This article analyzed recent trends in rural cooperative financing in China. The study was conducted by looking at cases of internal fund raising in rural financial institutions and farmers' cooperatives. Analysis showed that internal financing did contribute to solving the shortage of funds that has affected rural institutions and farmers' cooperatives. However, the strict terms of financing, the short supply of existing funds that are a result of agricultural production being the leading financing method, and limited financing channels set limits on the availability of funds in the cases studied. Under existing policy, only pro-active solutions to these problems will fuel stronger growth in the area of rural cooperative financing in China.

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The purpose of this study is to examine especially about the regionality and the mutual relationships between two, which is Sanriku steamship Co., Ltd. established with the fund raised in Sanriku coast and "the shipper association" made up to the merchants who were closely related with the company in each place after the Russo-Japanese War. l also focus on the changing process, which could lead to what means for its management.
Tokyo Bay steamship Co., Ltd. had monopolized the Sanriku sea route in the middle of the Meiji Era. So the attitude to the customers was rather oppressive.
Sanriku steamship Co., Ltd. was established with the fund raised in Sanriku coast intending to exdude Tokyo Bay steamship Co., Ltd and develop their own community by themselves.
Local merchants supported the company forming "the shipper association " with the same interests as those of Sanriku steamship Co., Ltd. Strong unity was shown since they were taking commercial activities mainly in their community.
Eventually Sanriku steamship Co., Ltd. was able to outstrip Tokyo Bay steamship Co., Ltd. in the amount of the freight. Furthermore "the shipper association" tried to take in the shippers of whole Sanriku coast area. But it was not accomplished to get as many shippers as they had expected because there were various economic circumstances in each place.
A limit existed-people could not cooperate enough to make their intention realize due to differences in their way of thinking. "The shipper association" failed to create total cooperation beyond their borders.

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In Japan, the agricultural labors are decreasing rapidly. Under this situation, some progress farm managers begin to train the newcomer by themselves. The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual situation and the significance of the newcomer job training by farm manager using the case study of A rice farming corporation in Yamagata prefecture.
The farm manager coached the newcomer regarding the dialogue and practices as the most important. In consequence, the newcomer could acquire the skill of rice cultivation only in one year.
However, the newcomer could not get enough know-how of management because it's take long time to learn generally In order to overcome these problems, the pre-training on the basic technique by offcial institutes and knowledge management of the farm manager will be needed.

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The number of "community-based group farming in paddy field agriculture" is gradually increasing in Akita Prefecture, because of direct payment for Land- extensive Farming. This paper provides a case study of the community-based group farming in paddy field agriculture. The first purpose of this study is to clarify the factor of making organization of community-based group farming. And, the second purpose of this study is to clarify issues about development of community-based group farming in paddy field agriculture. The research was conducted in one hamlet of Daisen city, Akita Prefecture, single cropping area of rice production.
The conclusion of this paper is as follows:(1)There were a lot of full-time farm households in the hamlet. Therefore, the large scale farmers of rice field agriculture have been unformed. In addition, the income of the farmer has decreased because the price of rice fell. Under these conditions, farmers organized community-based group farming in order to secure the income. (2)It would be farming will change their business organization to agricultural corporation from non-corporation.

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This paper aims to evaluate the possibility of reduction effect in rice production cost (=material cost plus labor cost) with scale expansion of new technology, which is Air-assisted Strip Seeding for Direct Seeding in Flooded Paddy Fields, developed by Hokuriku Research Center. To clarify this effect, rice production cost on paddy farming in Niigata Prefecture with new technology is analyzed by model analysis based on linear programming. Results shows that the max of rice planted area is 52.4ha and total planted area (including soybean) is 78.6ha on the best solution. Rice (Kosihikari) production cost per 10a decreased around 20%, compared with more than 5ha paddyfarm in Hokuriku area. So rice production cost per 60kg decreased around 20%, compared with more than 5ha paddy-farm in Hokuriku area. Sensitivity Analysis shows that rate of capacity of puddling before seeding is limited and in this time residual of labor use is zero. This suggests that improvement of working process is necessary. If cropping season expansion with new technology are capable, depreciation of fixed cost decreases and rice production cost decreases.

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This paper aims to show the effection of the one-child's consumption action promotes the rapid growth of the food and beverage industry.
Since1979, the implementation of the one-child policy have passed 30 years, the one-child in the city has formed a new group of consumers. In recent years, China urban residents' income was substantially increased along with the rapid economic growth, so making the one-child grow in a rich environment. Unlike their parents, they are weak sense of consumer savings; they are sensitive to the social popular things. It is because of these childs' kinds of consumption of consciousness, the food and beverage industry was rapidly developed. At all ages, the one-child spend most money on food expenditure, and the food expenditure's growth rate is the biggest. From their consumption patterns, we knew, the simple and convenient western style and domestic style fast food most quickly developed. On the other hand, as the purpose of meal consumption, a very small proportion of them, but as a place for communication plays a more important role. This is because under the influence of the one-child policy on families which have no brothers or sisters, so they are very lonely. With the improvement of living standards, they use this consumption pattern in the fast food site to get friends and communicate with them.

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This paper clarified following two points. Firstly, present situation of against the wildlife damage measures that administration adopted. Secondly, analyzed the farmers' evaluation of measures through questionnaire survey.
Firstly, in Nishimeya Village, Aomori Prefecture, farmers had different understanding about the current measures. It was assumed that the information of the measures had not been used commonly by majority farmers.
Secondly, in evaluating the efficiency of the measures, some farmers pointed out that they were not practicing the measures; moreover, they complained that some request for support from the village had not been admitted.
Thirdly, about raising the efficiency of the measures, such as through building electric fence and relative maintenance, the participating degree from aged farmers was low.The current fact is, farmers have to pay for the erection expense. Therefore, it is also consumed that, fearing the burden, even though some aged farmers wish to participate; they would not have the ability to afford the expense.

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This study was undertaken to identify the perceptions of male college students in their 20s about dessert products sold at convenience stores.
The study elicited the following two findings. First, four "roles" are served by dessert products. Convenience store desserts can be consumed as a "snack for one" that allows a young man to eat freely while moving from one place to another. Another role served by such a dessert is "fun food", which fulfills a young man's desire to eat fancy sweets with his girlfriend on a date. Meanwhile, desserts alone satisfy such roles as a "time spending tool" that facilitates casual conversations with male friends and as "confectionery to explore", which are premium desserts that a young man cannot normally afford but wishes to eat with his girlfriend.
The second finding is the direction of the product planning for convenience store desserts. The future development of a "fun food" might be anticipated. More specifically, improving the dessert display while maintaining "affordable prices" and "reduced fear of calories", which are strengths of convenience store desserts, will be necessary in the future.

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This study analyzed the current situation of commercial activities for vegetables and fruits by advanced JA in three respects, including the "positioning of the business," "operational system," and "commercial activities."
The following factors are important for commercial activities for vegetables and fruits. The first is to define the positions of strategy, sales activities, and business operation. The business operations should be positioned as a means to achieve the goal of the strategy. The second is to design an operational system and organization in consideration of the characteristics of products (those for commercial use, those for household use, and PB products). This process necessitates responses that are appropriate for resources (farmers group and farming supervisors) within the production area and decision-making for the investment in the physical infrastructure and technology to strengthen inter-organizational relations with retailers, restaurant operators, and other businesses. Finally, considering the discussion above, carrying out "interactive marketing" through acquisition and sharing of information related to actual consumers will be important.

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This study analyzed the influence of the Shiryouyoumai Project of Collaboration with Agricultural Commerce and Industry on regional revitalization, in terms of economic ripple effects that "Shiryouyoumai-Project" exerts on Shonai northern region, including Yuza and Sakata, Yamagata. We analyzed economic ripple effects using input-output analysis. An input-output table for the Shonai northern region was produced using the estimation method. The referred table was section 104 of the Yamagata Prefecture input-output table in 2000. Furthermore, a fodder rice section and the soybean section were produced for analyses.
Results of these analyses show strong economic ripple effects in the Shonai northern region from production of fodder rice. Strong effects were evident especially for production-inducement. The fodder rice section effect has a stronger economic ripple effect and control totals per hectare than the soybean section. These results suggest that the "Shiryouyoumai-Project" is highly effective for regional revitalization.
"Shiryouyouinai-Project" has found that highly effective regional revitalization.

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A subject of this paper is to examine characteristics of cooperative of the Chinese Farmers' Professional Cooperatives by taking up the present conditions of the Farmers' Professional Cooperatives institution and the actual situation of two Farmers' Professional Cooperatives. Farmers' Professional Cooperatives institution possesses inductive contents for the establishment of Farmers' Professional Cooperatives. In addition, Farmers' Professional Cooperatives possesses characteristics of cooperative in the institution at least. However, not all Farmers' Professional Cooperatives reflect the purpose of the institution and utilize the institution.

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It has been found that consumers living in fruit production areas purchase plenty of the fruits for gifts. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the consumers' behavior in apple production areas. The results of the questionnaire survey that was conducted in Morioka City are as follows.
Nearly 80 percent of the respondents practice the custom of year-end gifts. The senior respondents tended to answer that they presented gifts every year. They stated that when giving gifts, they considered the preferences of their receivers. In addition, they acknowledged as wanting to be certain of the quality of the gifts they gave and that they wanted to present gifts related to the region that they lived in.
Among the respondents, 70 percent claimed to have given apples as gifts, and many senior respondents claimed that they frequently used them for gift items. Further, the survey results show that 40 percent of the respondents who had given apples as gifts had directly purchased them from farm producers. Therefore, it is important that farm producers get ready for direct marketing. The survey found that 22 percent of the respondents did not want to give apples as gifts in the future. This was because they believed that the quantity would be too much for a small family to consume. With the rise in the number of small families, this problem will need to be addressed.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the significance of the rural community activities under the contemporary condition, and is to examine the policy of rural community activity revitalization, through comparative analysis of the overlapping of activities and of communication networks in rural communities located in the mountainous region of Akita Prefecture. The results are as follows.
Firstly, the overlapping of rural community activities organization and of those central figures make the relationships that the activities spread each other.
Secondly, the stacking of rural community activities under that relationship forms communication networks to easily gather information for the central figures of rural community activities. It is expected for the networks to facilitate rural community activities.
Thirdly, in addition, maintain of "connection to the outside world" such as interaction with other people outside, may foster "the proud to live in this region" for residents.
In conclusion, rural community activity has disappeared, however, that significance is to reform a communication networks that became sparse among residents, and to be the an opportunity to regain autonomy of rural community.

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The important features defining the functions of an "inter-organizational intermediary" in studies of cooperation among agriculture, commerce, and industry are the following: roles an "inter-organizational intermediary" plays in promoting the cooperation among agriculture, commerce, and industry, and conditions in a local community; and roles of various supporting organizations involved in agriculture, commerce, and industry cooperation. This study analyzed roles and actors based on a case example.
The "study group" in the case example has promoted various exchange and cooperation efforts among industry, government, academic institutions, and other organizations, aimed at preserving chili peppers, a local specialty, increasing farmers' incomes, and developing new products for commerce and industrial workers.
The study revealed that the functions of the "study group," representing the "intermediary" in this case example, include internal functions such as creating places of information exchange, implementing joint actions, and establishing value-based connection, and external functions such as developing the sense of trust and security in a community through the participation of universities and governments, supporting governments by various means, executing joint projects with governments, and carrying out activities using the media. Furthermore, the study group helps improve the image and evaluation of chili peppers.

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