Inclined braceless excavations are characterized by lower earth pressure acting on the wall compared to vertical walls, allowing for reduced wall rigidity and omission of shoring. The authors have previously evaluated the retaining wall deformation and stability of inclined braceless retaining walls up to 10m deep through centrifugal model experiments at a centrifugal model experiments at a centrifugal acceleration of 50g using varied foundation materials. The model experiments quantitatively confirmed that the deformation arising from excavation can be reduced by inclining the retaining walls.

 The authors developed a design method for inclined braceless excavation support using elasto-plastic beam spring analysis, modeling the retaining wall as an elastic beam of finite length and the foundation as an elasto-plastic spring, and applied the design method to actual construction sites.

 This paper reports on the validity of the proposed design method by comparison of centrifugal model experimental results with analytical results using the proposed design method and inverse analysis of actual cases performance where the design methods were implemented at construction sites.

 It is difficult to evaluate how extention and cleaning soil can be contaminated by light-non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) because LNAPL behavior in porous media is dependent on multiphase flow in pore structure which is composed of complex parameters (e.g. pore scale, connectivity, and tortuosity).

 The objective of this study is to investigate water-LNAPL fluid dynamics in porous media under different temperature conditions. In this paper, a temperature controllable injection device for a micro focused X-ray Computed Tomography (µ-XCT) scanner was used to conduct different temperature injection experiments. In addition, the pore-scale distribution and structure as well as the focused interfacial phenomena of water-LNAPL were evaluated and observed image analysis. From the experimental results and image analyses, it was found that water-LNAPL fluid dynamics are variable under different temperatures and dependent on interfacial tension and viscosity, which that is a factor sensitive to temperature changes.

 In this paper, a method for estimating the degree of compaction of in-service embankment by having the result of dynamic cone penetration (DCP) test. Based on the results of laboratory DCP test performed using a chamber comprising the compacted soil to different degrees, an empirical equation for estimating the degree of compaction by using the number of blows from the DCP test, N_d-value, the particle size at 80 percent passed, D₈₀, and the fines content, F_c is proposed. The applicability of the proposed equation was fairly well validated by showing that the estimated degree of compaction was close to the measured value. The degree of compaction for an embankment exhibiting variations of the N_d-value as well as the grain size distribution was similar when compacted under similar conditions. In this case study, the importance of estimating the degree of compaction, which in turn enables using to estimate the angle of shearing resistance was successfully demonstrated. By considering the fact that the N_d-value decreases as the water content increases, it is described that the proposed equation provides safer side of the estimate applicable to embankments having the water content higher than the optimum value.

 To properly construct impermeable embankment, typically the core zone of rock-fill dam, it is required to ensure a sufficiently low hydraulic conductivity, in addition to sufficiently high strength. To this end, the grading characteristic and moisture content, w, of fill material are controlled and the w value and dry density of compacted soil are measured and controlled. Conventionally, the compaction is controlled by lower limit management of the degree of compaction, D_c, and upper and lower limit management of w. In this method, however, it is difficult to efficiently exclude poor-quality compaction while facilitating high-quality compaction. To solve these problems for the construction of a 139 m-high Koishiwaragawa dam, a series of laboratory and test filling was performed at various compaction energy levels, soil types, and w values. It was confirmed that the compaction becomes more efficient by implementing a relevant lower bound control of the saturation degree, S_r, together with the control of w and D_c specified based on the S_r control. The quality control record during the dam construction showed that the new method could achieve sufficiently high quality of embankment, even higher than a number of previous similar rock-fill dams.

 This paper has tried to improve the understanding of a main cause for the difference of the particle-size distribution between the Sieve-Hydrometer Method (SHM) and the Laser Diffraction Method (LDM). The basis for this study is a series of particle-size analyses using 8 fine-textured soil samples applying the two methods. Photographs of fine-grained soils were taken by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at a magnification of 2,000 examining in detail the particulate shapes. A model calculation was executed using Heywood’s approximate method for obtaining terminal falling velocities of non-spherical particles. The above experimental values were compared with these calculation values, and the influence of the irregularity of particle shapes on settling velocity reduction was examined in detail based on the result.

 As a result of this study, the following observations and considerations were made: 1) the particle-size analysis demonstrated that the SHM overestimated the percentages of fine-grained fraction (<10μm) with respect to the LDM; 2) the SEM photographs indicated that most of fine-grained soils were irregular in shape, or were platy, tubular, flat disc-like, and rod-like in shape; 3) in fine-grained fraction, SHM diameters tended to be considerably smaller than LDM diameters at the same cumulative percentage of the particle-size distribution; and 4) non-spherical particles in hydrometer measurements had longer settling time than their equivalent spheres, which resulted in an overestimation of the fine-grained fraction. There is a high probability that a critical factor differentiating the two methods is that the particle shapes in fine-grained fraction differ significantly from spherical forms.

 A developed chemical grouting method has two unique technical features. One is the packer which is made up of cloth and rubber. The other is a special sealing material which protects the borehole wall during drilling and is fluidized during the chemical injection. With the introduction of these new technologies, the chemical leakage from the drilling hole is significantly reduced. The injection pressured can also be reduced since a large liquid chemical penetration area is secured.

 The trial in-situ injection tests were carried out for sandy ground in Saga and Aichi Prefectures to confirm the effect of the proposed method. The following conclusions are obtained. 1) The leak of chemical liquid from the drilling hole has not been observed. 2) A wide range of chemical grouting has been achieved by about 60% of the injection pressure compared to the conventional method (Double-pipe double-packer method). 3) The constructed stabilized sphere has been observed to have 2.5 m diameter. 4) The liquefaction strength ration is confirmed to be a three times the untreated sandy ground.

 The pore water pressures of unsaturated and saturated soils have been measured by the monitoring system at a slope behind an important cultural asset in the Kiyomizu temple. Firstly, amount of rainfall to saturate the soil around a potential slip plane in the slope was discussed. A rainfall index considering measurement results with a tensiometer was proposed, and a prediction method on rainfall-induced slope failures using the proposed rainfall index was also proposed. The validity of the proposed prediction method was discussed based on some case histories of rainfall-induced slope failure. Moreover, the accuracy of the proposed prediction method was estimated comparing with the five conventional prediction methods, the proposed prediction method provided greater precision than the others.