A better understanding of low dose radiation effects is needed to accurately estimate health risks. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were γ-irradiated to total doses of 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 Gy (
57Co; ~0.02 cGy/h). Subsets per group were euthanized at the end of irradiation (day 0) and on days 4 and 21 thereafter. Relative spleen mass and splenic white blood cell (WBC) counts, major leukocyte populations, and spontaneous DNA synthesis were consistently higher in the irradiated groups on day 0 compared to 0 Gy controls, although significance was not always obtained. In the spleen, all three major leukocyte types were significantly elevated on day 0 (
P < 0.05). By day 21 post-irradiation the T, B, and natural killer (NK) cell counts, as well as CD4
+ T cells and CD4:CD8 T cell ratio, were low especially in the 0.01 Gy group. Although blood analyses showed no significant differences in leukocyte counts or red blood cell and platelet characteristics, the total T cells, CD4
+ T cells, and NK cells were increased by day 21 after 0.01 Gy (
P < 0.05). Gene analysis of CD4
+ T cells negatively isolated from spleens on day 0 after 0.1 Gy showed significantly enhanced expression of
Il27 and
Tcfcp2, whereas
Inha and
Socs5 were down-regulated by 0.01 Gy and 0.1 Gy, respectively (
P < 0.05). A trend for enhancement was noted in two additional genes (
Il1r1 and
Tbx21) in the 0.1 Gy group (
P < 0.1). The data show that protracted low dose photons had dose- and time-dependent effects on CD4
+ T cells after whole-body exposure.
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