While modeling using the data measured by airborne is effective, it cannot provide the attribute of building side and more detailed modeling requires ground measurement. This paper proposes a methodology to effectively generate building opening data using close-range photogrammetry for three-dimensional (3D) building modeling. First, to reduce computation time, it limits an area to select passpoints between a pair of images, that are obtained by using scales invariant feature transform (SIFT). Then, it estimates boundaries of building opening by referring to an intial point in a region given by manual selection. Finally, it calculates 3D coordinate values of vertices and area of the openings through an equation in photogrammetry. As a result of validation using the data measured in Higashiyama ward, Kyoto, the proposed methodology succeeded in drastically reducing the computation time for passpoint selection, and root mean squares of errors for 3D coordinate values of the estimated vertices was approximately 10 cm. It was found that the proposed methodology can generate the building opening data whose accuracy is acceptable in the field of disaster prevention.

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 In this paper, an identification method of valid image processing parameters range to detect cracks on concrete surface is proposed. The characteristic feature of the proposed method is the combination of genetic algorithm and decision tree learning method. Genetic algorithm is applied to the optimization of image processing parameters and the information collection of solution space. CART(Classification And Regression Tree) is an algorithm used to generate a decision tree. In the process of proposed method, CART is used for classification of valid image processing parameter values. The source data for the classification is a set of search points of genetic algorithm. Finally in order to show the capability of the proposed method, concrete surface cracks are detected with reasonable accuracy from practical engineering point of view.

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 Augmented Reality (AR) technology, which can superimpose real-time virtual CG objects in a real video image, is used for various purposes. One of the most important issues in AR is the accuracy of geometric positioning of the virtual object. In this research, in order to apply AR technology effectively in the construction field, new accurate positioning method was developed using four or more markers, which are set up on the same plane. This system was applied to safety inspection of a plant construction at a factory, and the usefulness was examined. The result shows that the performance of proposed method was better than others.

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 This paper presents an analytical algorithm for evaluating the hazardous areas affected by the liquefied slope failures from top of the slopes. The study area is located on Shobara-city in Hiroshima prefecture, where many liquefied slope failures had been simultaneously induced by the unpredictable local downpour (July 16, 2010). Based on structural equation modeling (SEM), the quantitative model elucidates the relationship between causal factors (i.e., spatial map data and satellite remotely sensed data) and training data sets of past occurrences of slope failures. Through a measurement equation, the trigger factor is inversely estimated, and a trigger factor influence map (TFI map) can be also produced. To produce the TFI map, the following training data sets are defined: 1)the top of slope, the middle of slope, and the toe of slope. The differences between the TFI maps for all cases are delineated on the difference maps which contribute to evaluating hazardous areas affected by liquid-like failures.

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 It is necessary to manage various data in order for maintaining bridge structures appropriately. In the usual maintenance management of the West Japan Railway, inspection and repair are carried out by referring to 2D drawings (extended elevation). However, the following problems exist. The first problem is that the 2D drawings (extended elevations) are only a schematic illustration without dimensions. The second is that those drawing are not shared in both repair and inspection. The third is that it is difficult to grasp in chronological order based on those 2D drawings.In this study, the authors developed a maintenance management system by using 3D bridge models. Also, the authors developed system that can easily make the 2D drawings (extended elevations) for management of the inspections and repairs. In addition, the validity of this system was confirmed by comparing with the conventional method.

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 This study develops an effective surface inspection method of urban roads taking the pavement management situation of local governments into consideration. According to the results of questionnaire about the pavement management strategies, many local governments frequently monitor their pavement to maintain the surface condition. In the monitoring activities, they focus on localized surface deteriorations due mainly to cracks and potholes. However, the monitoring is conducted by the visual inspection rather than the quantitative measurement. Against this background, we introduce an accelerometer-based mobile profilometer to detect localized distresses such as transverse cracks based on the lifting scheme theory. The theory constructs lifting wavelet filters that include free parameters to enhance diagnostic surface distresses measured by the profilometer. As the result of applying the filters to the roughness profile measurement, the locations of severe distress are automatically identified. This method contributes to the pavement inspection of urban road by the automatic distress detection based on the efficient processing of surface information.

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 As for the use of the 3D product model about the civil engineering field, popularization was begun by the CIM(Construction Information Modeling) that the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport was begun. At the CIM, it aims to use for each field of the investigation, the plan, the design, the estimate, the construction and the maintenance, crossing, but the procedures was just now begun and a related research is hardly done. It is expected that it leads to the improvement of the increase in efficiency and the quality such as mistake's reduction and the productivity improvement by using a 3D product model about the CIM, cooperating with the design, the estimate and the construction. In the this research, it reviewed the technique when utilizing the 3D product model of the CIM which was created with the detailed design for the substructure of the highway bridge for the estimate in the side of the employer and it reviewed what thing was necessary for a construction productivity to be improved by the CIM.

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 Maintenance management is an important task for civil engineering structures which are central piece of infrastructures. Maintenance management is mainly carried out by local authorities or small companies. But, they are facing with a difficulty to do it, because of budgetary or human resource restrictions. Therefore, a framework is necessary for information sharing and easy-to-understand information representation.
 Thus, we developed a method of product models generation and data acquisition of cracks on concrete structures. Also developed shape characteristics for searching similar shape of cracks using cluster analysis. These methods are intended to use product models for information management in maintenance management works.

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 The crack detection method by image processing taken by a digital camera and a floodlight are recently increasing, although visual inspection is still employed. However, it's have to identity crack or stain on which image was binarized. To solve this problem, this study proposes RGB monochromatic light inspite of floodlight and conducts experiment. As a result of experiment the RGB monochromatic light is available for crack on stain especially red and blue light are effective for distinction.

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 In recent years, road infrastructure has been aged, the social demand for pavement maintenance and improvement of pavement surfaces rises in quality rather than quantity.Against this background, road administrators especially for local governments face the urgent need to develop a quantitative and economical monitoring method of surface smoothness that is directly linked to the safety and comfort of road users, This study introduces, a mobile profilometer(MPM: Mobile Profilometer) by use of accelerometers eabling real-time roughnes measurement and an application of GIS (Geographic Information System) to pavement surface condition survey. For this purpose, we collect roughness data in an urban area, and then visuralize the measurement results on GIS.The result shows that the MPM and GIS contribute to identify deteriorated surface locations in city planning areas efficiently.

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 GPS and GLONASS have been formally operated as the satellite positioning system. By the increase of the number of satellite with the combination use of GPS and GLONASS, satellite signals are possibility to obtain the necessary number of satellites for positioning becomes higher of under the shielding surroundings. Also, with the increase of satellites accurate positioning may be realized without multipath by removing the reflected wave and diffracted wave from under the shielding surroundings. Therefore, in order to protect the deterioration of the precise positioning, it is required to method of select the satellites which escape multipath by checking the status of satellite signal beforehand. The authors investigated the classification method of satellite signal of multipath using the L1 and L2 signal strength and the difference of phase change between satellite signal L1 and L2; then verified the discrimination of satellite signal including multipath by observation data. As a result, satellite signal affected by multipath can be determined by the signal strength and difference of phase change. In addition, the effect of satellite selection was verified by the percentage of fix solution in the positioning solution.

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 This paper proposes the enhanced resource-dependent critical path method (enhanced RDCPM) for identifying resource dependencies that exist between activities in order to compute the correct floats and determine the critical path in the project schedule under variable resource constraints. In addition to technological relations, there exist resource dependencies between activities in a project schedule under resource constraints that are neglected in traditional resources constrained scheduling (RCS) techniques. Therefore RCS cannot compute the correct floats and critical path(s). Although previous studies have proposed many methods in order to overcome these shortcomings, they assumed that the maximum amount of available resources remains constant during the execution of the project. However, an actual project can have variable resource constraints in certain situations. The enhanced RDCPM, which is an improved version of the RDCPM, reasonably identifies the resource dependencies between activities and computes the correct floats and critical path in a project schedule under either variable or constant resource constraints. Moreover, it provides an updateable schedule with stable work sequences. Therefore, the enhanced RDCPM can be adapted for scheduling and control in real construction projects.

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 By utilizing the three-dimensional model of a construction structure in a construction stage, and making a construction situation visualize, I think that it becomes possible to lead to the facilitation of communication between the persons concerned, the increase in efficiency of execution management operations, and the improvement in quality and safety of construction, so I build the mechanism which uses augmented reality technology for the image of a field monitoring camera, and projects a three-dimensional model design on it, and examined the technique which make the image clear and visualize the scale of the structure in a construction stage. As a result of field experiment, it was confirmed that virtual reality model can be superimposed with sufficient accuracy, that the spatial relationship and the scale of a structure become clear, and that the system operated satisfactorily functionally. And it was shown that this technique is useful for visualization of a construction structure and is thereby effective in becoming easy to understand an execution scheme.

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 Recently, pipes like a water pipe or a gas tube are buried in wide area. Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) method is used as a pipe embedding method because the method requires no open cuts. However, the position of the drill-bit in underground is instability, and it must be estimated by extend sensors. We focused on the estimation method using the sound generated by the drill-bit itself. In this study, an estimation method of the drill-bit position using the reflected sound from ground surface as well as the direct sound from the drill-bit is proposed. Although the conventional method, which only uses the direct sound, requires a lot of geophones, the proposed method only requires an array consisting of some geophones. From some experiments in actual soil, it was verified that the proposed method was effective for estimating the position of the drill-bit. As the results, the proposed method enabled to estimate 3.42 times more accurately than the conventional method.

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 A large number of posts with useful information to help local residents can be found in CGM (Consumer Generated Media). Such posted messages contain, for example, information about prevention of crimes or emergency responses during disasters for the local communities. Various information about diverse regions is put together and open to the public. However, since anyone can contribute to CGM, it often happens that a mixture of information about multiple regions can be found on the same Web page or that different topics are covered for the same region, making it hard to extract only the information about the particular region or it's contents. This research proposes a method for extracting regional information from CGM by dividing the information circulating in CGM into posted messages, and then grouping them according to the region or it's contents that each posted message treats. It also examines a possibility of creating a regional information map by analyzing the positional information contained in the posted messages classified into groups and mapping them onto GIS.

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 There are many blind intersections to cross. The necessity of improvement of blind intersection is judged by transport engineers. The authors executed the evaluation of intersection by the quantity of visibility using three-dimensional point cloud data acquired by Mobile Mapping System. As a result, the visibility was expressed by the rate of Invisibility space at viewpoints, along the road.

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 Positioning accuracy of the centimeter level is expected by PPP (Precise Point Positioning) using LEX signals from QZS (Quasi Zenith Satellite). This satellite system has the orbit to stay for a long time above Japan so that the system enable to expand the areas and time duration of the positioning service provision in mountainous and urban area in Japan. This study examined the positioning accuracy of PPP using the LEX signal shielded in different environments at campus as a virtual urban area. And post-processing PPP using MADOCA (multi-GNSS Advanced Demonstration tool for Orbit/Clock Analysis) was conducted. As a result, it was confirmed that positioning accuracy has been affect by the shielded environment.

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 The objective of this study is to find regional characteristics of evacuation center in Hitachi-city, Ibaraki Prefecture. Therefore, public facilities are used as an evacuation center in many disaster cases, ordinary it is not the design adapted to these purposes. For this reason, in case of use of the existing public facilities as an evacuation center, the problem of amenity arises in many cases. Depending on the kind of disaster, citizens may stay at an evacuation center for a long time period, and quality of life in the center and suburbs becomes important. The results of this study ware as follows; (1) It was proposed that the procedure to analyze the regionality of the evacuation center. (2) It was found that the regional characteristics of evacuation center, and found the points of improvement according to the regional analysis in Hitachi-city.

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 Today ITS Spot service are developed at 1, 600 spots mainly on expressways. ITS Spot can collect traveling and behavior history data from ITS Spot compatible on board unit. And it is also able to utilize specific probe data of an individual vehicle after OBU is specially set in advance under car owner's approval.
 NILIM has been conducting a public and private joint research on the logistic support service using specific probe data.
 In this paper we consider the probability of using specific probe data for the logistic support service and we integrated the process of ripple effect with the logical model and evaluate the effect measured in the joint research as a case study.

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 In the revival from the Great East Japan Earthquake, use of GIS which can analyze various elements, such as city planning, industry, public and disaster prevention equipment, integrative becomes very effective. However, in order to utilize the analysis result using GIS effectively, it is necessary to realize visualization of information that everyone can share the image of a recovery program easily.
 In this research, paying attention to free map software “Google Maps” and “Google Earth”, GIS software and Google Maps/Earth are used in parallel by sharing KML data. The analysis result using GIS is transformed into KML data, and visualized in Google Earth. Moreover, by expressing the information, including a recovery program, disaster prevention information, etc., in Yamamoto-cho, Miyagi on Google Earth, it is aimed at support towards earthquake disaster revival.

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 In recent years, the demand for augmented reality (AR) applications has been increasing owing to the spread of smartphones equipped with cameras and various sensors. Hence, there is a need for a highspeed processing method to build three-dimensional (3D) AR applications on mobile devices. In particular, an occlusion process, which determines the virtual object to be drawn on the real image, is indispensable. However, this process requires dynamic depth data of objects in real and virtual spaces in accordance with the movement of the camera.
 In this paper, we developed an evaluation application, which uses an occlusion method that cuts out a virtual model by the 3D feature model obtained from real space. The application was developed by using the Unity game engine, which provides realistic rendering functions and compatibility with various sensors in smartphones with an occlusion program that uses OpenGL shader.
 As a result, the developed AR application performed the occlusion process without sacrificing processing power. The development of AR applications requires careful consideration of processing speed and accuracy in accordance with the requirements of presentation. In the future, development of a more realistic representation technique and a simple method to retrieve depth data dynamically from real space will be necessary.

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