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Volume 50, Issue 3
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
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Kwang-Joo PARK, Young-Taek OH, Whoon-Jong KIL, Won PARK, Seung-Hee KAN ...2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 177-182
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
Advance online publication: April 18, 2009JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRadiation induced lung damage is a main dose limiting factor when irradiating the thorax. Although Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a valuable tool for studying the mechanisms in pulmonary disorders, there are only a few studies about the BAL findings of radiation-induced lung damage. We evaluate the BAL findings for the evaluation of radiation-induced lung damage. Sprague-Dawley rats received 20 Gy of radiation to the right lung and control group were sham irradiated. BAL was performed for the right and left lungs separately 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days after radiation. The cells in the BAL fluid were counted and the concentrations of protein, NO, and TGF-β in the BAL fluid were measured. Lung tissues were removed after BAL and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and trichrome. From 2 weeks, histological findings showed definite lung damage. The protein level and TGF-β in BAL fluid from the irradiated lung peaked at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, after radiation. Total cell count in BAL fluid from both sides of lungs was increased from 2 weeks and continued to increase at 8 weeks after irradiation. NO in BAL fluid from both sides of lungs peaked at 4 weeks after irradiation. The protein level and TGF-β were increased in BAL fluid from irradiated lungs. However, alveolar cells and NO increased in BAL fluid from both irradiated and non-irradiated lungs. BAL is a valuable tool for the evaluation of radiation induced lung damage.View full abstractDownload PDF (776K) -
Guoying ZHU, Mingguang TAN, Yulan LI, Xiqiao XIANG, Heping HU, Shuquan ...2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 183-192
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPurpose: The aim of our study was to clarify the accumulation and distribution of uranium in depleted uranium (DU) implanted rats. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically implanted in gastrocnemius muscle with DU fragments at 3 dose levels (low, medium and high), and biologically inert tantalum (Ta) fragments were used as controls. At 1 day and 7, 30, 90, 180 and 360 days after implantation, the rats were euthanized and tissue samples including serum and urine were collected to analyze the uranium levels by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: At all time points, uranium levels in all the DU implanted groups were higher than that in Ta control group, and uranium concentrations in kidney and bone were significantly greater than that in other tissues. Otherwise, uranium concentrations increased with a close correlation to the implanted DU doses and duration of exposure, with a peak at 90 days post-implantation, after which followed by a decreasing period, but still maintained at a relatively high level even at 360 days post- implantation. The uranium concentrations in bone were 6.92 ± 0.97 μg U/g, 16.35 ± 1.67 μg U/g and 21.64 ± 3.68 μg U/g in the low-, medium- and high-dose group animals, while values in kidney tissues were 10.66 ± 1.10 μg U/g, 14.06 ± 1.28 μg U/g and 17.79 ± 2.87 μg U/g, respectively, at 360 days post-implantation. Conclusion: It was concluded that kidney and bone are the primary reservoirs for uranium redistributed from intramuscularly embedded fragments, and the accumulations in kidney, bone and many other tissues suggest the potential for unanticipated physiological consequences of chronic exposure to DU.View full abstractDownload PDF (517K) -
Zhao-Wen ZONG, Qiang XIANG, Tian-Min CHENG, Shi-Wu DONG, Yong-Ping SU, ...2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 193-201
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOur previous study indicated that systemically transplanted dermal multipotent cells (DMCs) were recruited more frequently to bone morrow (BM) of rats with sublethal irradiation than that of normal rats, and the interactions between stromal-derived factor (SDF-1) and its receptor (CXC chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4) played an important role in this process. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether CXCR4 gene transfer could promote the distribution of DMCs into irradiated BM and accelerate its function recovery. Firstly, adenovirus vector of CXCR4 (Adv-CXCR4) and green fluorescent protein (Adv-GFP) were constructed. Then male DMCs infected by Adv-CXCR4 (group A), or infected by Adv-GFP (group B), and non-infected DMCs (group C) were transplanted into irradiated female rats, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the sex-determining region of Y chromosome was employed to determined the amount of DMCs in BM. The functional recovery of BM was examined by hematopoietic progenitor colonies assay. The results showed that the amount of DMCs in BM of group A was greater than that in group B and group C from day 5 after injury (P < 0.05), and the amount of CFU-F, CFU-E and CFU-GM were greater than that in group B and group C from day 14 after injury (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that DMCs infected by Adv-CXCR4 distributed more frequently to the bone marrow of sublethally irradiated rats and could accelerate hematopoiesis function recovery.View full abstractDownload PDF (1306K) -
Dhanya K. CHANDRASEKHARAN, Tsutomu V. KAGIYA, Cherupally Krishnan Kris ...2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 203-212
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
Advance online publication: April 22, 2009JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA palmitoyl derivative of ascorbic acid 2-glucoside, 6-palmitoyl ascorbic acid-2-glucoside (PAsAG), which possess good antioxidant properties, is examined for radioprotection in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. PAsAG protected plasmid DNA from gamma-radiation induced damages under in vitro conditions. Presence of 1.6 mM PAsAG inhibited the disappearance of ccc (covalently closed circular) form of plasmid pBR322 with a dose modifying factor of 1.5. Comet assay studies on mouse spleen cells exposed to 6 Gy gamma-radiation (ex vivo) in presence and absence of PAsAG revealed that cellular DNA was effectively protected by this compound from radiation induced damages. Oral administration of 80 mg/kg body weight of PAsAG to mice 1 hour prior to 6 Gy whole body gamma-radiation exposure, efficiently protected cellular DNA in tissues such as spleen, bone marrow and blood, from radiation induced damages as indicated by alkaline comet assay. Oxidative stress in tissues such as liver and brain of mice, following whole body exposure to various doses of gamma-radiation (2-8 Gy), monitored as levels of GSH and peroxidation of lipids, were found considerably reduced when PAsAG was orally administered (80 mg/kg body weight) to the mice one hour prior to the radiation exposure. PAsAG administration improved the per cent survival of mice following exposure to 10 Gy whole body gamma-radiation. Thus PAsAG could act as a radioprotector under in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo conditions of ionizing-radiation exposure.View full abstractDownload PDF (1117K) -
Snezana MILACIC, Jadranko SIMIC2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 213-222
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study investigated health risks in workers residing and working in terrains contaminated by low ionizing radiation doses which originated from ammunition containing depleted uranium (DU). The studied population was composed of two test groups (T-I, T-II) who were occasionally exposed to DU, and two referent (R-I, R-II) groups not exposed at any time to DU. All of them were evaluated for the following: complete clinical examination and blood count, presence of immature forms and blasts, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity and cytogenetic tests. The probability of onset of the characteristic complete biomarkers - chromosomal aberrations, was analyzed using logarithmic function of the Poisson regression. The estimated function of the density of probabilities of Poisson distribution of the chromosomal aberrations in the test group T-II was drastically different from the corresponding distribution of the referent group R-I and to a somewhat lesser extent from the group R-II; Wilcoxon test exactly confirms the presence of a significant difference between the reference group R-II and test group T-II, p < 0.05. The damages to chromosomes and cells were highest in the test group T-II of workers additionally occupationally exposed to DU. The group of workers T-I, who had been exposed to DU working on contaminated terrain, have had certain risks of cell and chromosome damages, and that risk was not greater than the risk to the referent group R-II of workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation.View full abstractDownload PDF (635K) -
Sandro CONRAD, Sylvia RITTER, Claudia FOURNIER, Kathryn NIXDORFF2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 223-231
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
Advance online publication: April 28, 2009JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMacrophages are potent elicitors of inflammatory reactions that can play both positive and negative roles in radiotherapy. While several studies have investigated the effects of X-rays or gamma-rays on macrophages, virtually no work has been done on the responses of these cells to irradiation with carbon ions. Investigations into the effects of carbon ion irradiation are of particular interest in light of the fact that this type of radiation is being used increasingly for cancer therapy. In the present investigation we compared the effects of 250 kV X-rays with those of 9.8 MeV/u carbon ions on RAW 264.7 macrophages over a wide range of radiation doses. Macrophage functions including vitality, phagocytic activity, production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα and production of nitric oxide (NO) were measured. In comparison to lymphocytes and fibroblasts, macrophages showed only a small decrease in vitality after irradiation with either X-rays or carbon ions. Proinflammatory cytokines and NO were induced in macrophages by LPS but not by irradiation alone. X-rays or carbon ions had little modulating effect on LPS-induced TNFα production. However, LPS-induced NO increased in a dose dependent manner up to 6-fold after carbon ion irradiation, while X-ray irradiation did not have this effect. Carbon ion irradiation mediated a concomitant decrease in IL-1β production. Carbon ions also had a greater effect than X-rays in enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages. These results underscore the greater potential of carbon ion irradiation with regard to radiobiological effectiveness.View full abstractDownload PDF (850K) -
Yong LIU, Kohsei KUDO, Yoshinao ABE, Dong-Liang HU, Hiroshi KIJIMA, Ak ...2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 233-239
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
Advance online publication: April 04, 2009JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTumor hypoxia and angiogenesis associated with malignant progression have been studied widely. The efficacy of angiogenesis inhibition combined with radiotherapy has been demonstrated in cancer treatment. Here, we studied the effect of hypoxia and angiogenesis inhibition on radiation-induced late rectal injury. The rectum of C57BL/6N mice was irradiated locally with a single dose of 25 Gy. Radiation-induced histological changes were examined at 90 days after irradiation by hematoxylin-eosin (H.E.) staining and azan staining. Pimonidazole was administered and its distribution was assayed by immunohistochemistry staining. Expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was assessed on the fibrotic region using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the effects of TGF-β, VEGF and HIF-1α on radiation-induced injury were investigated by the administration of neutralizing antibody of TGF-β, antibody of VEGF or YC-1 (3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole) which was developed as an agent for inhibiting HIF-1 expression after irradiation respectively. Fibrosis and uptake of pimonidazole were found 90 days after irradiation. The expression of TGF-β1, HIF-1α and VEGF significantly increased with the formation of fibrosis induced by irradiation compared with unirradiated controls. In addition, treatment of neutralizing antibody of TGF-β, antibody of VEGF or YC-1 reduced the development of radiation-induced injury. Our results suggested that radiation-induced hypoxia may play an important role in late rectal injury. Although the inhibition of HIF-1α and VEGF reduced the radiation induced late injury, the precise mechanism is still unclear.View full abstractDownload PDF (1714K) -
Keiko TAKI, Bing WANG, Tetsuo NAKAJIMA, Jianyu WU, Tetsuya ONO, Yoshih ...2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 241-252
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
Advance online publication: April 25, 2009JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMeasuring global gene expression using cDNA or oligonucleotide microarrays is an effective approach to understanding the complex mechanisms of the effects of radiation. However, few studies have been carried out that investigate gene expression in vivo after prolonged exposure to low-dose-rate radiation. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were continuously irradiated with γ-rays for 485 days at dose-rates of 0.032-13 μGy/min. Gene expression profiles in the kidney and testis from irradiated and unirradiated mice were analyzed, and differentially expressed genes were identified. A combination of pathway analysis and hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes revealed that expression of genes involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was elevated in the kidney after irradiation at the dose-rates of 0.65 μGy/min and 13 μGy/min. Expression of cell cycle-associated genes was not profoundly modulated in the kidney, in contrast to the response to acute irradiation, suggesting a threshold in the dose-rate for modulation of the expression of cell cycle-related genes in vivo following exposure to radiation. We demonstrated that changes to the gene expression profile in the testis were largely different from those in the kidney. The Gene Ontology categories "DNA metabolism", "response to DNA damage" and "DNA replication" overlapped significantly with the clusters of genes whose expression decreased with an increase in the dose-rate to the testis. These observations provide a fundamental insight into the organ-specific responses to low-dose-rate radiation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1709K) -
Kentaro ARIYOSHI, Keiji SUZUKI, Makoto GOTO, Mitsuo OSHIMURA, Kanji IS ...2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 253-259
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
Advance online publication: April 25, 2009JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWerner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by premature aging and caused by mutations of the WRN gene mapped at 8p12. To examine functional complementation of WS phenotypes, we introduced a normal human chromosome 8 into a strain of WS fibroblasts (WS3RGB) immortalized by expressing a human telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit (hTERT) gene. Here, we demonstrate that the abnormal WS phenotypes including cellular sensitivities to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) and hydroxy urea (HU), and chromosomal radiosensitivity at G2 phase are corrected by expression of the WRN gene mediated by introducing a chromosome 8. This indicates that those multiple abnormal WS phenotypes are derived from a primary, but not secondary, defect in the WRN gene.View full abstractDownload PDF (639K) -
Suk Chul SHIN, Yu Mi KANG, Young Woo JIN, Hee Sun KIM2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 261-266
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study evaluated the effects of low dose radiation on spermatogenic cells using the morphological characteristics of sperm in the caudal epididymis of ICR mice. In this study, six abnormal sperm shapes (amorphous heads, blunt hooks, excessive hooks, two heads and tails, folded tails and short tails) were observed at eight days after γ-irradiation (137Cs, 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 Gy) with both a high-dose-rate (0.8 Gy/min) and a low-dose-rate (0.7 mGy/hr). Fewer abnormal forms of sperm were observed in low-dose-rate irradiated mice than in mice that received a high-dose-rate irradiation (P = 0.002). The ratio of the dose rate effect among low-dose-rate irradiated mice to high-dose-rate irradiated mice was approximately 0.6. In addition, sperm with blunt hooks and two heads and tails significantly increased in number after irradiation, potentially providing an endpoint marker for estimating the effects of radiation. This study suggests that low-dose-rate (0.7 mGy/hr) radiation does not damage stem spermatogonia and probably stimulates repair in damaged spermatogonial stem cells in male mice.View full abstractDownload PDF (421K) -
Nobuhito ISHIGURE2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 267-276
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEmergency response preparedness for radiological accidents involving wound contamination has become more important, considering the current extending tendency in the nuclear industry related to the nuclear fuel cycle. The US National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) proposed a biokinetic and dosimetric model for the intake of radionuclides through contaminated wounds in 2007. The present paper describes the implementation of this NCRP wound model for the prediction of systemic behaviour of some important radioactive elements encountered in workplaces related to the nuclear industry. The NCRP wound model was linked to the current ICRP systemic model at each blood compartment and simultaneous differential equations for the content of radioactivity in each compartment and excreta were solved with the Runge-Kutta method. The results of the calculation of wound, whole-body or specific organ retention and daily urinary or faecal excretion rate of some selected elements will be useful for the interpretation of bioassay data and dose assessment for cases of wound contamination.View full abstractDownload PDF (1594K)
Short Communication
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Robert-Csaba BEGY, Constantin COSMA, Alida TIMAR, Dan FULEA2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 277-279
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
Advance online publication: April 22, 2009JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe 1001 keV gamma line of 234mPa became important in gamma spectrometric measurements of samples with 238U content with the advent of development of HpGe detectors of great dimension and high efficiency. In this study the emission probability of the 1001 keV (Yγ) peak of 234mPa, was determined by γ-ray spectrometric measurements performed on glass with Uranium content using Monte Carlo simulation code for efficiency calibration. This method of calculation was not applied for the values quoted in literature so far, at least to our knowledge. The measurements gave an average of 0.836 ± 0.022%, a value that is in very good agreement to some of the recent results previously presented.View full abstractDownload PDF (212K)
Miscellaneou
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2009 Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages i-xi
Published: 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (611K)
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