Japanese Journal of Breeding
Online ISSN : 2185-291X
Print ISSN : 0536-3683
ISSN-L : 0536-3683
Volume 39, Issue 1
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
  • Toshiya FUJIKI, Tadao NAITO, Tomoya AKIHAMA
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 1-7
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Aged seeds of soybean (Tachisuzunari) which exhibit a lower germination rate than the new seeds showed a decrease of the mitotic index and delay of the first cell division in the root tip meristem. The decrease of the tRNA content in the embryos of aged seeds was detected by fractionation of RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The germination rate and the first cell division frequency of the aged seeds increased by the 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) treatment. The tRNA content in the embryos of aged seeds was also increased by the 6-BAP treatment. The quantity of RNA Ieached from the aged seeds which increased during germination reduced by the 6-BAP treatment.
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  • Carola LODARI, Kazumi HATTORI, Yuzo FUTSUHARA
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 9-12_2
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The leaf surface of 12 Artemisia species was examined under scanning electron microscope in order to verify the posslbility of identifying the species and the affinities among them through morphological features. Roundish glandular trichomes were found on the leaf surface of A. princeps, A. montana, A. monophylla, A, keiskeana, A, absilethium, A. Genipi-Big T-shaped trichomes were observed on the vein of A. princeps 'Okinawa' line. All the species had characterlstic small T-shaped trlchomes. The examination of the pollen morphology was done for 9 Artemisia species. All the species had tricolporate pollen grains with reduced exine ornamentation belonging either to the small or medium size class. The results of the investigation suggest the possibility of using new morphological parameters for botanical classification.
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  • Takeo SASAHARA, Cheng Huan CUI, Koichi SENO
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 15-22
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The rice lines with leaves forming an angle at the midrib toward the adaxial surface (V-type leaves) were selected from the descendants of a cross between Milyang 23 and an off-spring of a cross between a Javanica cultivar, Arborio and a Japonica mutant, Daikoku 1. The photosynthetic rates of the V-type leaves on a projected leaf area basls were significantly higher than those of the ancestor and parent in the irradiance range over 160 Wm-2, but the photosynthetlc rates of the V-type leaves on an unfolcled leaf area basis were almost the same as those of the ancestor and parent at all the irradiance levels. Nitrogen content of the V-type leaves on an unfolded leaf area basis ancl leaf thickness did not differ appreciablly from the corresponding values in the ancestor and parent although there were significant differences in some cases. The V-type leaf character was found to be regulated by a single recessive gene.
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  • Hiroshi NEMOTO, Ryoichi IKEDA, Chukichi KANEDA
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 23-28
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Genetic studies on resistance to brown planthopper in some rice varieties, in which reslstance genes had been found but not identifled, were conducted. Allelism tests revealed that resistance of 'Col. 5 Thailand', 'Col. 11 Thailand' and 'Chin saba' was governed by a recessive gene that was designated bph 8(t), and that resistance of 'Balamawee', 'Kaharamana' and 'Pokkali' was governed by a dominant gene that was designated Bph 9(t).
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  • L.P. BALITO, K. HATTORI, Y. FUTSUHARA
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 29-37
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Haploid and diploid calli of Nicotiana glauca (n=12) and N. langsdorffii (n=9) together with dlploid calli of N. tabacum (n=24) cv. Bright Yellow which were taken as control were ex-posed to various doses of 60co gamma rays at 7 days and 10 days after incubation. Calli were subsequently weighed for a period of 12-14 days after radiation (19-24 clays after incubation) and the effect of irradiation on the growth was studied. A sigmoid curve was observed for the growth rate as well as for the growth pattern. The radiosensitivlty were estimate.d on the basis of the following different two criteria: 1) the difference in the diploid callus volumes at 12 or 14 days after irradiatlon and at the time of radiation, 2) the growth rate of diploid and haploid calli during these period. In 2 species except in N. langsdorffii, calli irradiated ten days after incubation (at the beginning of the actively growing stage) were more sensitive to gamma irradiation than calli lrradiated seven days after incubation (at a relatively slow growing stage). Each species had its own distinctive color before irradiation; golden yellow, green and yellow green for N. glauca, N. langsdorffii and N. tabacum, respectively. The color of some of the calli tended to darken with increasing" irradiation doses. When the rate of increase of the irradiated calli to that of the unlrradiated ones was used as an indicator of radiosensitivity, there was a significant difference in the radiosen-sitivity of the calli among the species: N. tabacum was more sensitive followed by N. glauca and N. langsdorffii, which was the least sensitive. On the other hand, when the curve of the increase of the growth rate was used as the criterion of radiosensitivity, N. langsdorffii appeared to be more sensitive than N. tabacum and N. glauca. Haploid calli were more radiosensitive than diploid ones in N. glauca, but no significant difference was observed between them in N. lanegsdorffii.
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  • Tsuneo KATO
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 39-45
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    F2 half-diallel analysis for grain length and width of rice was carried out using five cultivars with a wide range of grain size, i.e., BG 1, Arborio J1, Kairyo-omachi, Koshihikari and Nakateshinsenbon. Additive gene effect is found out to play a more important part than non-additlve effect for both grain length and width. For grain length, the alleles causing shorter grains are estimated to be partially dominant to, and more frequent than, the alleles causing longer grains. No clear dominance effect is detected for grain width. The length and width of grain are inferred to be controlled by different genetic systems.
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  • Hisakazu OGURA, Junko KYOZUKA, Yasuyuki HAYASHI, Ko SHIMAMOTO
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 47-56
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The first progeny plants (Pt2 generation) of original protoplast-derived plants of three Japanese rice cultivars, Nipponbare, Fujisaka 5 and Iwaimochi were respectively cultivated in submerged paddy fields on an ordinary scale. They were planted using an automatic planting machine and cultlvated according to the standard paddy field culture method applied in Ishikawa Prefecture. In the protoplast-derived plants of Fujisaka 5, about 25% of semi-1ethal segregants were observed among the flrst progenies of these plants (Pt2 plants). The agronomlc traits in Pt2 plants of Fujisaka 5 were recorded in viable and phenotypi-cally normal Pt2 plants. The common characteristics of the Pt2 plants were as follows, com-pared with the control: slight inc.rease of the number panicles, slight decrease of the number of spikelets per panlcle and similar grain yield. Progenies of the protoplast-derived plants of Nipponbare and Iwaimochi were phenotypically very uniform and stable, respectively. Culm length in the Pt2 plants of Nipponbare was uniform and slightly shorter than that of the control, whereas in the Pt2 plants of Iwaimochi, the culm was uniformly slightly longer. The viable Pt2 plants of Fujisaka 5 exhibited a considerably shorter culm, as compared with the control. The short culm of the Pt2 plants of Fujisaka 5 seems to be a heritable trait. The causes of the uniformity observed in the Pt2 plants of the three cultivars were dlscussed. The present results suggest that the progeny plants of the protoplast-derived rlce plants, except fcr Fujisaka 5, display a similar yielding ability and phenotypic uniformity to those of the control plants.
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  • Itaru SHIOTANI, Tsuneo KAWASE
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 57-66
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Ipomoea fnfida (H.B.K.) DON. forms a polyploid complex with a range from diploid to hexaploid. The synthesized hexaploids (SH, 2n=6x=90) with I. trlfida d{ploid (K221, 2n = 2x=30) and tetraplold (K233, 2n=4x=60) have been considered to have the same genomic structure (B1 B1 B2 B2 B2 B2) as the sweet potato (SP, 2n=6x=90). To determine the genomic structure of the derived hexaploids (DH) frorn intercrosses of I. trzfida triploid (K222, 2n=3x=45), and the genomic structure of I. trzfida hexaploid (K123, 2n=6x=90), F1 hybrids from DH×SH, DH×SP, SH×K123, and DH×K123, and their backcross (BC1) and double-cross progenies have been cytologically examined. When the genomes existing in quadruplicate in the parental hexaploids are non-homologous, such non-homology may cause failure of chromosome pairing in a BC1 or double-cross progeny. Meiotic analyses of these hexaploid hybrids showed almost complete chromosome pairing at the matephase I (MI), suggesting that the hexaploids DH and K123 have the same genomic structure just as do SH and the sweet potato. Further, to clarify the genomic structure of the sweet potato and the I. tnfida hexaploids by estimating the degree of homology between the B1 and B2 genomes, meiotic pairing was observed in the tetraploid hybrids (B1 B1 B2 B2) from DH×K221 and tetraploid hybrids (B1 B2 B2 B2) from (DH×K221)×K233. Both tetraploid hybrlds demonstrated a reasonable frequency of tetravalents to support the autoploidy of their genomic constitution. These results led to the conclusion that the sweet potato and the I trifida hexaploids are autoploids with respect to the B genome of the I. trlfida diploid (K221). The use of wild germplasm of I. trtfida to incorporate its valuable traits into cultivars was undertaken and 'has brought some remarkable results in sweet potato breeding. A significant role of the autoploidy in possible gene flow through inter- and intraploidy hybridization between the sweet potato and I. trlfida was discussed.
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  • Shizuko ISHIKAWA, Yoshiya SHIMAMOTO, Chikahiro TSUDA
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 67-73
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to study the adaptive strategies of plant population to high density stress, two forms derived from the population of Brassica juncea CZERN. et Coss., one grown for several generations at the high density, about 10, 000 seeds sown per one square meter, (H form) and the other at the low density, 1 plant/m2, (L form), were tested in pure- and mixed-culture experiment. The features of two forms show that seed size is larger and flowering time is earlier in the H than in the L form. In dense-sowing (40, 000 seeds/m2) experirnent, both the H and L forms increased the mortality during the juvenile phase (about 30 days after emergence) in both pure- and mixed-stands. But the survival rate of the H form was higher and that of the L form lower in the mixed when compared to the pure-stand. This showed that the H form had the stronger competitive ability at the juvenile phase than the L. In the space plant experiment (20 plants/m2), the H form also could maintain their aggressive growth during both the vegetative and reproductive phases in mixed-stand with the L. These results suggested that under high density stress, survival was correlated with the competitive ability and this character (high competitive ability) was naturally selected. The high competitive ability of the H form (B. juncea) repeatedly reproduced at the high density resulted from its vigorous growth during the juvenile phase.
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  • Kazuyoshi TAKEDA
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 75-88
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The occurrence of notched grain in rice is certainly a genetic trait, but is markedly affected by environmental factors such as temperature after heading. To investigate the en-vironmental variation in notched grain occurrence, the F2 plants and the progeny lines derived from a cross between a highly notching line L-45 and a normal Japanese cultivar Akiminori were grown at various conditions. In the first part of the study, the F2 plants were grown at 14 different conditions (Table 1). The percentage of notched grain and caryopsis length were determined for each F2 plant, and heading date was recorded for each F2 population as a whole. The range of heading date within each population was about 10 days. Records were also taken for daily maximum, daily minimum and daily mean temperatures during the caryopsis elongation period, which was represented by the average temperature during 15-day period starting from the heading date of the earliest plant among the population. In each F2 population, the percentage of notched grain showed a continuous distribution. The distribution pattern markedly differed according to growing conditions, namely, the percentage of plants with notched grain varied from 25 to 100%, and the maximum notched grain percentage within a population varied from 43 to 100%. The population mean of notched grain percentage was as high as 58% when it was grown at Kurashiki in late season, while it was only 1.5% in mid-season cropping.
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  • Hirotada YAMAGATA, Takatoshi TANISAKA, Yutaka OKUMOTO
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 89-99
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Release of early-maturing varieties which can be harvested before the onset of the rainy season is very important for wheat breeding in Japan. However, the efforts of breeders have not yet been rewarded due to the difficulty in procuring the early-heading genes required for the breeding of the desired early-maturing varieties. The present study was carried out to develop extremely-early-heading mutants and to examine why early-heading mutations are rare in wheat. Seeds of three early-, three intermediate- and three late-heading varieties were irradiated with 20-30kR gamma-rays and subjected to two experiments. In Exp. 1, the M2 plants were grown in bulk and grouped according to the varieties and doses, then screened for early-heading variants. In Exp. 2, the M2 plants were raised by the ear-to-row method for four of the nine varieties, then 1% selection in each of the early and late directions was made for each variety and dose. In both experiments, early-heading variants were selected in the M3, and the M4 progeny lines were examined to determine whether they were mutants while several agronomic characters including flowering time were analyzed.
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  • Takeo SASAHARA, Hiroshi IKARAHI
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 101-105
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The α-amylase activity of the germinating grains increased with the decrease of the oxidation-reduction potential (redox potential) at 18 °C. At 30 °C, the α-amylase activity was not affected by the changes in the redox potential. At 18 °C, in most of the culti-vars the increase of the α-amylase activity continued after the imbibition of the grains towards the final sampling stage, but in some of the cultivars the maximum activity was reached at earlier grain incubation stages and then decreased. At 30 °C, in most of the cultivars the maxlmum activity was attained at earller incubation stages and then decreased, but in some of them the activity continued to increase until the final salnpling stage. At 18 °C, the α-amylase activity was not correlated with the root and shoot growth. The α-amylase activity was lower in the Japonica than in the Irdica and Javanica cultivars.
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  • Tasuo UKAI
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 107-109
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Hiko Ichi OKA
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 111-117
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Minoru YAMADA
    1989 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 119-125
    Published: March 01, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: April 18, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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