Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE))
Online ISSN : 2185-4653
ISSN-L : 2185-4653
Volume 65, Issue 1
Displaying 1-50 of 104 articles from this issue
JSCE Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol.30
  • Hiroyuki GOTO, Sumio SAWADA, Nozomi KOBAYASHI, Koji YAMADA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 1-5
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    During the 2007 Noto-Hanto Earthquake, a damage distribution in Anamizu town was not uniform. Some reports discussed a relationship between the damage distribution and the shallow subsurface structure up to approximately 20m depth. We numerically simulate the site response of the shallow subsurface structure around K-NET Anamizu station, where we revealed the detailed structure. The amplification of ground motions mainly depends on the depth of the layer boundary beneath the reference site. For the simulation of mainshock, PGV at the site located 50m away from the K-NET station is about 80% of the observed PGV at the K-NET station, and the simulated engineering shear strain for the horizontal component is about 0.2% at a maximum.
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  • [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 6-11
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 12-18
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Tadashi OHASHI, Masata SUGITO, Yoshinori FURUMOTO
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 19-29
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    Extensive damage of the slope embankment for road and residential lands were occurred in many Earthquakes because of amplification of earthquake vibration on irregular ground. The amplification of the valley line direction ingredient is usually reported, but there are few examples that studied the influence that the amplification of the earthquake vibration of the valley right angle direction (cross-sectional direction) ingredient gives slope stability. In this paper, we studied some case-studies on cross-sectional irregular valley ground are clarified by using FEM analyses. Also, we discussed the influence that the geometric interference and impedance ratio and the amplification of the cross-sectional direction ingredient earthquake vibration by the frequency characteristic gave the slope of embankment. The effect of the cross-sectional shape of embankment on the characteristics of seismic amplification degree of acceleration is discussed for safety factor of slope stability. As results of research, the amplification was related to valley widthW , valley depth D and frequency characteristic f/fg greatly at earthquake time of the cross-sectional direction and the acceleration amplification was anticipated over 60% at the maximum. We estimated the fall of the safety factor of around several% to give to slope stability and showed that it was necessary to anticipate an effect of the valley shape of the cross-sectional direction in the stability evaluation adequately.
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  • Mai SAWADA, Yukio SHIBA, Kenji OGUNI
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 30-37
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    One of the most important topics in the research of wireless sensor network is the time synchronization among sensor nodes. Especially, acceleration measurement applications for civil infrastructure sensing require the synchronization at the highest level. This paper presents the broadcast time stamp based synchronization method. This method uses i) robust hardware for wireless communication, and ii) 2 CPUs for each sensor node. Each CPU on a node is specialized for i) processing of time stamp and ii) acceleration measurement. Robustness and the accuracy of the time synchronization has been experimentally evaluated and robust synchronization with the accuracy of hundreds of μs has been validated.
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  • Makoto KAMIYAMA, Tadashi MATSUKAWA, Shunichi KATAOKA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 38-51
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this paper is to compare spectral characteristics of strong ground motions and microtremors using records obtained at 20 sites of an array observation system. The array observation system is situated in Sendai City, Japan. Using the motion records observed by the system, the authors estimated statistically spectral amplification factors at each observation site. These spectral amplification factors of strong ground motions are quite different depending on the local soil condition of each site. Microtremors were also observed at all the observation sites. The so-called H/V spectra, which are the spectral ratio of the horizontal component to the vertical one, were obtained from the microtremors. Comparisons between the statistical amplification factors of strong motions and H/V spectra of microtremors showed that they have strong similarity in spectral shape. Although such highly similar shape of spectra was found between the strong motions and microtremors, the absolute spectral amplitudes in both indicated a difference in level, revealing some remarkable offsets of spectral amplitude that are independent of period. Based on the comparisons, fitting analyses between the spectral amplification factors and H/V spectra of microtremors were made to obtain an optimal parameter of offset for the H/V spectra of microtremors. This paper finally concludes that microtremors are useful to obtain amplification factors due to local soil conditions with aid of an offset method of their H/V spectra.
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  • Akira MURATA, Hiroshi Onodera, Masakatsu Miyajima, Masakatsu IKEMOTO
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 52-58
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The characteristic of an earthquake motion which affects wooden structural damages can acquire much information by a network of seismic stations. However, only seismic intensity information may be acquired in many local resions. In order to evaluate earthquake damages, a more accumrate earthquake motion needs to be estimated. In this research, an earthquake motion is estimated by using the earthquake record and microtremors observation of the ground to presure an earthquake motion in the area of such limited information, and considers the relation with wooden structure damage. As a result, not only the relation between the strength of an earthquake motion and damage but the relation between an earthquake motion and the damage by resonance of a structure was clarified by using the estimated earthquake motion.
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  • Takao KAGAWA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 59-64
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    Fault rupture propagation effects, i.e., radiation pattern and forward directivity, are introduced into empirical attenuation relationship of ground motion. Rupture heterogeneity is also considered as weight of the effects introduced for each small portion of the target fault. Contoll parameters of the effects are adjusted to give seismic intensity distributions around fault area that agree well with the distribution calculated from waveforms by fault rupture model. The present compensation gives more realistic ground motion distribution than the average ground motion by empirical attenuation formulae.
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  • Masaki NAKAMURA, Takanori HARADA, Hongze WANG, Shouji SAITOH
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 65-74
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A method of estimating earthquake ground motion using microtremor horizontal to vertical (H/V) Fourier spectral ratio is presented. In this method, an earthquake ground motion is estimated from the earthquake ground motion recorded in the nearby observation site by using the correction factors which consist of the microtremor H/V spectral ratio of the both sites (the reference site and estimation site), the correction factor of the difference between the microtremor H/V spectral ratio and the earthquake ground motion H/V spectral ratio β, and the site factor of vertical ground motions γ. By using the observed microtremor records and earthquake ground motions in the Miyazaki and Fukuoka Prefectures, the presented estimation method is examined. And also the error of estimation of Fourier spectral amplitude of earthquake horizontal ground motion is discussed.
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  • Yuzuru YASUI, Tatsuya NOGUCHI, Yuhichi HASHIMOTO, Eiji NAKAYA, Takao K ...
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 75-81
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    A dense microtremor H/V and gravity observation were done on the line from the north to the south on the west part of the Fukui Plain in order to obtain two dimensional underground soil structures for interpolating four site data surveyed previously by microtremor array observation. The gravity observation was done also in the mountainous districts in the east and west areas where bedrock was outcrop. A simple method being able to deduce the soil structure from the surface to the depth of seismic bedrock by simulating two kinds of peak frequencies of the microtremor H/V spectra with those of the Rayleigh wave fundamental amplitude mode ratio spectra was proposed. It was confirmed that the two dimensional underground soil structures obtained through the H/V and gravity surveys interpolated roughly the array observation results.
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  • Tatsuya NOGUCHI, Masao ADACHI, Kazushi TABARA, Tsuyoshi OHATA, Ryohei ...
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 82-87
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    Serious damages occurred by 1872 Hamada Earthquake in Hamada City, Shimane Prefecture. It is supposed that the damage influenced the subsurface structure. Therefore, microtremor observations were carried out to determine the subsurface structures of the Hamada City, Shimane prefecture. The subsurface structures were determined by S-wave velocity structure models obtained at the array observation 4 sites and predominant period distribution at 3-components observation 44 sites. The Swave velocities of alluvial layers were 100-150m/s. The predominant period was 0.2-0.8 period that H/V were clear single peak models in areas along the Hamada River. It was found that soft alluvial layers were distributed whole area from S-wave velocity structure. Depth to bedrock (S-wave velocity is 800m/s layer) was about 50m maximum and the depth to a bottom layer (S-wave velocity is 3000m/s layer) was about 800m maximum.
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  • Takashi MIYAMOTO, Riki HONDA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 88-96
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We use response values of nonlinear structural model as feature indices of ground motions. Monte Carlo simulation of dynamic analyses give probability distributions of feature indices. Kullback-Leibler divergence is used for evaluation of feature indices of ground motion. The performance of proposed scheme is verified by numerical simulations.
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  • Masao ADACHI, Tatsuya NOGUCHI, Kouhei OMURA, Ryohei NISHIDA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 97-103
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Microtremor observations and gravity surveys data were analyzed in Izumo Plain and Matsue Plain to determine the underground structures. The result is as follows. S wave velocity structure models were obtained at 4 sites from the data of microtremor array observations. 2D density structures were determined from the gravity data by using a 2D gravity analysis. From the comparison of the seismic refraction and the gravity analysis results, the depth to bedrock and the configuration were found to be almost same. The 3D model of bedrock surface was obtained by a 3D gravity analysis using the results of microtremor array observations for the depth to bedrock as control points. The depth to bedrock was found to be about 1100m at most.
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  • Shusuke OJI, Takanori KANBARA, Sumio SAWADA, Tomotaka IWATA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 104-110
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A new method considering the effect of directivity, based on the attenuation equation with equivalent hypocentral distance, was proposed. The proposed method can take account of moment magnitude and fault distance in addition to rupture starting point, rupture direction, and slip distribution. The proposed method are applied to the 1995 Kobe earthquake to compare with the observed distribution of seismic intensity for the validation. The distribution of seismic intensity obtained by the proposed method for the hypothetical earthquake scenario is also compared to that by the hybrid simulation method.
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  • Masumitsu KUSE, Masata SUGITO, Yoshinori FURUMOTO, Shinji KAWADE, Taka ...
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 111-117
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Two techniques for simulation of strong ground motion at arbitrary sites during past specific earthquake are demonstrated. The 2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake is selected for the case study of the technique. The strong motion records at 20 KiK-net stations were used for estimation of (1)the general spectral characteristic, and (2)the source proces of this earthquake. These two specific information derived from seismic source are incorporated into the strong motion prediction model, EMPR, developed by the authors. The availability of two techniques are examined regarding the ground motion intensity, spectral characteristic, and the envelope pattern of acceleration time histories.
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  • Hayato NISHIKAWA, Toshikazu IKEMOTO, Masakatsu MIYAJIMA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 118-127
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    We propose a method to evaluate a site effect using peak ground acceleration (PGA) and predominant frequency of spectrum obtained at local government observation sites where seismic waveform records were not stored. Firstly, the site effects at K-NET, KiK-net observation sites in Kansai region were evaluated by the spectral inversion method. A relationship among amplification factor of PGA and the site effect, bedrock spectrum was derived. As a result, it was clarified that the relationship is valid for the observed records used in this study. In evaluation of the site effect, site effect model in terms of the predominant and first peak frequencies of the spectrum was proposed and the site effect at each observation record was evaluated using the proposed model. In comparison of the evaluated site effects with inverted one, the shape and amplification of the site effects at most observation sites were in good agreement with those of the inverted site effects.
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  • Toshiyuki HIRAI, Sumio SAWADA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 128-136
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    The characteristics of seismic wave energy are examined in this study. We proposed the attenuation equation of seismic wave energy with respect to moment magnitude and equivalent hypocentral distance on the basis of seismic records in Japan. By evaluating the dispersion of attenuation relationship and the difference of main shock and aftershock, the seismic energy is shown to be a more stable index than PGA and PGV to estimate the seismic intensity. The frequency distribution of seismic wave energy is also examined using the wavelet transform analysis. The frequency distribution of seismic wave energy obtained agrees with the omega-square source model. It is concluded that the seismic wave energy is a rational index to estimate the seismic intensity.
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  • Aiko FURUKAWA, Hisanori OTSUKA, Toshiki UTSUMI
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 137-148
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    This study proposes a simple estimating method of maximum axial strain of irregularly-shaped grounds during earthquake. Two types of irregular-ground models; a ground with stepped bedrock and a ground with stepped surface, are considered. The maximum axial strain is estimated from the difference in velocity responses at the horizontal both ends assuming the conservation of energy. The difference in velocity responses is calculated by two SDOF model and two horizontally layered models. A modification factor is also proposed for the ground with stepped bedrock. It is found that estimated maximum strain using the horizontally layered models has higher accuracy, and the validity of modification factor is confirmed.
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  • Jing-Cai JIANG, Takuo YAMAGAMI, Viet Bao NGUYEN
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 149-155
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A methodology proposed by the authors to evaluate earthquake-induced permanent deformation of embankment slopes is briefly presented. In this method, a finite element seismic analysis and dynamic programming are combined to determine critical slip surfaces within a slope during an earthquake. Then, a modified Newmark procedure is proposed to evaluate seismic displacements of slopes by considering variable critical slip surfaces. The methodology is used to analyze an embankment slope with a thin weak layer and a large-scale embankment slope in Japan which suffered severe damage during the 1978 Miyagiken-oki Earthquake. Results show reasonably good agreement with the permanent displacements obtained from a nonlinear FEM analysis.
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  • Yoshiya HATA, Koji ICHII, Seiji KANO, Takashi TSUCHIDA, Liming LI, Nor ...
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 156-165
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    Conventional seismic design methods for embankments do not consider the effect of vertical ground motions; however, the level of vertical seismic motions in recent earthquakes was powerful and could have affected the horizontal response of structures located within the zone of shaking. A method to consider the dynamic interaction between horizontal and vertical seismic response is proposed. The proposed method is based on the equation of motion of the SDOF model and uses a cross spring for the interaction between horizontal and vertical movement of the mass. Based on a dynamic centrifuge test, it was shown that the proposed cross-spring model was able to suitably evaluate the seismic response of the embankment both in the horizontal and vertical directions.
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  • Kazuaki HIOKI, Keisuke KAMITANI, Masahiro HASEGAWA, Takao HONGO
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 166-171
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    Aiming to develop indices for showing the effects of the preloading method on improving liquefaction and to propose a simple method for predicting the improvement effects, repetitive constant volume shear tests were conducted, and various investigations were performed on the overconsolidation effects of sandy soil from the viewpoint of strength against liquefaction. The study showed that 1) compression index Cc is effective for expressing the improvement effects of the preloading method, and 2) the strength against liquefaction of the ground improved using the preloading method can be easily predicted from compression index Cc and overconsolidation ratio OCR.
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  • Tadashi HARA, Takaji KOKUSHO, Keita MURAHATA, Masayuki TANAKA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 172-179
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    A series of innovative miniature cone penetration tests and subsequent cyclic undrained triaxial tests were performed on sand materials with different fines content and different relative density. Accoding to the cone penetration tests and cyclic undrained triaxial tests, cone resistance and liquefaction strength of sand containing fines considerably reduce as the fines content increase from 0% to 20%. On the other hand, it has been found that one unique curve relating cone resistance with liquefaction strength can be established irrespective of relative density and fines content.
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  • Shouji SAITOH, Takanori HARADA, Genji MORI, Hongze WANG, Masaki NAKAMU ...
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 180-187
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    This paper presents numerical examples to demonstrate a capability of method of estimating the elastic properties of the soils and their variation with depth using the characteristics of P-SV wave fields caused in the surface of an elastic multi-layered half space by the vertical harmonic point load applied also on the soil surface. In this numerical examples, the three cases of ground model are used as the models of typical shallow surface ground: case 1 is a normal soil deposit where the soil properties increase with their depth from the ground surface while case 2 and 3 are the irregular soil deposits. In case2, the second layer is a low velocity layer and in case3 it is a high velocity layer. In the numerical examples, the stiffness matrix method is used for an accurate simulation of all P-SV wave fields.
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  • Susumu YASUDA, Eisuke ISHIDA, Naoyuki HOSOKAWA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 188-194
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    Recently, hazard maps for soil liquefaction have been prepared in many cities in Japan. These maps must be useful for city planning against earthquakes. However, many uncertainties are involved in the zoning maps. In this paper, present evaluation methods for liquefaction potential are reviewed. Then, several problems to evaluate liquefaction potential and to draw hazard maps are studied. In the evaluation of liquefaction potential, it seemed that special attentions are necessary for the selection of appropriate estimation methods, the assumption of fines contents from soil types and the decision of the depth of water table. In the drawing of hazard maps, it seemed that special attention is necessary for narrow liquefiable areas if the hazard maps are expressed by grids.
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  • Osamu TSUJIHARA, Yusuke YAMANAKA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 195-201
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    Vertical array observations of ground motions have been energetically carried out in Japan. They give us important information to identify the dynamic properties of subsurface ground. Some methods were proposed for the identification of shear wave velocity and quality factor. The accuracy of the identification of shear wave velocity has been improved. However, the improvement of accuracy is not very notable in the identification of quality factor. In this study, the sweeping method, in which the quality facor is estimated only at the frequency where the quality facor is sensitive, is modified so as to enable the extraction of more reliable information. Applying it to the identification of KiK-net sites, the coherency of identified quality facor at the identical site using the ground motions in the different events of earthquake is discussed.
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  • Akihito HATA, Yukio SHIBA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 202-213
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    The standard for Probabilistic Safety Assessment of Nuclear Power Plant on earthquakes published by Atomic Energy Society of Japan in 2007 states that the effect of uncertainy of soil properties on the earthquake response of subsurface layers should be assessed with conducting monte-carlo simulations of equivalent linear analysis. This paper presents a fundamental study on the effect of uncertainty of dynamic soil properties on the earthquake response with equivalent linear approach. A series of monte-carlo simulations of earthquake response analysis of a simple one-dimensional soil layer model have been conducted, where uncertainty of initial shear modulus G0, strain dependency of G/G0-γ and h-γ are considered. Through a series of simulations, it is demonstrated that although the average of maximum response of the subsurface top layer increases as input earthquake motion increases, the coefficient of variance of them does not necessarily increases, and thatG/G0-γ relationship is the most influential factor among the concerned parameters. And also, it is shown that the maximum response of ground surface plotted against the peak frequency of the frequency response function calculated with equivalent linear analysis under converged condition, distributes around the response spectrum curve of the input earthquake motion so that the maximum response can be roughly estimated from the response spectrum curve. Finally, applicability of two-point-estimate technique is examined with being compared with monte-carlo simulation results.
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  • Junji Kiyono, Yoshiki Inoue, Kenji Shimizu
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 214-221
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    Midium pressure gas pipelines sustained severe buckling damage during the 2007 Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake.We investigated relationshipbetween damage to the gas pipeline and the ground with irregular interface at Kashiwazaki city in Niigata prefecture. Axial strain of the ground have a great influence on pipelines, therefore, we calculated the ground strain parallel to the pipeline by using Aki-Larner Method, which can solve the ground response for arbitrary input ground mothion. The ground strain obtained is in good agreement with the value of experimental data at which the buckling begins to occur.
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  • Kunihiko UNO, Hiroo SHIOJIRI, Kazuhiro KAWAGUCHI, Masataka NAKAMURA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 222-235
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    In this study, the response of an actual 5-story SRC building, a RC building, and a highway supporting beam were analyzed, and it is examined the effects of analytical methods, boundary conditions, and the area of analysis domain on the results of responses analysis considering soil-structure interaction. All analytical results of the SRC building, which showed little nonlinearity and small soil-structure interaction effect, were in good agreements with observed ones. As for the responses of RC building and bridge supporting beam, the effects of analytical methods and boundary conditions become more evident. Energy transmitting boundary in frequency domain analysis and newly implemented PML in time domain analysis showed excellent results with small area of analysis. The nonlinearity in structures and in soil affects required analysis area for accurate analysis.
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  • Takeyasu SUZUKI
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 236-243
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    In order to examine the applicability of seismic displacement method to seismic axial response of shield-driven tunnels, the comparison between seismic displacement method and finite element analysis is carried out in this paper, for a water supply tunnel, a common conduit and a large-diameter road tunnel, respectively. The two different methods are compared by using a transmission coefficient of axial strain from ground to tunnel as an indicator. Then, a quantitative evaluation on the applicability of seismic displacement method to a seismic design of shield-driven tunnels with relatively large diameter is investigated based on analytical approach.
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  • Satoshi SAITO, Fumio NAGASHIMA, Shinji KUDO, Naoto TSUCHIYA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 244-254
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    When evaluating seismic resistance of overbridges constructed using aged rails, there have been cases in which the non-linear characteristics were calculated by assuming steel member with an H-shaped cross-section having perfect elastoplasticity, and a model beyond the yield point therefore do not understand whether it is currently provided. The purpose of this research was to determine the restoring force characteristics of aged rail columns experimentally. In particular, cyclic loading tests were performed on aged rail columns under constant axial force to determine the hysteresis curves. And the hysteresis curve models are determined by using obtained restoring force characteristics.
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  • Yoshiaki ARIGA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 255-262
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    The Shih-Kang Dam was damaged by the fault displacement during the 1999 Taiwan Chi-chi Earthquake. From such the historical cases, it is considered that the seismic safety evaluation against fault displacement induced by surface earthquake fault is an important subject for long and large structures. As for the mode of surface fault, normal fault, reverse fault, strike-slip fault, hinge fault, and so forth can be supposed. In order to realize an evaluation method against various kinds of fault displacement, I have devised the analysis method for discontinuous behaviors of concrete dams by applying 3-D dynamic analysis method. Applicability of the method proposed was examined by the analyses for concrete dam.
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  • Takanobu SUZUKI
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 263-272
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    The conditions of soil properties at different locations should be considered for axial deformation analysis of underground structures, because they are spatially extended. Though various analyzing methods are proposed, the author focuses on stationaly wave model, and presents some results in this report, such as the effect of boundary conditions and the simplification of response of bi-linear soil spring model. Recently, performance design method is needed for underground structures, then it is important to develop axial deformation analysis which can pursuit large deformation and structural damage easily. The method proposed in this paper is useful for these aims.
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  • Hiroshige UNO, Taiji MAZDA, Hirokazu MIYAMOTO, Koichi YUNOKI, Satoshi ...
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 273-282
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    Recently, application of continuous bridge became popular. On the other hand, consideration both of seismic load and thermal stress is very important issue for design of multi-span continuous bridge, but current specification for highway bridges doesn't request the inspection of the effect on expansion and contraction of girder caused by temperature change during earthquake. This paper presents the result of dynamic response analysis of 5 continuous-span prestressed concrete bridge considering the statically effect of temperature and creep etc. by nodal force at the end of a girder. As a result, ductility factor of piers increases as temperature increases. Furthermore, residual displacement also increases due to the same reason. But, it is found that the effect of temperature is little. Because, the temperature is one of statically indeterminate and the other factors(creep etc.) is already considered in seismic design according to japan road specification.
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  • Akihiro TOYOOKA, Yoshitaka MURONO
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 283-290
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    In this research, contributions of inertia and kinematic interactions to the dynamic behavior of an isolated structure are studied. Two layered soil conditions with different heights and shear velocities are prepared, kinematic interaction of that are regarded as negligible in the currend design standart. Also, a combined model representing the behaviors of free-field soil, piles and surrounding soil and upper structures is employed for numerical simulations. It is clarified through series of simulations that displacements of the free-field layered soils significantly affect the maximum moment distribution of the isolated structure, despite the inertial interaction is relatively small due to the isolation bearings. It consequently follows that effect of the kinematic interaction should be properly considered even under good soil conditions.
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  • Gaku SHOJI, Takuya SHIBUI
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 291-305
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    The mechanisms associated with the seismic response of a PC cable-stayed bridge subjected to a long-period ground motion are clarified by nonlinear seismic response analyses using the simulated long-period excitations in the anticipated Nankai earthquake. A maximum displacement of 0.794m occurs at the tower top, which causes the damage to the tower bottom and tension variation of ±7.8% to the initial tension in the cables. The large residual displacement of 0.058m occurs at the tower top due to the increase of curvature at the tower bottom subjected to the subsequent ground motion. The effectiveness of the installation of viscous dampers between a deck and cables to reduce the tower response, is revealed.
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  • Junichi SAKAI, Shigeki UNJOH
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 306-316
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    To ensure the structural safety against aftershocks and serviceability of bridges after an extreme earthquake, two rapid repair methods for a reinforced concrete bridge column are proposed. One method is based on carbon fiber sheet jacketing using quick-drying materials, and the other uses mechanical anchors for fiber band jacketing. Reinforced concrete bridge columns that suffered flexural damage at the bottom of the columns due to strong ground shaking were repaired by the proposed methods and a series of shake table tests was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods. The repair works were completed within 7 hours and 5.5 hours for the methods of quick-drying materials and mechanical anchors, respectively. The tests revealed that both the proposed methods can restore the seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns. Stable response and hysteresis of the repaired columns were observed during the shake table tests although the initial stiffness decreased by 50% due to seismic damage.
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  • Yukihide KAJITA, Hisanori OTSUKA, Kazuhiro SAKAGUCHI
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 317-324
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
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    The purpose of this paper is to grasp the seismic redundancy of a damaged steel truss bridge. We do the monotonically increasing live load analysis and the seismic response analysis for the damaged steel truss bridges to examine the effect of a difference of the damaged position and the damaged type of members on the safety of the bridge. From the results of the analyses, it is found that the safety of the model that the diagonal members of the vicinity of the support break becomes very small in the static analysis and the dynamic analysis. Furthermore, in the case that the small damage is spread widely, the seismic redundancy becomes small compared to the model that the two diagonal members broke.
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  • Kimitoshi SAKAI, Yoshitaka MURONO
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 325-332
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this study, relationship between characteristics of earthquake ground motions and asymmetry of structural response are discussed. First, the demand one-side yield seismic coefficient spectrum and the both sides spectrum are newly defined. Second, the ratios of both-sides spectrum to one-side spectrum are calculated by using many observed records. The asymmetry in displacements can be evaluated quantitatively by using spectrum ratio. Consequently, it is clarified that deformation of structures tend to become asymmetrical as natural periods become longer, or distance to the hypocenter is smaller. It is also found that dynamic behaviors of structures are independent from the types of the fault, such as inland active fault or inter plate.
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  • Lei Wang, Osamu KIYOMIYA, Tongxiang An
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 333-344
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Yunnan province is one of the populated areas in China where earthquakes have frequently happened especially in recent years, meanwhile a large number of highway bridges have been designed and constructed in Yunnan, whose seismic resistance design is implemented according to the <Specifications of Earthquake Resistant Design for Highway Engineering>(JTJ004-89). Since October 1st 2008 the <Guidelines for Seismic Design of Highway Bridge> (JTG/T B02-01-2008) has been released, that has radically revised the guiding concept and performance requirement for the bridge seismic design. Then what level the bridges that have been designed and constructed before the date line are at according to the revised specification, what level according to the current <Specification for Japanese Highway Bridges> that is considered more advanced in the world, and what are the differences between the Chinese specification and the Japanese one are studied. In this paper, a representative expressway bridge in Yunnan respectively according to the Chinese old, revised specifications and Japanese specification is analyzed. This calculation brings some helps to the construction of the highway bridge in Yunnan.
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  • Toshiyasu MIYOSHI, Makoto YOSHIDA, Souichi TASHIRO, Kazuya GOUDA, Osam ...
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 345-353
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this study a method of antiseismic reinforcement is proposed for sheet pile quay by use of ground anchors. It's validity is studied by shaking table test and 2D-FEM effective stress analysis. The observed value at Port-Island in 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake is applied to input earthquake motion for the test and the analysis. In the shaking table test , residual horizontal displacement of the reinforced quay is reduced by 20 to 30 percent compared to the one of unreinforced quay, and by comparison with the experimental result and the analytical result, seismic behavior of full-scale sheet pile quay can be explained.
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  • Kazuyuki NAGASAWA, Shuichi ORITA, Nobuaki OSHIMA, Norihide TOHYAMA, Ke ...
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 354-367
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This report describes the plan and results of vibration tests performed to confirm capacities of equipment base anchorage for dynamic loads like seismic loads. The following three kinds of vibration tests were carried out.
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  • Hanbin GE, Wataru FUJIE, Yasuhiro TSUMURA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 368-377
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present study aims at developing a practical evaluation method for the ductile crack initiation in steel bridge piers, which is the first step of brittle fracture. For this purpose a damage index based on the analysis using the shell element has been proposed by the authors. In this paper, as a practical application to seismic design of steel bridge piers, a damage index considering strain concentration is newly proposed for fiber analysis using the beam element. Comparisons between the prediction and experimental data showed that by applying the presented method, the ductile crack initiation can be accurately predicted.
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  • Koichi YUNOKI, Taiji MAZDA, Hiroshige UNO, Hirokazu MIYAMOTO
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 378-387
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Friction dampers with hysteretic damping are often used for the earthquake-proof reinforcement examination such as existing highway bridges, and are frequently modeled as displacement dependent type of hysteretic rule. On the other hand, real friction dampers often have hysteretic characteristics of velocity dependent type. In this paper, the effect to dynamic response of highway bridge considering two types of modeling for friction damper was discussed. Simple multi degree of freedom model was prepared for this dynamic response analysis. As a result, it is clearly understand the response might be greatly different according to the natural period gradation of girders, and it is shown some findings about the modeling of damper.
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  • Kotaro SAKURAI, Navaratnarajah SATHIPARAN, Kimiro MEGURO
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 388-392
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Unreinforced masonry structure, typical non-engineered structure, is one of the most popularly used constructions in the world. It is also unfortunately, the most vulnerable to the earthquakes. In this research we conducted a series of experiments to verify the suitability of PP-band (Polypropylene band) retrofitting for stone masonry. PP-band is commonly used for packing and it is available all over the world at very low price. To understand the basic property and the effect of PP-band retrofitting method, material tests consist of shear, tension, compression tests, and diagonal compression and out-of-plane tests were carried out using stone masonry wallette made of shapeless stones with and without retrofitting. Based on the experimental results, it was found that PP-band retrofitting improved the overall stability and ductility of the stone masonry structure.
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  • Satoshi KIRYU, Yoshitaka MURONO, Hitoshi MORIKAWA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 393-398
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We have developed the new seismic countermeasure for the under ground structure based on new concept. A polymer material whose stiffness is quite flexible is embedded both sides of the tunnel, which we call "polymer isolated method. " A nonlinear characteristics of the polymer material are different from those of a soil. We, therefore, examine how to model the nonlinear characteristics of the polymer material, in order to calculate the seismic performance of polymer-isolated underground structure by using dynamic analysis. In this study, the applicability of the constitutive model of the Hyperbolic model and the GHE model for modeling the polymer is examined. It becomes clear that the constitutive model, such as hyperboolic model and GHE model, can be used to analyze the polymer-isolated underground structure.
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  • Shinya WAKAKI, Yoshikazu TAKAHASHI, Sumio SAWADA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 399-405
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this study, the aggregate's and void's location, size and shape is determined as a constructive information of concrete from X-ray tomography. To extract aggregate and void data from the image, thresholding approach is generally adopted. However, in aggregate's process, since the power of X-ray is dropping during the penetration, the CT number should be compensated by a function related to the distance from the edge. For the noise reduction, a modified median filter is applied. In order to investgate the applicability of this process, the size of every aggregate and void is computed from 13 slice and 2D images. About aggregates, a virtual sieve analysis is conducted. Comparing with the real test, the virtual test tends to estimate the size to be smaller than the real test. About voids, a virtual air content test is conducted. Comparing with the real test, the virtual test tends to estimate the content to be smaller than the real test.
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  • Junichi SAKAI, Shigeki UNJOH
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 406-416
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To evaluate the applicability of fiber element analysis for bending-shear failure members, dynamic response analysis was conducted for a shake table test of a ful-scale reinforced concrete bridge column model that failed in shear at cutt-off point of longitudinal reinforcement. It was found from the analysis that the response displacement was predicted with sufficient accuracy by the fiber element analysis before failure because the flexural deformation was dominant. The response shear force was also predicted well by the analysis, and thus, the time of failure, failure mode were predicetd with sufficient accuracy.
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  • Shogo MATSUNAGA, Hisanori OTSUKA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 417-425
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The concern for the destruction of structures by seismic fault displacement has increased since 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi and Turkey Kocaeli earthquakes. Bridges in Japan has not been designed considering the fault displacements. In this paper two analyses are conducted for a RC arch bridge designed using the newest version of Japanese Highway Bridge Design Specification to clarify the seismic performance of the bridge. One is a parametric static analysis for various directions of fault displacements. According to this analysis seismic characteristics of the bridge for fault displacements are discussed. The other is dynamic analyses using acceleration time histories or displacement time histories including residual displacements. According to this analysis difference of response among static induced displacement analysis, dynamic analysis using acceleration or displacement time histories are compared, and the necessity of dynamic analysis using displacement time histories is discussed.
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  • Akira IGARASHI, Shinji MORIMOTO, Atsushi KAJI, Masaki HIGUCHI, Yukio A ...
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 426-433
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Uplifing Slide Shoe (UPSS) is proposed as one of the methods for upgrading the seismic performance of continuous span bridges. To clarify the impact loads inherently associated with the use of planes for slope sections of the UPSS and dynamic behavior, a series of shaking table tests were carried out. The result shows that the relationship of the impact loads and collision velocity is almost linearly proportional, the ratio of horizontal load / vertical load can be explained by the sliding action, and the use of UPSS is quite effective in reducing maximum displacement of the girder under sinusoidal excitation. Based on the results of the test, a simplified mechanical model is proposed to represent and to predict the dynamic responses and impact loads. The mechanical model successfully provides the dynamic behavior of UPSS under cyclic and seismic excitation.
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  • Tomohiro SASAKI, Kazuhiko KAWASHIMA
    2009 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 434-441
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A number of renforced concrete bridge columns with termination of longitudinal bars suffered significant damage during the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake. One of the main reasons why such extensive damage occurred is insufficient development of longitudinal bars at the cut-off points. In this paper, development length is evaluated based on the response data of C1-2 bridge column in the E-Defense shake table experiments. It is found from the result that the development length increases as the damage at the cut-off of longitudinal bars progresses. A model for the development length based on the strain of the longitudinal bar without cutoff at the termination zone is developed.
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