Journal of Radiation Research
Online ISSN : 1349-9157
Print ISSN : 0449-3060
Volume 32, Issue SUPPLEMENT
Displaying 1-43 of 43 articles from this issue
  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    J.W. THIESSEN, D.C KAUL
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 1-10
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    TOSHISO KOSAKO
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 11-19
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    MASAHARU HOSHI, HIROMI HASAI, KENJIRO YOKORO
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 20-31
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This review summarizes measurements made of 152Eu and 60Co radioactivity induced by neutron radiation from the Hiroshima atomic bomb (A-bomb) with the goal of estimating the neutron dose released by the bomb. Prior to these measurements, A-bomb-irradiated specimens such as rocks and pieces of concrete, which had not been shielded were collected. The specific radioactivity obtained (in bequerels per gram of Eu or Co) were compared with those calculated from DS86 neutrons. Findings of usefulness of 152Eu data within 700 m ground range are reported and systematic differences between measured activities and calculations are discussed. The 152Eu data were also useful for the discussion of circular asymmetry, and there was no asymmetry within the experimental errors. This review also covers the similar difference found in 32P data, which were measured immediately after the A-bomb, along with the other 152Eu and 60Co data. The need for more measurements of 152Eu activity in samples farther away from the hypocenter in order to verify the DS86 calculations is also discussed.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    HIROMI HASAI, MASAHARU HOSHI, KENJIRO YOKORO
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 32-39
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Three studies of fallout measurements were reviewed for the discussion of possible radioactivity intake from the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The first study discussed correlations between enriched 234U and 137Cs specific activities from the measurement of soil samples collected in the “black rain” area. The second study measured 137Cs activity on the rock and roof tile samples collected in the hypocenter area immediately after the explosion. Some of the rock and roof tile samples collected near the hypocenter had a small but detectable amount of 137Cs activity. However, it has been determined that 137Cs exposure, for example, was negligible compared with DS86 dose estimates, since these activity levels were low. The third study detected 90Sr activity in some of the specimens of human bones exhumed on Ninoshima Island. This study compared the difference in activity between the bone head and shaft, with higher activities obtained in the bone head. This fact suggests a short intake period for this activity, however, the levels of 90Sr contamination were too low to allow a discussion of the exposure risks.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    TAKASHI MARUYAMA, YOSHIKAZU KUMAMOTO, YUTAKA NODA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 40-47
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Reassessment of gamma-ray doses from the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been carried out with the thermoluminescent measurements of bricks and decorative tiles which were collected from the buildings that remain as they were at the time of the explosions. The thermoluminescent measurements were performed using a dating technique generally used in archaeology. Annual background dose rates from natural radionuclides in the brick and tile samples and from environmental radiations around the samples were determined with commercially available thermoluminescent detectors. The resultant gamma-ray doses in Hiroshima and Nagasaki are given as a function of distance from the hypocenters and are compared with the DS86 (Dosimetry System 1986) and the T65D (Tentative 1965 Dose).
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    TSUNETO NAGATOMO, YONETA ICHIKAWA, MASAHARU HOSHI
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 48-57
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study reports gamma-ray doses measured using thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetry of atomic-bombexposed ceramic samples from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Advances in the dosimetry of TL-sensitive minerals in the field of TL dating of archaeological and geological materials made it possible to measure a radiation dose of 10-2 Gy. Ceramic samples such as tiles and bricks were collected from locations between 523 and 2, 453 m from the hypocenter in Hiroshima and from between 731 and 1, 565 m in Nagasaki. The gamma-ray dose estimates derived from these samples are compared with estimates from DS86. A significant discrepancy was noted between the doses measured for samples from Hiroshima and DS86 values. One possible cause of this discrepancy might be a secondary gamma-ray dose related to the neutron dose.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    MASANOBU SAKANOUE, KAZUHISA KOMURA, KOKURYON TAN
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 58-68
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The residual Eu-142 radioactivity due to the atomic bomb explosion in 1945 was first found in 1976 by in-situ high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry at Hiroshima. Since then, various studies on this nuclide have continued not only in Hiroshima but also in Nagasaki and they have contributed to the reevaluation of the neutron dose due to the A-bombing.
    By radiochemical separation methods and alpha-ray spectrometry, rather high levels of plutonium were found in the surface soil and in the bottom sediment of water reservoir which were collected at “Black rain area” in Nagasaki.
    The U-234/U-238 activity ratios for the uranium leached with 0.1 HNO3 from the surface of soil samples were found to be relatively higher for the samples which were collected at “Black rain area” in Hiroshima.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    TAKASHI NAKANISHI, HISAYO OHTANI, RI-E MIZUOCHI, KUNIO MIYAJI, TAKAO Y ...
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 69-82
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Residual radionuclides induced by neutrons from the Hiroshima atomic bomb have been measured at Kanazawa University for these 14 years. The results of 152Eu, 154Eu and 60Co are reviewed in this paper. Where appropriate, an attempt is made to provide our new data with the aim of reinterpreting our published data. From the comparison of the measured values with the calculated values by DS86 methodology, we may point out here: (1) that close agreement was found between measured and calculated values for the specific radioactivity of 152Eu in the samples exposed at ground ranges between 320 m and 720 m; (2) that the calculated/measured ratios for the specific radioactivity of 152Eu were, however, larger than unity in the vicinity of ground zero and smaller than unity at locations more than 1000 m apart from ground zero; (3) that, in the vicinity of ground zero, epithermal neutron fluence evaluated from a set of measured specific radioactivities of 152Eu, 154Eu and 60Co showed a close agreement with the calculated result, whereas thermal neutron fluence evaluated in the same way was different from the calculated result; and (4) that the depth distribution of the specific radioactivity of 152Eu in a wall sample which was exposed at the location 320m from ground zero approximately agreed with the calculated result.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    JUNKO TATSUMI-MIYAJIMA, SHUNZO OKAJIMA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 83-98
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Gamma-rays from thermal neutron-induced radionuclide of 152Eu in rocks near the ground center of the atomic bomb (A-bomb) explosion (hypocenter) in Nagasaki were measured with a pure germanium semiconductor detector. Depth profiles of 152Eu activity were obtained for 22 core samples taken from stone embankments on both sides of two rivers (the River Shimono-kawa and the River Urakami-gawa) within 500 m of the hypocenter since the activity in the rocks has a history of incident neutron energy. Although the activities of the surface sections were varied from sample to sample, the slopes of depth profile in rock and the value of 152Eu activity in the depth of 240-280 mm were similar among the samples taken from the same location. On the other hand, neutron penetrating experiments using both a fast and a thermal neutron reactor were performed to obtain the relationship between the incident neutron energy spectra and the depth profiles of 152Eu activity in rock. The depth profiles in the bomb exposed samples were close to that obtained by using a 10 mm polyethelene moderator in the reactor experiments.
    Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements from teeth of A-bomb survivors were carried out to estimate the individual gamma-ray dose of the survivors. The absorbed dose of ten tooth samples was estimated by ESR dosimetry. The results of ESR dosimetry were consistent with the calculations of tissue dose in air of A-bombs and irradiated shielding configuration of individuals.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    TATSUJI HAMADA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 99-102
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Specific activity of 60C in two steel samples taken at 687m S and 1295m NNW from the hypocenter was measured by gamma-ray spectrometry and neutron activation analysis1). The results are consistent with previous data by Hashizume et al. for steel rings on the surface of roofs of buildings. Content of nickel and copper in the samples was found to be too small to account for any significant 60Co production by fast neutron reactions.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    TATSUJI HAMADA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 103-107
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Historical data for 32P activity induced in sulfur by fast neutrons have been corrected for decay with a recent half-life value of 32P and recalculated with an experimentally determined efficiency ratio of the electroscope for beta rays from 32P and natural uranium used as a standard.
    Most samples would have been pure enough so that no correction for the weight of sulfur has been made. The possibility of interference with 32P activity measurements due to induced activity of other elements in the samples could also be excluded.
    The revised data show little difference from the original ones except for one sample which contained much impurity. Uncertainty of the data was also discussed.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    DONALD A. PIERCE, DALE L. PRESTON, DANIEL O. STRAM, MICHAEL VAETH
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 108-121
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Unless allowances are made, random errors in radiation dose estimates cause underestimation of linear risk estimates and distort the shape of dose-response curves. These errors also result in spurious associations between radiogenic endpoints, exaggerating possible, variation in individual sensitivity to radiation. Statistical methods have been developed which reduce these biases, based on assumptions regarding the nature and magnitude of doseestimation errors. Some understanding of the underlying statistical basis for these methods is necessary to both those interested in interpreting radiogenic effects and those interested in the dosimetry system. This paper discusses the basic statistical issues and their implications, presents some statistical methods to deal with the problem, and indicates the sensitivity of certain results to assumptions about the magnitude of the dose-estimation errors.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    DANIEL O. STRAM, RICHARD SPOSTO
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 122-135
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Random errors in the DS86 radiation dose estimates used in the analysis of A-bomb survivor data are recognized to have an important impact upon estimates of the risk of late effects such as cancer. Little however is known for certain concerning the distribution of such random errors. This paper gives an overview of recent work at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) using multivariate analysis of biological data, including acute effects of radiation exposure, late effects (eg leukemia mortality) and stable chromosome aberrations, for the purpose of evaluating the extent of random error in the estimation of individual doses using DS86. The emphasis here is on analyses of apparent association between biological endpoints, in light of a dosimetry error model framework proposed recently by Pierce et a1.1, 2). Analyses performed to date appear to be consistent with the view that lognormal random dosimetry errors with a standard deviation of 40% or greater of true dose may exist in DS86.
    Association between radiogenic outcomes in A-bomb survivors, after adjustment for DS86 estimated dose level, has been detected for such widely varying pairs of outcomes as mutant T-cell frequencies and chromosome aberrations3), epilation and leukemia mortality4), and epilation and chromosome aberrations5). The motivation for examining association between pairs of biological endpoints has usually been to determine the extent to which radiation sensitivity varies between individual survivors. Recognizing, however, that random error in dose estimates results in apparent association between biological outcomes is crucial to interpreting studies, such as these, which use data on multiple biological endpoints. To go one step further, in situations where there is a prior knowledge about the biological plausibility of such associations in outcome data the amount of association between radiogenic outcomes (remaining after adjustment for estimated dose), to the extent that they are greater than that assumed to be reasonable, is an important potential source of information concerning the magnitude of random errors in the DS86 dose estimates.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors I. DOSIMETRY
    KAZUO KATO, SHOZO SAWADA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 136-153
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Doses from diagnostic radiological examinations were measured in order to evaluate the radiation risks of atomic-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Using a phantom human, doses to the active bone marrow, gonads, salivary glands, thyroid gland, lung, breast, stomach and colon were determined by type of examination and by examination site. The results of this dosimetry program will aid in estimating the diagnostic exposure doses received by each participant in the Adult Health Study of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. The current results of these dosimetry studies also indicate that the effects of A-bomb exposure cannot be reliably assessed unless medical X-ray doses are carefully incorporated into these long-term evaluations.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    SHOICHIRO FUJITA, HIROO KATO, WILLIAM J. SCHULL
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 154-161
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Numerous attempts have been made to estimate the distance at which 50% of the individuals exposed to the A-bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki died, ostensibly from their exposure to ionizing radiation. It is difficult to convert most of these distance estimates to a dose-related LD50, since radiation shielding was ignored. The recent reassessment of the atomic bomb radiation dosimetry has provided an opportunity for the estimation of the bone marrow LD50. There is a surprising concordance in the various estimates that have been made given the different groups of survivors involved and the methods used to estimate the LD50/60.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    MICHITO ICHIMARU, MASAO TOMONAGA, TATSUHIKO AMENOMORI, TATSUKI MATSUO
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 162-167
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Characteristic features of leukemia among atomic bomb survivors were studied. The ratio of a single leukemia type to all leukemias was highest for CML in Hiroshima, and the occurrence of CML was thought to be most characteristic for atomic bomb radiation induced leukemia. In the distribution of AML subtypes of FAB classification, there was no M3 cases in 1Gy or more group, although several atypical AML cases of survivors were observed. Chromosome study was conducted using colony forming cells induced by hemopoietic stem cells of peripheral blood of proximal survivors. Same chromosome aberrations were observed in colony forming cells and peripheral blood of proximal survivors.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    MICHITO ICHIMARU, KIYOHIKO MABUCHI
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 168-171
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    NANAO KAMADA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 172-179
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Seventy five radiation-related leukemias (acute non-lymphocyte) in Hiroshima including 16 patients exposed to more than one Gray were cytogenetically examined. Statistical analysis of the data on the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in survivors according to the bone marrow doses of DS86 estimation revealed that heavily exposed patients tended to have significantly higher aberration rates as compared with non-exposed patients. Furthermore, the chromosomal aberrations in the survivors were observed to be of a more complex nature and had characteristic findings of secondary leukemia. These observations therefore suggest that patients with a history of heavy exposure to atomic bomb radiation exhibit leukemic cells that originated from a stem cell which had been damaged by irradiation at the time of bombing and had been involved in the complex chromosome abnormalities.
    Molecular biological studies on transforming genes in acute and chronic leukemia and the bcr gene in chronic myelocytic leukemia have been performed in exposed and non-exposed groups. So far, no distinctive differences have been observed in the frequency and the sites of point mutations in N and K-ras genes or in the rearrangement of the bcr gene, for a final conclusion of the specificity of radiation induced leukemia. Further retrospective studies require patient DNAs that developed in the early period of the atomic bomb exposure.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    NOBUO TAKEICHI, HARUO EZAKI, KIYOHIKO DOHI
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 180-188
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Evidence to date from a number of studies, indicates that there is an increased incidence of thyroid cancer among A-bomb survivors, and that the incidence rises with increase of dose and is especially predominant in females exposed at younger ages. Although 45 years have elapsed since A-bomb exposure, there are still some questions about the development of thyroid cancer: 1) Is the incidence now decreasing? 2) What factors, other than radiation exposure, are involved? 3) What is the incidence of multiple cancer, including thyroid cancer? With these questions in mind, it is apparent that studies in this field must continue for some time to come.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    NOBUO TAKEICHI, KIYOHIKO DOHI, HISAO ITO, HISASHI YAMAMOTO, KIYOHIKO M ...
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 189-192
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
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    Parathyroid tumors in A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima have been studied. Thirteen cases of parathyroid tumor were confirmed from 4, 136 autopsy cases between 1961 to 1977, and an elevated incidence of tumor with increase of dose (T65D) was demonstrated (P<0.01). A high proportion of 42.9%, 6 out of 14 parathyroid tumors extirpated at Hiroshima University Hospital between 1956 and 1988, were atomic bomb survivors exposed within 4.1 km from the hypocenter. From an epidemiological study using 23 parathyroid tumor cases detected in Hiroshima Prefecture between. 1974 and 1987, an elevated incidence of parathyroid tumors with increase of dose (proximally exposed, other exposed and control nonexposed) was demonstrated (P<0.001).
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    HARUO EZAKI, NOBUO TAKEICHI, YASUHIKO YOSHIMOTO
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 193-200
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We analysed thyroid cancers which were diagnosed clinically or detected at autopsy during 22 years (1958 to 1979) in a sample of 75, 493 study subjects exposed in Hiroshima belonging to the extended LSS sample of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. One hundred and twenty-five cases of clinical thyroid cancer (15 in males and 110 in females) were confirmed, giving a crude incidence rate per 100, 000 person-years of 2.7 for males, 12.4 for females and 8.6 for both sexes combined. There was a significant increase of thyroid cancer with increase of atomic bomb radiation dose (thyroid tissue dose based on T65D) in females and in the sexes combined. This tendency was predominant in those exposed at less than 19 years of age. Compared to the control group, the relative risk in the ≥0.50 Gy group was higher at 4.0 for males (not significant) and at 4.3 for females (p <0.01). Latent thyroid cancer was detected in 155 cases or 3.5% (2.5% for males and 4.5% for females) of the 4, 425 cases that came to autopsy during the same period. Compared to the control group, the relative risk in the 50 + rad group was 1.7 for males (not significant), 2.0 for females (p <0.05) and 1.9 for both sexes combined (p <0.05).
    New data obtained from autopsy cases between 1950 and 1985 have been added.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    MASAYOSHI TOKUNAGA, CHARLES E. LAND, SHOJI TOKUOKA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 201-211
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    YUKIKO SHIMIZU, HIROO KATO, WILLIAM J. SCHULL
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 212-230
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and its successor, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, have conducted a long-term follow-up study of a cohort of 120, 000 atomic bomb survivors and non-exposed controls since 1950. The most recent findings regarding cancer mortality during the period 1950-85 in this cohort, based on the DS86 doses are as follows:
    1) The dosimetry change does not alter the list of radiation-related cancers. Some city differences in doseresponse previously thought to be real are no longer significant with the DS86 doses. Assuming a linear doseresponso, and using estimated organ-absorbed doses, the risk coefficients derived from the two dosimetries are very similar. If larger RBE values are assumed, the disparity between the two dosimetries increases because the neutron dose is much greater in the T65 dosimetry.
    2) Besides the well-known increase of leukemia, there also have been demonstrated increases in cancers of the lung, breast, esophagus, stomach, colon, ovary, urinary bladder, and of multiple myeloma, but no increase has yet been observed in mortality from cancer of the rectum, gallbladder, pancreas, prostate and uterus, and of malignant lymphoma. In general, radiation-induced solid cancer begins to appear after attaining the age at which the cancer is normally prone to develop (the so-called “cancer age”), and continues to increase proportionately with the increase in mortality in the control group as it ages. Sensitivity to radiation, in terms of cancer induction, is higher generally for persons who were young at the time of the bomb (ATB) than for those who were older ATB.
    Non-cancer mortality in the period 1950-78, based on the T65 doses, which is the most recent published report, did not show an increase with dose, but now, with the accumulation of seven more years of follow-up, there seems to be an excess in the very high dose range, particularly for the younger age ATB cohort. Further follow-up is called for to confirm this suggestion.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    YASUHIKO YOSHIMOTO, HIROO KATO, WILLIAM J. SCHULL
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 231-238
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) continues to conduct a follow-up study initiated some years ago of cancer mortality and incidence among the survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki exposed in utero. Although only 18 incident cases of cancer were identified in the years 1950-1984 (of which 5 cases were in the 0 dose group), cancer risk appears to increase significantly as maternal uterine dose increases. Only two cases of childhood cancer were observed among these individuals in the first 14 years of life; both had been exposed to ≥ 0.30 Gy. All other cases developed cancer in adulthood, and the cancers they developed are, in the main, the ones known to be elevated in frequency among the postnatally exposed survivors. The estimated relative risk for cancer at 1 Gy (uterine dose) is 3.77. The results suggest that the in utero group may have a higher risk than that seen among exposed adults because the individuals exposed in utero have not reached the major cancer prone age. However, since the observed cases are too few to allow a site-specific review, further follow-up studies are required to determine if the observed increased cancer risk can definitely be attributed to A-bomb radiation, although there appears to be a significant dose-related cancer response.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    KIYOHIKO MABUCHI, MIDORI SODA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 239-244
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A tumor registry is essential in the systematic collection and analysis of tumor data in a defined population. Population-based tumor registries have been in operation for more than 30 years in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. While the tumor registry data have previously been used for many site-specific cancer studies in atomic bomb survivors, overall analysis of tumor registry based cancer incidence data among the atomic bomb survivors has not been undertaken for some time. However, a recent improvement in the tumor registries has made it possible to analyze most recent cancer incidence data among the Life Span Study population. Preliminary analysis under way indicates a potential power of the data. There are a few methodological problems associated with the use of the incidence data, especially relating to consistency of data and migration. Several measures taken to resolve such problems are discussed.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    SAEKO FUJIWARA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 245-248
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An epidemiological survey on hyperparathyroidism (HPT) among A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima has been conducted since August 1986. The results will be summarized below based on proceedings of meetings1, 2). The survey demonstrated that the prevalence rate of HPT increased with A-bomb radiation dose. Further analysis is now under way on the relationship between HPT prevalence and radiation dose, sex and age, the results of which will be published in the near future.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    MASANORI OTAKE, WILLIAM J. SCHULL, HIROSHI YOSHIMARU
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 249-264
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Significant effects on the developing brain of exposure to ionizing radiation are seen among those individuals exposed in the 8th through the 25th week after fertilization. These effects, particularly in the most sensitive period, 8-15 weeks after fertilization, manifest themselves as an increased frequency of severe mental retardation (SMR), a diminution in IQ score and in school performance, and an increase in the occurrence of seizures. Of 30 SMR cases, 18 (60%) had small heads. About 10% of the individuals with small head sizes observed among the in utero clinical sample were mentally retarded. When all of the cases of mental retardation are included in the analysis, a linear dose-response model fits the data adequately and no evidence of a threshold emerges; however, if the two probable nonradiation-related cases of Down''s syndrome are excluded from the 19 SMR cases exposed 8-15 weeks after fertilization, the evidence of a threshold is stronger. The 95% lower bound of the threshold based on the new dosimetry system appears to be in the range of 0.12-0.23 Gy. In the 16-25 week period, the 95% lower bound of the threshold is 0.21 Gy both with and without inclusion of two probable nonradiationrelated retarded cases. In a regression analysis of IQ scores and school performance data, a greater linearity is suggested with the new dosimetry (DS86) than with the old (T65DR), but the mean IQ score and the mean school performance of those exposed in utero to doses under 0.10 Gy are similar, and not statistically different from the means in the control group. The risk ratios for unprovoked seizures, following exposure during the 8th through the 15th week after fertilization, are 4.4 (90% confidence interval: 0.5-40.9) after 0.10-0.49 Gy and 24.9 (4.1-191.6) after 0.50 Gy or more when the mentally retarded are included and 4.4 (0.5-40.9) and 14.5 (0.4-199.6), respectively, when they are excluded.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    AKIO A. AWA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 265-274
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Current status of knowledge on the radiation-induced chromosome aberrations persisting since their induction in 1945 to date in the somatic cells of A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is reviewed. Dose-response relationship for chromosome aberration frequencies observed with the use of the old A-bomb dosimetry system (T65D) is also demonstrable based on the new dosimetry system (DS86). Despite the fact that the remarkable decrease in the amount of neutron component relative to the total dose in Hiroshima, there still exist inter-city differences in aberration frequency per unit dose both for kerma and bone marrow dose; the dose-square term is smaller in Hiroshima than in Nagasaki. The differential contribution of neutron radiation may be responsible in some part for the observed difference between Hiroshima and Nagasaki, although proof still remains to be obtained.
    There is a wide variability of the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations between survivors within a given dose range. Random errors in the dose estimates assigned to individual survivors seem responsible, to a large extent, for the observed overdispersions in aberration frequencies in both cities.
    New molecular biology-oriented techniques to differentially stain specific chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific composite DNA probes seem extremely promising for future rapid, accurate and extensive screening of reciprocal translocations observed predominantly in A-bomb survivors. Such data may be utilized to establish a better biological dosimetry system, especially for those persons who are irradiated in vivo many years before cytogenetic examinations.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    NANAO KAMADA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 275-277
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A preliminary study was performed to estimate radiation dose in 10 individuals who had entered Hiroshima city one day after the explosion and worked around the hypocenter area for a week. The numbers of cells with chromosome aberrations differed in each subject, ranging from one to 18 (median: 11 abnormalities) in 500 metaphases of lymphocytes cultured for 48 hours with Phytohemagglutinin.
    Five individuals had more than 1.6 percent stable type aberrations and were estimated to have been exposed to 6-13 rad. The other five individuals and the controls were estimated to be less than two rad.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    MITOSHI AKIYAMA, NORI NAKAMURA, MASAYUKI HAKODA, SEISHI KYOIZUMI, JUNI ...
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 278-282
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Mutant frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes and erythrocytes have been measured for atomic bomb survivors having various DS86 doses. Among the four assay systems utilized so far, erythrocyte glycophorin A assay revealed a dose related increase of mutant frequency, similar to the results obtained with in vitro mutagenesis studies at HPRT locus using human diploid cells. Mutant T-lymphocyte frequency of the HPRT locus detected as resistant to 6-thioguanine significantly increased with DS86 dose however the slope was very shallow compared with that of in vitro study. Mutation at T-cell receptor genes and the HLA-A gene did not show a significant increase in frequency with dose in cells of survivors studied.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    MASANORI OTAKE, WILLIAM J. SCHULL
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 283-293
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This report reviews the relationship of ionizing radiation to the occurrence of cataracts (posterior lenticular opacities) among the A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The new DS86 doses are available for 1, 983 (93.4%) of the 2, 124 A-bomb survivors analyzed in 1982. The DS86 kerma neutron component for Hiroshima is much smaller than its comparable T65DR component, but still 4.2 fold higher (0.38 Gy at 6 Gy) than that in Nagasaki (0.09 Gy at 6 Gy). Thus, if the eye is especially sensitive to neutrons, there may yet be some useful information on their effects, particularly in Hiroshima. Under the best fitting dose-response model, an L(gamma)-L(neutron) with two thresholds, both the gamma and neutron regression coefficients of the occurrence of cataracts on dose are positive and highly significant for the DS86 eye organ doses. The DS86 gamma coefficient is almost the same as that associated wih the T65DR gamma dose, the ratio of the two coefficients being 1.1 (95% confidence limits: 0.5-2.3) for DS86 kerma in the individual dose data, and if the risks based on the DS86 eye organ dose and DS86 kerma are compared, the ratio is 1.3 (0.6-2.8). However, the risk estimates associated with neutron exposure are 6.4 (2.2-19.2) fold higher for the DS86 kerma than the T65DR kerma and 1.6 (0.5-2.3) fold higher for the DS86 eye organ dose than for the DS86 kerma.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    YASUHIKO YOSHIMOTO, KIYOHIKO MABUCHI
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 294-300
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) and its successor Radiation Effect Research Foundation (RERF) has over the years conducted many studies to determine possible genetic effects of atomic bomb radiation among the offspring of atomic bomb survivors. Findings concerning mortality and cancer incidence of the offspring are summarized in this chapter.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    MITOSHI AKIYAMA, YOICHIRO KUSUNOKI, SEISHI KYOIZUMI
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 301-309
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Among the peripheral blood lymphocytes, T-cells and B-cells significantly decreased in number with age. Radiation exposure resulted in further significant decrease of T-cell count (but not B cells) in the elderly. T-cell response to PHA and allo-antigens also decreased with dose in the elderly group. In contrast, NK cell number and function increased with age while a significant dose effect was not observed.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors
    HIDEO SASAKI, KAZUNORI KODAMA, MICHIKO YAMADA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 310-326
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The hypothesis that exposure to ionizing radiation accelerates the aging process has been actively investigated at ABCC-RERF since 1958, when longitudinal cohort studies of the Adult Health Study (AHS) and the Life Span Study (LSS) were initiated. In their 1975 overall review of aging studies related to the atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors, Finch and Beebe concluded that while most studies had shown no correlation between aging and radiation exposure, they had not involved the large numbers of subjects required to provide strong evidence for or against the hypothesis. Extending LSS mortality data up to 1978 did not alter the earlier conclusion that any observed life-shortening was associated primarily with cancer induction rather than with any nonspecific cause.
    The results of aging studies conducted during the intervening 15 years using data from the same populations are reviewed in the present paper. Using clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory techniques, a broad spectrum of aging parameters have been studied, such as postmortem morphological changes, tests of functional capacity, physical tests and measurements, laboratory tests, tissue changes, and morbidity.
    With respect to the aging process, the overall results have not been consistent and are generally thought to show no relation to radiation exposure. Although some preliminary results suggest a possible radiation-induced increase in atherosclerotic diseases and acceleration of aging in the T cell-related immune system, further study is necessary to confirm these findings.
    In the future, applying the latest gerontological study techniques to data collected from subjects exposed 45 years ago to A-bomb radiation at relatively young ages will present a new body of data relevant to the study of late radiation effects.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    NORI NAKAMURA, MITOSHI AKIYAMA, SEISHI KYOIZUMI, YOICHIRO KUSUNOKI
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 327-329
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A recently developed dose-survival assay in vitro using human G0 T-lymphocytes from peripheral blood was employed to assess possible interindividual variation of cellular radiosensitivity. Currently lymphocytes from a total of 99 atomic bomb survivors were tested and D10, the X-ray dose required to kill 90% of the cells, was calculated for each test. The mean ± SD of D10 value was 3.35 ± 0.22 Gy for 61 survivors whose DS86 dose is below 0.004 Gy and for 38 survivors of DS86 dose above 1.5 Gy it was 3.31 ± 0.26 Gy. So far, the results do not show any evidence in support of the hypothesis of a selective elimination of a radiosensitive subcohort among the survivors exposed to high doses.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    SADAYUKI BAN, RICHARD B. SETLOW, HARUO EZAKI, TOSHIO HIRAOKA, MOTOI YA ...
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 330-338
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fibroblasts were established in vitro from skin biopsies obtained from 55 women and 1 man with or without breast cancer and with or without exposure to radiations from the atomic bomb (A-bomb) explosion in Hiroshima. The radiosensitivity of these cells was evaluated by clonogenic assays after exposure to X rays. Dose-response curves were fitted to a multitarget model, S/S0 = A[1-(l-e-D/D0)N]. There was no difference in the means or variances of radiosensitivity between exposed and nonexposed groups, or between groups with and without breast cancer.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Atomic Bomb Survivors II. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
    SUMINORI AKIBA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 339-346
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper reviews RERF cancer studies conducted to examine interactive effects between radiation and epidemiological risk factors, including smoking habits, occupation, dietary habits and OB/GYN history. Special emphasis is placed on a review of studies of interactive effects between cigarette smoking and radiation on lung cancer risk. Comments on these studies are made and proposals for future studies are presented.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors
    JAMES V. NEEL, WILLIAM J. SCHULL, AKIO A. AWA, CHIYOKO SATOH, HIROO KA ...
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 347-374
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The data collected in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the past 40 years on the children of survivors of the atomic bombings and on the children of a suitable control population are analyzed on the basis of the newly revised estimates of radiation doses. No statistically significant effects emerge with respect to eight different indicators. Since, however, it may confidently be assumed some mutations were induced, we have taken the data at face value and calculated the minimal gametic doubling doses of acute radiation for the individual indicators at various probability levels. An effort has also been made to calculate the most probable doubling dose for the indicators combined. The latter value is between 1.7 and 2.2 Sv. It is suggested the appropriate figure for chronic radiation would be between 3.4 and 4.5 Sv. These estimates suggest humans are less sensitive to the genetic effects of radiation than has been assumed on the basis of past extrapolations from experiments with mice.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors III. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
    KIYOHIKO MABUCHI, DALE L. PRESTON
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 375-377
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors III. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
    CHIYOKO SATOH
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 378-384
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    After 40 years of studies on the children of atomic bomb survivors and a suitable control population in which no statistically significant genetic effects of A-bomb radiation were observed, two new projects have been initiated in order to detect mutations in the DNA and RNA molecules. Permanent cell lines from peripheral B-lymphocytes from approximately 500 families composed of exposed parents and their children and approximately 500 control families are being established by Epstein-Barr virus transformation. Cells will be sources for DNA and RNA samples in the screening for mutations. After comparison of efficiencies of the scanning techniques, we selected the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of DNA fragments amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for our purpose. A small scale pilot study has started to solve problems and obtain a better efficiency in this approach. Current thinking about the most efficient procedures is presented.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors III. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
    WILLIAM J. SCHUL, MASANORI OTAKE
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 385-393
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is axiomatic in radiation biology that mitotically active cells are more vulnerable to ionizing radiation than differentiated ones that are not dividing, or do so only rarely. This belief has made studies of individuals exposed to irradiation prenatally, when cellular growth is so rapid, of substantial theoretic and general interest. As a result, over the years, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) and its successor, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), have initiated a variety of studies designed to characterize the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on the developing human embryo and fetus. Thus far, this research has centered largely on attempts i) to describe the risk to the developing human brain of exposure to ionizing radiation, ii) to set out the evidence bearing on a threshold level for this risk in the low dose region, iii) to examine physical growth and development of individuals prenatally exposed, iv) to ascertain the risk of premature death and morbidity from cancer or other causes among the in utero exposed survivors, v) to evaluate possible radiation-related reproductive damage, and, finally, vi) to assess, through routine biennial examinations, the late effects of exposure on menarche and menopause of individuals who were in utero at the time of the bombing.
    Although there is much still to be learned epidemiologically, the studies that have occurred suggest collectively that this is an advantageous time to initiate a program of coordinated experimental and observational studies that will address directly the biological mechanisms involved in the findings that have been seen to date. Before we speculate on the form this program might take, however, it seems appropriate to describe briefly what the studies in Hiroshima and Nagasaki have revealed.
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors III. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
    MITOSHI AKIYAMA, NORI NAKAMURA
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 394
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • A Review of Forty-Five Years Study of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors
    SEYMOUR ABRAHAMSON
    1991 Volume 32 Issue SUPPLEMENT Pages 395-412
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2006
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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