Semi-dynamic traffic assignment enable us to deal with with-day dynamic traffic network state practically. In semi-dynamic traffic assignment, static assignment is applied within each period. Flow that cannot reach its destination in the period is propagated to the next period, so semi-dynamic traffic assignment considers a kind of dynamics between the periods. Some previous semi-dynamic traffic assignment models are practically applicable, but most of them are not able to consider time-space movement of traffic congestion. This is mainly because all OD flow reach its destination within the period if static traffic assignment is applied in each period. In this study, using sensitivity analysis, traffic flow approximately influences the links that it travels within the period. This enables us to deal with time-space movement of traffic congestion more appropriately.

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Because abolition of unprofitable public traffic is occurring one after another in recent years, aged people mobility is deteriorating. In many cities, aged people can be covered by preferential systems for using public traffic. Akita city introduced aged people's coin bus systems as improving opportunities of going out or supporting social inclusion from October 2011. We conducted interview and questionnaire survey to bus users in a suburb by the anticipation that a suburb is much more effectively than the center of city. Based on our survey, we grasped the change of traffic behavior, confirmed a connection between diversification of behavior and QOL or capability and assessed usefulness of the project for public policy. The analysis showed increase number of times going out and expanse of behavior scope of aged people by bus. Because of improvement QOL and capability with the change of traffic behavior, this project is developed to be useful in a suburb.

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Many lines of Haneda airport access buses have a low passenger volume of outward trip compared with homeward trip. One reason is uncertainty over travel time reliability by traffic congestion on route. Reliable access to airports is important since the cost of missing a flight is likely to be high. A number of time reliability indices for road performance assessment have so far been proposed. Moreover, some researches which built the travel time reliability indicator into the travel behavior model were also made. However, there is no research which compares the fitness between travel time reliability indicators and travel demand which were proposed. We make an analysis of relation between travel demand and travel time reliability indices, including the standard deviation of travel time using probe data by airport access buses throughout the one year. As a result, standard deviation, BT, TT80-TT20 and TT70-TT30 are suitable for precise measurement of value of travel time variability.

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After circular notice from National Police Agency in November 2011, Zone 30, which means area 30 km/h speed limit, have been promoted in Japan. Zone 30 in Japan has a feature that is developed on a priority basis from the district, which is acceptable to the residents. Therefore, there are some districts where developed contents of Zone 30 are different even though the district is managed by same police and government office. As a result, it will be difficult to be recognized that the place is Zone 30 in some districts. it is important to confirm the influence of recognition of “here is Zone 30” to safety driving behavior in order to clarify the direction of the measures implementation. As the target zone 30, which has been implemented in Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture Motoshiro district, this study reveals the relationship between safe driving behavior and recognition of the Zone 30.

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The number of public transportation users are decreasing years by years. In order to increase the number of public transportation users, public transportation operators are required to grasp the fluctuation of passengers' demand and to design the adequate public transportation service. On the other hand, as the number of smart card users are increasing recently, it is expected to make use of smart card data to grasp the fluctuation of passengers' demand.
This paper analysed the fluctuation of passengers' demand in London using the four weeks historical data of Oyster Card. As the result, it was shown that it is possible to explain more than 40% of fluctuation of the number of public transportation usage among passengers by classifying passengers using tickettype information. In addition, as the one week's half time is included during the analysis period of this study, we analysed how the half time affects to the number of trips. As the result, it was revealed that not only students, who are strongly affected by the half time, but also passengers of other groups reduce the number of public transportation usage during the half time.

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Using a network GEV based route choice model, we propose a new extension of logit type stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) traffic assignment. The multinomial logit model structure cannot capture similarities among alternatives because of the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) property and hence is not suitable to model route choice. In this paper, we propose a network GEV based SUE and this model described the route choice behavior which is consistent of random utility theory and captured the path correlation structure. And our model does not need explicit path enumeration and calculation of overlap link length unlike in the case of probit model and cross nested logit model.

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Eco-driving is well known as an environmental program against the emission of CO₂ in the field of automobile. As the relation between kinematics and energy consumption of gasoline-powered automobile has been discussed not only theoretically but also demonstrably, it has not been discussed much about that of electric vehicle which is becoming more and more popular recently. One reason why is that there is a little discussion about regeneration energy that is specific for electric vehicle.
In this paper, we first tested the electric vehicle on chassis dynamometer to calculate the driving force thoroughly with kinematic any state, and organized the results. Then, we considered the method of eco-driving by estimating energy consumption of electric vehicle that assumes the short trip of various conditions in urban areas.

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It is important to prevent occurrence of gridlock phenomenon because it may cause greatly decreasing the network capacity and rapidly expanding the traffic congestion to a large area. However, the mechanism which gives rise to gridlock phenomenon on urban street network is so complicated and still remains major challenge. The occurrence condition of gridlock phenomenon on a single grid network is investigated theoretically in this paper.
As a result, the occurrence of gridlock phenomenon on the single grid network is found to be controlled by both the merging ratio of the intersections constituting the grid network and the ratio of right-turning flow to the upstream link flow on the grid network. Furthermore, the traffic flow of the single grid network after the queue formed all around the network can be settled in the following three cases: (i) the traffic flow of the link which has the bottleneck does not become smaller than the bottleneck capacity C', (ii) the traffic flow of the link which has the bottleneck falls below the bottleneck capacity C', but it is settled in a value greater than zero and (iii) the traffic flow of the grid road network decreases and finally it approaches to zero.

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Aging is progressing rapidly in Japan, the significance of promoting the going out of the elderly has focused more and more. In order to maintain independent living of the elderly, it becomes the problem to prepare an environment where the elderly is easy to go out.
In this study, by using a basic checklist, to understanding the characteristics of exercise function of the elderly. Then, in addition to exercise function, to clarify the effects of personal attributes such as age and sex, living environment has on frequency of going out. The aims is a clue to provide measures in areas where the presence of elderly person that begins to decline exercise function and going out can be difficult by utilize the findings of basic checklist that is used in each municipality.

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The demand on passenger of midnight bus is highly fluctuated. Thus, vehicle allocation of the midnight bus is sometimes ineffective because of over-supply (less-supply) during the day with small (high) demand. In this case, several negative impact is expected such as increase of user's unsatisfaction level due to the congestion of the bus and decrease in profit of bus companies due to the less-supply of the bus allocation. In this study, we attempt (i) to reveal factors to affect the use of midnight bus by questionnaire surveys, (ii) to forecast the number of bus allocation cased upon short-term demand forecasting of midnight bus, and (iii) to discuss whether effectiveness of bus allocation is improved by using model developed. The demand of passenger is forecasted by employing Neural Network. The forecasting accuracy is improved for the route of smaller variability of passenger demand. As a result, while a hitting ratio of proper vehicle allocation of actual data is 89.6%, the model developed in this study increases a hitting ratio up to 95.7%. From this result, the model developed in this study is effective to increase the effective vehicle allocation of midnight bus. As a future work, factors of the operation of the train should be considered. Among the unpredicted operational days, most of them are caused by train operational troubles. Since this study could not consider the factors on the situation of train operation, it could be increased the forecasting accuracy.

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Cycling on the sidewalks have brought some safety problems in Japan. Preceding research findings have suggested that building bicycle lanes on roadways or providing information related with traffic law may encourage cyclists to ride on the roadway. However, the effects of individual knowledge and experi-ences as well as road traffic conditions on cyclist path choice behavior are not clearly captured. The pur-pose of this paper, therefore, is to analyze these effects on path choice behavior. Multiple methods; a pho-tomontage experiment and on-site observations were employed to collect both stated preference data and revealed preference data. As a result, some factors encouraging cycling on the roadways or discouraging cycling on the sidewalks as well as future intervention effects are revealed.

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The fractal dimensions of states are used to quantify the state of the distribution of points within a defined region and provide a numerical expression for the distributions of the workplaces and residences among workers. This study employs the fractal dimensions of states as an index to express the influence on a worker from other workers in a workplace. This index is introduced into a disaggregated model to analyze the transportation behavior of workers commuting to work. This study was an analysis of data from a 2010 commuting survey carried out in Matsumoto, a regional city located in the central area of Japan. Among the three indices calculated to express the distributions of workplaces and residences for each office, that is, the mode share, the entropy, and the fractal dimensions of states, the model using the fractal dimensions of states is the most effective model, because the value of ρ² and the hitting ratio are the largest.

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In recent years, community cycle (CC) business has been deployed in urban areas in Japan. The aim of this study is to get the planning knowledge for sustainable management of the CC which can be a new public transport services in urban areas by using the users' data log. In this study, we choice the CC business “Porocle” as the case study that has developed in the city center of Sapporo. Regarding Generation of trips by CC use was analyzed using a all usage data log of the Porocle. In addition, we create OD of CC use in order to understand the spatial pattern of movement of the bicycle, and combinations of bicycle ports was extracted with modularity index and the refluxing of the bicycle was visualized.

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Tohoku Earthquake, which occurred on March 11th 2011, resulted in the failure of public transportation system affecting approximately 5,150,000 commuters. They were forced to choose their destinations and routes abnormally. The situation in which roads and public transportations are flooded with commuters not only increases the risk of secondary disaster but is also an obstacle for relief activities, rescue operations, and emergency transportation. Therefore, clarifying the properties of evacuation behaviors after the disaster is important for the prevention, mitigation, and response of natural disaster. Previous researches of evacuation behaviors mainly used the data of behavioral patterns acquired by conducting various questionnaire surveys regarding disaster experiences or attitudes against disaster. However, the data from questionnaires tend to be subjective and the amount of available data is limited. Today, due to the development of sensor and information technology such as positioning systems and mobile devices, movements of large number of population are easily monitored and enormous and objective data about people's evacuation behaviors can be automatically obtained.
In this research, GPS records from mobile devices of large number of people for one year, including the day of Tohoku Earthquake, are used as the data for the analysis of evacuation behaviors, such as route choice and transportation mode choice in the situation of a disaster.
We estimated the daily commuting route using road and railway networks. Besides, we estimated the routes people went through after Tohoku Earthquake on 3.11. Then we have found that, on the day of earthquake, about only 10% percent of people who commute by train on the other days return home by train. Hereafter, we continue the analysis in order to contribute the clarification of evacuation behavior. For further research, we improve the method of route estimation, and analyze the detail behavior, such as destination choice behavior.

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After the Great East Japan Earthquake, port functions of east Japan on the Pacific stopped for a long time. This damage led to the stagnation of maritime container transport and caused further economic damages. To address this problem, Port-BCPs (Business Continuity Plan for port management) are now being developed as prepare for large-scale earthquake and tsunami. Estimation of cargo demand after the outbreak of supposed disaster is indispensable for making Port-BCP.
Based on this background, this study estimated a recovery curve of maritime containerized cargo demand after large-scale earthquake and tsunami by the result of questionnaire survey of the damaged factories by the Great East Japan Earthquake. This recovery curve was estimated based on the JMA seismic intensity and tsunami inundation height in order to apply to future large-scale earthquake and tsunami. Finally, estimated result was compared to the PIERS data, which is detailed US import/export data, and reproduced with sufficient accuracy.

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In 2012, new LCCs have entered into Japanese domestic air transport market. All of the new LCCs; Peach, Jetstar Japan and Air Asia Japan are partially subsidized companies of existing FSAs. The air fare of the new LCCs are significantly lower than the legacy FSAs. This impact caused the increase of OD demand, however the FSAs might lose demand (cannibalization). It is the first experience in Japan that this kind of price shock takes place in domestic air market.
This paper analyzes the above effects in air demand quantitatively in Osaka (KIX)-Sapporo (CTS) market. We assume the situation that the new LCCs do not enter, and estimate short run air demand trend by means of time series analysis. Then the comparison of the estimated demand and the actual air demand by airline decomposes the change in air demand into competitive effects and demand inducing effects.

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This paper presents a multi-channelled supply chain network equilibrium (SCNE) model with the behaviour of freight carriers, which is developed to represent the trading chain of cocoa in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The model takes into account the behaviour of local collectors, local traders, exporters, and freight carriers. Utilising this SCNE in the lower level, a combinatorial optimisation is undertaken in the upper level within the framework of mathematical programmes with equilibrium constraints, where a suitable set of transport network improvement actions is selected from a number of possible actions for improving the efficiency of cocoa supply chain network (SCN). The upper level is solved with a modified probability- based discrete binary particle swarm optimisation. Finally, the model is applied to an actual cocoa SCN in Sulawesi for investigating the impact of transport measures to the international trading of cocoa.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze the actual maintenance conditions of station squares and the factors that lead to the capacity insufficiency for the station squares of local cities' central stations, then clarify the problem of scale calculation method for automotive facilities, which has not been established clearly in the current area calculation standard. As a result, approximately 89% of the station squares of central stations have finished the maintenance work or are in the process of maintenance, and among these station squares, approximately 67% are in congestion and 51% are lack of automotive facilities. Moreover, we also clarify the factors which lead to the capacity insufficiency of the automotive facilities in the station squares, these factors are: the traffic volume increased more than expected, and because of the counterplan for the waiting car had not been anticipated in the plan before, the actual value of the average car stopping time deviated from the estimated value.

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The inventory of housing near rail transit stations is rapidly expanding along urban railway corridors after a decade of its first operation in Bangkok, Thailand. This research examines whether residents those live and work as well near the transit stations are regular railway users. The relationship between location behavior and travel patterns should be investigated. The main objective of this paper is to scrutinize which factors are noted to have potential influence on travel choice behavior of the station-area residents at disaggregate level.
A discrete logit model is employed to jointly estimate the probability individuals having both origin and destination point within the station catchment area will commute by the rail, using an interview data of the transit-based residents, focusing on self-selection question. The basic statistics reveal the residents select residential locational choice that complies with their travel preference at high degree. The residents with a preference for traveling by the train move to live closer to the stations and become the regular passengers. Also, the results from discrete logit model explain that a positive attitude toward the rail transit can strongly influences rail commuting decision of the residents. This illustrates that the so-called self-selection has taken place. The station-area residents with high level of rail preference have a higher probability of commuting by transit than people without this preference. In addition, less out-of-vehicle time will give greater effect to at-tract more transit ridership. However, ability to use a car and parking space availability at destination have negative effect to the tendency to use the transit.

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Sports Bicycles have an advantage for promote long distance commuting and activity for health because higher speed, longer drives can be achieved, comparing with city bicycles which are used widely in Japan. Moreover, sport bicycle users is said to have possibility as the manner leaders on safety cycling. For this reason, it would be important to spread and promote sport type bicycles for the purpose of creation of environmental and healthful cities.
This study aims at making clear the possibility of sports bicycle users as a manner leaders. The author compared the degree of recognition of rules and manners for bicycle, and attitude of riding during city bicycle users and sport bicycle users. As a result, high level sport bicycle users are found to be manner leaders than the other bicycle users.

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Because of the necessity of using regional planning for intensive urban structures and the advancement of aging society, locating facilities within walking distance of public transportation terminals is important. Therefore, an accessibility index must be developed for use in such situations. However, conventional indexes are incapable of meeting this purpose because such zone-based indexes entail complicated calculations and require much data to represent attractiveness. Therefore, we propose the Index for Mobility Management by Railways (IMMR). It can calculate point-based accessibility levels for single facilities targeted for distance to the nearest station and for public transportation service frequency. This analysis examined service facilities that many people visit. A case study was conducted for the Shinjuku Station district. Results show that the IMMR index can easily elucidate differences between two nearby facilities by points.

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Echizen railway, which is positioned as the "social infrastructure for living", results in various benefits to the region, and is related to policies / measures of various sectors of local government along the railway line. In addition, Echizen Railway is a capital to support the implementation of the measures. In this study, we aim to clarify the actual situation about the relevance of "Echizen Railway" and "the measures of various sectors of local governments" through awareness survey of local governments. The results are as follows.
Many administrative persons in charge recognize that there is no description of the Echizen Railway in the measures being promoted, but Echizen railway is indispensable to the promotion of measures for each sector. The recognitions about existential values of Echizen railway spread through many sectors, we confirmed that Echizen railway has is contribute to public interest as “social infrastructure for living”.

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In accordance with the Guideline for Development of Safe and Comfortable Bicycle Facilities Network established in 2012, the development of bicycle network is promoted in Japan and the roads without sidewalks will be included in the network. So in this study, we analyzed the accidents during cycling at the roads without sidewalks in Ohta Ward in Tokyo. As the result, it is revealed that 1) the more accidents occur at the narrow roads as well as the wide roads, and 2) the more accidents occur at the intersections with the facilities for safety. Moreover, after considering the bicycle traffic volume, it is revealed that 3) the less accidents occur with the people bicycling on the left side of the roads, and 4) the less accidents occur with the people bicycling in the forward direction on the one-way streets

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It is great concern that the number of elderly people who feel difficulty to move to food shop may increase. Thus it is necessary for the local government to take the measures for supporting them. Because the functional capacity of elderly people is different by person, which supporting service is needed is different by the functional capacity of each individual. In this study, we develop the model to describe the choice of the alternative for food shopping such as driving his/her own car to shop and using delivery service with functional capacity of elderly people. Using the data gathered in depopulated rural areas in Japan, we estimate the model and discuss how individual functional capacity affects the choice.

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Container cargo transaction volume has rapidly been increasing not only in a major ports but also in a local port in Japan. Most liner services which calls at a local port in Japan are the South Korea route, the China route, and the South East Asia route. They are also used for connecting service to the trunk routes such as North America route and Europe route. Transshipment using a local port and neighboring Asian ports has been increasing every year. However the shipper in rural area still uses major ports rather than a local port. This paper discusses factors of shipper's port choice in Tohoku, Chugoku and Shikoku region by using an logit model considering “average waiting time at port” and four type of “seaborne transportation time.” Average waiting time at port cannot be clarified only use a frequency of transportation services but the calling schedule at each port. It is also discussed the impact of several policy scenario of local port by applying the model. Results show that, a shippers care the average transit time in export and the longest transit time in import. It turned out that shippers consider transshipment time in case of export and it doesn't consider transshipment time in case of import. Shippers considers a sum of average waiting time at port and seaborne transportation time as a total transit time. By scenario analysis, it turned out that the demand of local port increases by constructing the vessel calling schedule in consideration of a day of the week.

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An attempt of safety and security is performed in various regions. But it is not clear what the regional factors affect the security for crime prevention in the area. In this study, we carried out a questionnaire survey in residential district where have some traffic accident and crime. We played attention to the factors which affect the security and fear about residential area and grasped the relation with area. And then we cleared how those factors affect the assessment of the security and fear for crime prevention in residential area. As a result, it has discovered that it is important to ensure the view of everyone , do better the assessment of the area and improve the road and roadside environment.

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The number of public transportation users in the provinces is on a long-term downtrend. This trend has made it difficult to maintain public transportation, prompting local government to provide support in the form of subsidies. But public transportation operators have found it increasingly difficult to secure such funding as cash-strapped local governments tighten their belts. Up until now, the value and necessity of public transportation has mainly been examined by only the transportation field, resulting in the importance of revenue in evaluation and there have been cases of understating the value and necessity of public transportation.
This research aims to pay attention to the cost savings of the whole society, including nontransportation sectors, and to describe the value and necessity of public transportation from a perspective of cross-sector benefits. It looked into the role and influence of public transportation on 12 sectors linked to transportation, and calculated its value. Based on the results of this analysis, this research found that the role public transportation plays in regional society is bigger.

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Environmentally sustainable transportation becomes an important issue as well for intercity passenger transportation, where modal shifting from energy consuming airline and bus service, to energy efficient high speed railway is most feasible measure. Strategic redistribution of network-wide demand onto the improved rail links is necessary in order to collect enough income to support the railway service requiring large fixed cost. This paper presents an optimal modal-mix planning model in intercity passenger transportation, which aims to design a modal mix network minimizing the social cost, under the condition that total CO₂ emission does not exceed the given level. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming model, which can be numerically solved by general solver programs. The proposed model was applied to the intercity network of Turkey, and used to design the network structure corresponding the different levels of CO₂ emission. It is found that, tightening CO₂ threshold increased travel times and so social cost.

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As for some of bus lanes, we should have to review their appropriate usage because of the change of the road and traffic situation since these lanes were introduced. Motorcycle mixed traffic in Japan has a unique motorcycle mixing state in the world and there are examples of the traffic control method as to share the exclusive lane between buses and motorcycles. This method is worthy of consideration as a way to realize safe and smooth motorcycle mixed traffic. In this paper the authors analyzed the rule recognition of motorcycle users through the awareness survey as an understanding the actual situation concerning passage of a motorcycle on a road section including a bus lane. Consequently it was found that motorcycle users have a very weak recognition of the rule for a motorbicycle and a bicycle in a bus lane and that for a motorcycle in lanes outside a bus lane, therefore many challenges still exist, both in informing road users of the rule in the bus lane and in whole concept of traffic regulation about a bus lane.

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This research proposes an improved bus signal priority model in urban arterial roads based on the coordination between bus speed guidance and signal timing techniques. Unlike most of previous models about bus signal priority, the proposed model considers not only signal timing techniques, traffic factors but also recommended bus speed guidance to grant priority to buses for its smooth travel through intersection groups of arterial roads. By conducting two approaches of investigation, analytical approach and simulation one, the research concludes that the proposed model is significantly efficient. Compared with conventional adaptive models that were developed to grant priority to buses by minimizing the total traffic delay only, the proposed model reduces traffic delay considerably, by up to 7.12% in terms of link delay average. The proposed model with its good performance can be integrated into simulation models to investigate the performance more realistically.

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This research suggests the possibility of the reinforcement for bicycle removal policies by comparing the marginal utility of residents in bicycle parking prohibited area near railway stations and the marginal cost of each reinforcement for bicycle removal policy. Firstly, we conducted the questionnaire survey to bicycle users and found the factors to decide the location of bicycle parking and whether they would pay the penalty to get their removed bicycles back from the local government agency. Secondly, we also conducted the questionnaire survey to the residents and could estimate their willingness to pay to have better atmosphere by removing illegal parking bicycles with high frequency. We used CVM to estimate it.
The marginal utility of residents overcomes the marginal costs for the removing illegal parking bicycles at the three among four stations in Osaka City and it shows the possibility to increase the number of the frequency to remove the illegal parking bicycles there.

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Bicycle behavior of riding on a sidewalk is normally seen in Japan, but recently its safety is regarded as questionable from various viewpoints. In this study the authors focused on a near-miss incident data recorded on a driving recorder and developed the near-miss incident database to meet needs of bicycle behavior safety analyses. Based on this database, characteristics of bicycle near-miss incident were revealed. Furthermore we estimated the risk characterization of the near-miss incidents by analyzing the driving acts of drivers and the vehicle behavior on the basis of a difference in running routes of bicycles at the intersections of the arterial street and the narrow street. As a result, it became clear that a bicycle running on a sidewalk irrespective a distance from a carriageway and the wrong way on a carriageway has a high risk. The following advisable bicycle riding manner was supported therefore: a bicycle should keep on the left side of a carriageway in principle, and if no choice but to ride on a sidewalk, run slowly on the side of carriageway in the same direction of a car.

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Recently, bike sharing systems have been launched in many cities around the world. Even in Japan, there has been an increasing tendency to introduce new systems. When introducing a bike sharing system, it is important to consider the relationship between it and existing public transport in order to arrange for measures such as scale and fare. In Japan, however, there is little research about appropriate evaluation of the effect of bike sharing systems.
In this study, we assume bike sharing systems in Kyoto by the combination of scale and fare. For that, we simulate a situation at the time of introduction of bike sharing systems using the Urban Traffic Simulation model, which can handle motor traffic and public transport, including bike sharing systems. Then we calculate the bike sharing system revenue, the user benefit and the social benefit and evaluate the effect of bike sharing systems.

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It is our great challenge to establish Low-carbon transport system in Asian region because the emission of carbon dioxide from transport sector in Asia is substantial and expected to grow over the future. In this study, interregional freight modal split in GMS was formulated as a goal programming problem which aimed to achieve the targets of transport cost, transport time and CO₂ emission in order to calculate ecoefficient modal split. Two case study routes, Bangkok – Hanoi and Bangkok – Yangon, were examined by development scenarios and targets. As a result, the optimal modal splits for respective scenarios, targets and routes were calculated and the trends and differences between them were also revealed. The results also implied the efficiency of the railway introduction on the case study routes.

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In recent years, the improvement of walk space and the necessity for maintenance of the pedestrian space has been recognized. However, the evaluation methods for walk spaces have not been well established. This study is intended to obtain basic data to establish the evaluation index of the walk space using the pedestrian facial expression and behavior. When it changed the driving condition of cars, a constant tendency was seen in smile and behavior of the subjects. And it was shown that there was a relativeness between the pedestrian affects and visible characteristics. Furthermore, through pedestrian observation in actual road, the frequency of pedestrian smile increased and their behavior showed relaxed states at the vehicle- free street.
Therefore, it was revealed that smile and behavior showed a constant tendency for the psychological condition, and obtained the result that can expect for a new evaluation index of the walk space.

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Many line haul public transportation modes such as urban railway are being constructed or planned in some South-East Asia Metropolis, where paratransit is regarded as an essential transportation mode for daily life and having a potential to act as a feeder mode to line haul public transportation in the future. Therefore it is important and necessary to provide suitable transportation transfer facilities under such situation. The purpose of this study is to find a criteria to judge the acceptability of on-street boarding facilities of paratransit through a quantitative evaluation by the influence of such facilities on the traffic flows in Bangkok, Thailand, as a case study.
At a target location with on-street boarding facilities of paratransit, the influence on the traffic flows by different factors was micro simulated, analyzed, and then formulated, in order to identify the feasibility of on-street boarding facilities quantitatively. The research found that under some certain situations it is possible to use road space as paratransit transfer facilities without seriously disrupting the the road traffic flows.

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This study focuses on the changes in airport choice behaviors after re-internationalization of Haneda airport in 2010. The original large-scale web-based questionnaire survey was conducted to capture the changes in airport choice behaviros in Tokyo Metropolitan area as well as in the local regions in Japan like Tohoku, Hokuriku and Kyusyu. The analysis indicated that Haneda's re-internationalization has a significant impact on the improvement of accessibility to the international flights both in Tokyo and local regions, and also has induced a new demand to some extent. The analysis clarified the factors to choose the airport in Tokyo metropolitan area.

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Subsidy policies on urban public transport have been adopted ubiquitously in both developed and developing countries. Generally, subsidies are implemented to make transport more affordable. To measure and to understand the transport expenditure of households are critically important for evaluating transport policies, as well as for investigating their effectiveness. This research describes the role of urban public transport and incidence of bus subsidies in medium-sized cities such as Jogjakarta and Palembang, Indonesia, where new transit systems were launched to replace the existing bus services being abandoned by city dwellers. The results indicate that while the poorest households constitute one-fourth of total households in the sample of Jogjakarta and Palembang, they receive only 5 and 6 percent of transit subsidies, respectively. The wealthiest households, who constitute 8 and 7 percent in the sample of Jogjakarta and Palembang, receive transit subsidy that are more than three time and more than two times larger than their equal share, respectively, under the uniform distribution of the subsidy across income groups. The middle income group, earning Rp 1,000,000-Rp 2,500,000 per month receives subsidy benefits in roughly equal proportion to their share in the population of both cities. The high income group, earning Rp 2,500,000-Rp 5,000,000 per month receives about one-third subsidy benefits in both cities, respectively. Average affordability indices and bottom quintile affordability indices of Jogjakarta and Palembang is 17% and 20%, and 25% and 27%, respectively, indicating the expenditure on public transport is too expensive.

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Many traffic safety measures on community roads where they have through traffic problems have been deployed by focusing on the behavior of rat-runners, such as traffic volume and running speed. It is a main purpose of this study to confirm the presence or absence of the significant difference between the speed of `rat-runners' and that of `residents and those involved'. We conducted the number-plate survey simultaneously with the speed measurement in two areas of Tokyo and obtained speed distributions in each of driver attributes, `rat-runners' and `residents and those involved'. The result of comparisons shows that residents and those involved partially tend to drive more slowly than rat-runners, meanwhile, the existence of the residents and those involved who drive at a high speed on the community road is impossible to overlook. This has an important implication for introducing the measures which correct the gap in speed perception of residents and those involved.

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Several traffic management measures have been taken in the urban expressways in order to reduce the traffic congestion which contributes the reduction of users' time loss. Since it is required to grasp the traffic condition for the sake of effective traffic management, a traffic simulator is widely used to estimate the traffic condition, considering the temporal variation by minutes. However, since the calculation cost for the traffic simulator is expensive, it is required to develop a simpler method to estimate the traffic condition by hours or days for the sake of the long-term traffic manage.
Therefore, this paper proposes the method to estimate the loss time considering the traffic obstacles. The proposed model is based on the neural network model whose input is traffic control data, such as traffic volume, the traffic congestion and traffic obstacles. Finally, the proposed model was applied to the urban expressway in Japan and we confirmed that the proposed model can predict the loss time well even when the traffic obstacles were occurred.

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Bicycle accidents increased in recent years in the ratio of the total number of traffic accidents. 50% of the accidents are crossing collision between bicycles and vehicles at unsignalized small junctions. Especialy, danger at small junctions along the arterial street has been focused where cyclings of both directions are permitted on the sidewalks in Japan. It is said that bicycles traveling in opposite direction to cars along the sidewalks near the buildings are dangerous.
This study aims at analysis on behavior of the car drivers who goes out from side roads into a arterial streets. we used virtual experiments by driving simulator and measured indecis such as position of driver's attention, TTC etc to evaluate the safety from the visibility of coners, cycling direction and positions. It was found that car drivers have tendency to pay attention only to the right side where car comes from, but not to the left side when the visibility of left side is bad,. Bicycles which cycling on sidewalk, and cycling on opposite direction to cars are more dangerours than cycling on other positions or directions.

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Recently, sign system standardization in public pedestrian space is going on as part of a promotion of barrier-free space. The purpose of this study is to investigate effectiveness of graphic floor signs for pedestrians with low vision and normal vision in order to accumulate expertise about an effective installation of the signs. An experiment was conducted at a railway station, and as a result, the signs were effective at readability for low vision and normal vision participants, and both participants gave the signs a good evaluation that the signs were useful for oneselves. On the other hand, there was a difference between each participants in their discovery rates of the signs, and the sign discovery rate of normal vision participants tended to be higher in the second half of the walking path. Additionally, it was suggested that there were different causes of dismissing the signs between them.

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Planning an effective traffic control against incidents is important to improve the service level of expressways. We build a traffic simulation system that can reproduce a traffic flow when an incident on expressways occurs to evaluate traffic control strategies for mitigating congestion caused by incidents. The system includes a network including major arterial roads, ramp-to-ramp origin-destination demand data, and data including actual incident sites, timings, and capacities. The system is applied to the inbound direction of the Kobe line in the Hanshin Expressway network. We confirmed that the system can roughly reproduce actual queuing delay caused by incidents. Then, we quantitatively assessed the effects of current traffic controls for incidents and evaluated the effects of hypothetical control strategies. We found that the current control is effective and the controls encouraging frequent on-off traffic for detour may make control ineffective.

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Recently, the number of traffic accident between pedestrians and vehicles at signalized intersections shares high percentage. Therefore, it is important to introduce supporting system for crossing pedestrians to avoid traffic accidents with turning vehicles. Previous research showed that caution to inform the approach of a vehicle made pedestrians to act avoiding behavior. And, desirable location to confirm the approach of a vehicle was clarified. The aim of this study is to clarify the location of the caution to be able to confirm the approaching vehicle at the desirable location. Field experiment was conducted at the test track. At this experiment, subjects crossed the crosswalk under the situation that approaching vehicle made right/left turn. Data about head turning behavior and confirmation to the approaching vehicle were collected when the caution to inform approach of a vehicle was activated at preset locations. By analyzing the head turning behavior, most desirable location of the caution to inform the approach of a vehicle was clarified.

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Road network has to be designed to cooperate with the hierarchy of the road. However, there seems to exist mismatch between actual road usage and hierarchy of the road. In this situation, it is hard to show projected performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of having hierarchy in the road network. This is evaluated by comparing the performance of three types of road network. Traffic assignment is conducted in the all-or-nothing technique by utilizing the preset parameter of the road capacity, traffic volume, travel speed of the vehicle and so on. Measure of effectiveness is set as the surpassed traffic flow against the traffic capacity. Characteristics of road network feature that shows better effect to the traffic flow are clarified by evaluating the effect of having hierarchy in the road network for various types of network.

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This article shows the date of the relationship between daily step count and travel behavior in the elderly at the residential suburb. The influence on health by the transport policy has discussed in the recent years. However, there are not so much research how the using public transportation implicate in the health of the elderly. This study examined daily step count and travel behavior in the elderly for four weeks. The using public transportation increases the amount of step count than using the car. In elderly's daily activity pattern, it is clear that physical health is not promoted even if the elderly change from using the car to using the public transportation. However, the using public transportation promote mental health of elderly.

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It is of great importance to analyze right-turning behavior at signalized intersection given high accident records related to right-turn vehicles, which also helps provide valuable insights into safety assessment of signalized intersection. This study aims to analyze the right-turn vehicle behavior in protected right-turn phase by considering the influencing factors of geometric characteristics and signal operation. It was found based on empirical modeling results that the right-turn vehicle behavior is closely related to geometric characteristics such as intersection angle and setback distance of stop bar. Furthermore, in order to make a balance of both positive and negative impact, the potential strategies may bring upon safety performance of signalized intersection, all the influencing factors related to right-turn behavior were summarized and evaluated. Finally, the necessity of employing microscopic simulation to enable a comprehensive evaluation of surrogate safety meausure (SSM) at signalized intersection was examined.

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To appear characteristic of bicycle accidents on intersection, analyses concerning relative position of bicycle and car have been carried out. So all bicycle accidents occurred at Tokatsu District in Chiba Pref. were extracted. To utilize latitude and longitude of accident spot, vehicle travel direction, vehicle turning direction and accident type, relative positions and keeping lanes of car and bicycle on accident spots were estimated.
Types of these accidents depend on installation of signal, accidents of right or left turning car with bicycle which is running parallel to car tended to occur more on signalized intersection. Bicycle accidents on unsignalized intersection were analyzed, accidents of car with bicycle which is running on near side of crossing road tended to occur more. On nighttime, running cars tended to crash with bicycles which run from opposite side of crossing cars.

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Quantifying the effects of crosswalk length and signal timing on pedestrian walking speed is an important requirement for providing a rational safety assessment at signalized intersections. This study investigates the effects of pedestrian green time (PG), crosswalk length and pedestrian crossing direction on pedestrian walking speed at signalized crosswalk. It is assumed that the pedestrian walking speeds consist of two components v1 and v2 at two consecutive halves of crosswalk. Empirical analysis shows that the longer crosswalk tends to induce the higher walking speed. Pedestrian walking speed increases as PG proceeds. Furthermore, a comparison of pedestrian speed models for PG and PF (pedestrian flashing green time) demonstrates that pedestrian walking speeds at PF are higher and more variable than at PG. The sensitivity analysis helps understand how these models behave depending on change of each variable.

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This study developed and examined a methodology of data assimilation for traffic state estimation in an urban expressway by assimilating the observed traffic data from fixed detectors. The influence of different sensor locations on the accuracy of traffic state estimation using a velocity-based cell transmission model originally developed by Work et al. (2010) and state estimation with an Ensemble Kalman Filter was studied and tested on a segment of the Tokyo Metropolitan Highway during rush hours after obtaining the optimal parameters with maximum likelihood procedure. It showed that the estimated velocity changes significantly when the interval is largely extended from the present spacing, but is acceptable at intermediate spacing.

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