In analogy with the mathematical form of thermodynamic van't Hoff equation (lnK = －ΔH/RT +ΔS/R) for equilibrium systems, we proposed a similar relationship for thermally-accessible lattice strain of a certain copper(II) complex exhibiting anisotropic distortion. For this purpose we assumed that the degree of lattice strain plays a similar role to the equilibrium constant in the van't Hoff equation. We tested some predominant peaks of XRD patterns in the temperature range of 100 - 300 K. We found that the temperature dependence of the degree of the lattice strain was consistent with our assumption. Deviation from reasonable results was attributed to the treatment of isotropic d-values and characteristics requested by the crystal symmetry.

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DSC has played an important role in many fields. Since temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC) was developed 15 years ago, many researchers and engineers have published the papers with the advantage of TMDSC as an analytical tool. This paper introduces new 3 topics of application of DSC and TMDSC as follows; thermoporosimetry about the electrolytes membranes of polymer electrolyte fuel cell(PEFC), cooperative rearranging region(CRR) for unified understanding of the glass transition and rigid amorphous as the intermediate state between crystal and amorphous states. The bright prospects for the future will be expected in these topics.

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Historically thermodynamics was developed in order to describe the relation between heat and work, for example in steam engine. The traditional introduction to thermodynamics shows this traditional derivation. In metallurgy the application has been to relations between heat, temperature, pressure and chemical compositions. This field is often called metallurgical thermodynamics. Among the various, applicability of thermodynamics to extractive metallurgical processes, calculation methods combining stoichiometric relations with equilibrium constants and the availability of chemical potential diagrams are emphasized. For thermodynamically understanding of smelting processes, the phase equilibrium and distribution of minor elements among the metal, slag, and matte phases are reviewed.

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Thermodynamic properties of lysozyme in binary solutions of water + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were studied paying attention to the intrinsic viscosity, the partial specific volume, the activation free energy for viscous flow, and the thermal denaturation of lysozyme. The thermostability and cooperativity of lysozyme for thermal denaturation was decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing the molar fraction of DMSO (x₂). Lysozyme was stabilized (ΔΔG ＝－3 kJ mol ^－1) through the specific binding of DMSO at x₂ ＝ 0.05. In the range of x₂ ＝ 0.3 to 0.4, lysozyme was unfolded accompanied with increase in the intrinsic viscosity (Δ[η] ＝5.0 cm³ g ^－1), the partial specific volume (Δν^o ＝ 0.023 cm³ g ^－1), and the activation free energy for viscous flow ((ΔΔμ^ο*₃＝1.4 ×10³ kJ mol ^－1. It was considered that these changes were due to interfering water - lysozyme interaction through the strong water - DMSO interaction which was reflected in the maximum or minimum excess functions of the binary solution. The apparent partial specific volume of lysozyme was significantly dependent on the concentration of lysozyme and DMSO, indicating the preferential hydration or solvation to lysozyme. These results indicate that thermodynamic properties of protein in binary solutions together can sensitively reflect the conformational change of protein and the interaction with solvent.

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In this topic transition of the molecular conformation in ultrathin fibroin films induced by thermal treatment is explained. Bombyx mori silk fibroin was fixed on mica substrates by cast of aqueous fibroin solutions and the microscopic morphologies of the samples were revealed with the atomic force microscope. Optimizing the method to prepare the solution we successfully formed two dimensional thin films in which a network of fibroin molecules developed over the substrate. The film consisted of fibroin molecules in the random coil structure. After the thermal treatments, which are known to convert the secondary structure of fibroin from the random coil to the β-sheet type, the network morphology disappeared and characteristic island-like morphologies appeared. Tendency of formation of β-sheet crystals was confirmed by the fact that the fibroin solution temporally evolved the gel state. Based on these results it was concluded that the islands consist of β-sheet crystals. Of particular interest is the observation that all of the islands had a common thickness value of 1.3 nm. In an overview of related research mica-protein interactions frequently result in characteristic morphology or self-organized patterns of protein aggregates. Such specific interactions between the mica substrates and the fibroin are suggested in the present study.

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