown that the formation of local order starts already at 600°C on cooling, and its rate attains a maximum at 520°C, decreasing to zero at about 400°C. The specific heat curves on cooling do not show any anomaly at 500°C, which is critical temperature for the long range order. The formation rate of local order at steady temperature annealing was also studied by keeping the specimen at 510°C and observing the heat of evolution directly. It was confirmed that the rate of local order formation is large enough to be observed at this temperature. It decreases monotonously and becomes zero after about five hours annealing. These data are all consistent with our previous assumption that one of the two steps’ precesses of the formation of superlattice in Ni₃Fe at 490°C is the development of local order which has no critical temperature.

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X-Ray Study of Cold Work in Some Ordered Alloys

Shoichi Annaka

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 354-358
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.354

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The structure changes due to cold work on polycrystalline specimens of super-lattice alloys (AuCu₃, AuCu, AgCd and AgZn) were studied by X-rays. In AuCu₃ and AuCu, a small anti-phase domain and strain were found to be produced by cold work. In AgCd and AgZn, the ε and ζ phases both changed into the β′ phases by cold work even at room temperature, and in the case of the ε phases severe slipping along the (001) plane as well as atomic diffusion took place during and after cold work.

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Electron-Diffraction Study of Liquid-Solid Transition of Thin Metal Films

Mieko Takagi

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 359-363
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.359

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Structure changes of thin films of Pb, Sn and Bi at various temperatures has been studied by electron diffraction method. The films were prepared, in the electron diffraction camera by evaporating the metals, on cleavage surfaces of several kinds of crystals. The mean thickness of the films ranged from 10Å to 1000Å. The observed melting points are found to be lower than those of bulk metals. Anticipating this effect to be attributed to the small size of the crystal, the author has calculated the melting temperature as a function of crystal size. The observed values of the lowering of the melting point agree fairly well with the calculated values for the crystal sizes estimated from the mean thickness and the breadth of the Debye-Scherrer rings in diffraction patterns. On cooling, the films are supercooled down to considerablly lower temperatures which can be ascribed to the slowness of the rate of nucleation in a small crystal.

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Multiple Element Interferometer for Locating Sources of Solar Noise at 4,000 MC

Haruo Tanaka, Takakiyo Kakinuma

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 364-368
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.364

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With the intention of locating sources of radio noise from the disturbed sun at 4,000 MC, an interferometer with 5 aerials was constructed. Each aerial has a paraboloidal reflector of size 1.5 metre in diameter, which can be rotated equatorially. They are placed in E-W direction at 6 m intervals. The main lobes are 43′ apart and each lobe has a half power width of 7.8′. Each aerial is connected to the radiometer with waveguides and magic T. General design principles and the results of observations are described in this paper. Experimental record pattern, when the sun is quiet, do not agree with the calculated one corresponding to uniform distribution over the optical disk. From the eclipse observation, it is concluded that the radio disk is about 1.06 times larger than the optical disk. Record pattern is obtained if the outer region is about 2.5 times brighter than the optical disk of the uniform temperature about 1.9×10⁴°K.

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On Line Widths of Paramagnetic Resonance Absorption

H. Kumagai, K. Ôno, I. Hayashi, H. Abe, J. Shimada, H. Shô ...

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 369-375
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.369

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Paramagnetic resonance absorption of microwave (9970 MC) by thirteen salts containing manganese or copper ions was observed with special attention to obtain correct line shapes. The widths obtained were plotted against 1/a³, a being the lattice constant when the arrangement of ions are considered as simple cubic lattice. For smaller values of 1/a³, line shapes are near to gaussian type and the widths coincide with those by dipolar coupling calculated by Van Vleck. When 1/a³ is larger, that is, when ions come nearer, line shapes are near to resonance types and widths are in general smaller than those expected by dipolar coupling. This narrowing is caused by the existence of exchange coupling between magnetic ions. It is shown that the narrowing in salts of Mn⁺⁺, Fe⁺⁺⁺ (S-state) and Cu⁺⁺ can be related to the value of θ in the Curie-Weiss law of static susceptibility χ_s∼C⁄(T+θ).

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Absolute Values of Absorption Coefficients in Paramagnetic Resonance Absorption

H. Kumagai, I. Hayashi, K. Ôno, H. Abe, J. Shimada, H. Shô ...

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 376-377
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.376

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As a special case of Kramers’ equation, we have
χ′(0)=\frac2π∫₀^∞\fracχ″(H)HdH,
where χ″(H) is the absorption coefficient in paramagnetic resonance absorption and χ′(0) is the static susceptibility. We have checked the equation in cases of paramagnetic resonance in powders of MnSO₄, MnSO₄·H₂O, MnSO₄·4H₂O, MnSO₄·5H₂O and single crystals of CuSO₄·5H₂O. It is found that the relation holds within errors of several percent.

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Atomic Clocks and Frequency Standard on an Ammonia Line. I

Koichi Shimoda

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 378-386
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.378

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Various causes of errors in an atomic clock utilizing the 3–3 line of ammonia are examined theoretically and experimentally. A brief description of a Stark modulation atomic clock designed for experimental purposes is given. It is shown that the fractional error will exceed 1 part in 10⁻⁸, unless high degree of frequency-insensitive multiplier output and excellent matching of waveguide to generator and detector are achieved.

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The Change of the Refractive Index of Some Germanium Films Irradiated by Intense Light

Kozo Ishiguro, Toshiharu Hayashi

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 387-391
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.387

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A Rayleigh Löwe Interferometer has been modified to measure the changes of the refractive index of several germanium films when they are irradiated by the intense white light. The refractive index of the films was found to increase when the colour temperature of the irradiating light source was ca. 3000 K and to decrease when the temperature was ca. 1000 K. From the dispersion curves, it was suggested that the present effects were caused by the variation of the number of the bounded electrons and not of the free carriers.

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Quadrupole Moment of La¹³⁹

Kiyoshi Murakawa

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 391-395
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.391

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Study of the hyperfine structure of the spectra of La I and La II yielded the result that the quadrupole moment of La¹³⁹ is (0.9±0.1)×10⁻²⁴ cm². The construction of the light source (liquid-air cooled hollow cathode discharge tude) is described in detail.

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Contribution of the Change of Entropy to the Directions of Spines of Shock Polar

T\={o}ru Kawamura

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 396-400
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.396

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The directions of spines of shock polar in two-dimensional iso-energetic flow of a compressible fluid are calculated and compared with approximated results as obtained by neglecting the variation of entropy change on the successive streamlines experienced at the shock wave surface. The series of numerical values of the spines show certain deviations, which would be due to the neglect of the entropy variations. The deviations are considered when the angle of inclination of the shock wave to the uniform stream is large, and the flow behind the shock wave is subsonic, which is the case of frequent occurrence in the study of the detached shock wave problem. Therefore, the present analysis indicates the necessity of computing the entropy variation in such a problem.

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Fog Formation due to Self Nucleation

Hiromu Wakeshima

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 400-406
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.400

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Discussing the fog formation in adiabatically expanded dust- and ion-free moist air, the relation between the droplet size, the time required for the growth of droplets and the rate of self-nucleation are derived, based on the assumption of a simple model process. These relations, when applied to the case of adiabatic expansion at the so-called cloud limit, give a plausible order of magnitude for these quantities. In particular, the discrepancy between the current theory of self-nucleation and the known critical expansion ratio 1.37 can be eliminated.

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Fog Formation due to Self Nucleation (II)

Hiromu Wakeshima

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 407-413
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.407

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In the previous paper a theory was presented by the author which concerns the fog formation due to self nucleation in adiabatically expanded dust- and ion-free moist air. In this theory the change of temperature of the air after expansion was not taken into account.
In this report the influence of the rise in temperature of the air after an initial cooling due to the heat transmission from outside of and the heat liberation inside the gas is treated in an approximate way and the results discussed.

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Creep of Polymethyl Methacrylate at Low Temperature

Koji Sato, Heinosuke Nakane, Teruo Hideshima, Shigeo Iwayanagi

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 413-416
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.413

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In order to supplement the dynamical investigation of the secondary absorption region of polymethyl methacrylate, which appeared at 20°C in \frac12 cps vibration measurement as described in the previous report, the torsional creep was observed at various temperatures from −50°C to 30°C. Assuming that this polymer is “thermorheologically simple”, the master creep curve was constructed, and the activation energy of 30 kcal/mol was obtained.

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On the Transitional Phenomena of Glass

Eiz\={o} Kanai, Takesi Satoh

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 417-424
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.417

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A new interpretation on the glassy state, which includes the explanation of the transitional phenomena, is proposed on the basis of the superposition of the two modes of motion, one of which is the network deformation and another is the vibration around the instantaneous configuration of network. To formulate this idea, a new parameter, that is the “network temperature”, is introduced and the thermodynamical treatment is performed, with the independent derivation of the equation of motion. Finally, some experimental data are checked with this theory and its validity is discussed.

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Electret

Chiyoe Yamanaka

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 425A
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.425A

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Possible Mechanism of Ferroelectric Domain Boundary Movement

Terutaro Nakamura

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 425B-426
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.425B

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Hyperfine Structure of the Spectrum of Ruthenium. Part II

Kiyoshi Murakawa

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 427-428
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.427

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Slip Bands in an α-Brass Crystal

Hideji Suzuki, F. E. Fujita

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 428-430
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.428

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An Attempt to Treat the Interaction between Electrons and Lattice Vibrations

Fumihiko Takano

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 430-431
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.430

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On the Breakdown of Colored KCl

Yoshio Inuishi, Tokuo Suita

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 431-432
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.431

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Temperature Dependence of Fluctuation of Sparking Voltages in a Gas Discharge Tube

Makoto Hayashi, Yasunori Miyoshi

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 432-434
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: June 01, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.432

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Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction in Sodium Chlorate and Sodium Bromate

Junkichi Itoh, Riichiro Kusaka

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 434-435
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.434

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Cathodo-luminescence Study of (BaSr)O

Kin-ichi Noga, Koji Nakamura

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 435-437
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.435

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A Note on Avoiding scattered Electrons from the Spectrum Obtained by Magnetic Spectrometer

Mitsuo Sakai

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 437-438
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.437

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On the Thickness Effect of Dielectric Breakdown of Mica and KCl

Inseun Ryu, Hazimu Kawamura

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 438-439
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.438

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Diffusion on the Fermi-Surface and the Conductivity of Metals

F. J. Blatt

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 440A
Published: 1954
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DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.440A

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Diffusion on the Fermi Surface

Morikazu Toda

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 440B-441
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.440B

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Simultaneous Excitation and Dissociation of Water Molecule by Hydrogen Canal Ray Impact

Tadao Horie, Masamoto Otsuka

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 442A
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.442A

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Electrical Resistivity of Polycrystalline Selenium at Higher Fields

Masahiro Kuwagata, Eizo Otsuka, Masao Tomura

1954 Volume 9 Issue 3 Pages 442B
Published: 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2007

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.9.442B

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