The purpose of this study was to develop evaluation standard values and cross-sectional developmental reference curves for the measurement values of center of pressure among Japanese children. The subjects were 1532 healthy Japanese children (boys, n=769; girls, n=763) living in Osaka and Hyogo prefectures aged between 4 and 11 years old. The measurement values of center of pressure were used to calculate total locus length (LNG) and environment area (Env. Area) measured while children stood closed foot for 30 seconds under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions using Gravicorder GS-7 (ANIMA Co Ltd). The results indicated there were no significant differences in the measurement values of LNG and Env. Area under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions in boys from the age of 9 and older, and in girls from the age of 8 and older. Three-step evaluation standard values for center of pressure (LNG and Env. Area) for boys and girls under eyes-opened and eyes-closed conditions were created from the result of percentile values of center of pressure. Cross-sectional developmental reference curves for boys and girls were created from logarithmic functions from percentile values of center of pressure as the development variable and ages as the independent variable. Therefore, we suggest that three-step evaluation standard values and crosssectional developmental reference curves for center of pressure both boys and girls under eyes-opened and eyes-closed conditions can be assessed by an individual’s static balance ability, and also by groups who belong to schools and sports clubs.

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口腔は外気にたえず曝露されていることから，細菌やウイルスなどの病原微生物が侵入しやすく，第一線の防御機構として唾液免疫成分の働きが重要となる．特に上気道感染症の予防において重要な役割を担っているのがHuman-β-defensin-2 (HBD-2)であり，気道上皮細胞や唾液腺から分泌され抗菌活動に貢献している．我々はこれまで一過性または慢性的な運動ストレスに伴い抗菌性ペプチド群の発現が抑制され，上気道感染症に罹患しやすくなることを報告してき た．そこで今回は中等度強度の運動トレーニングの実践が口腔内局所免疫機能に及ぼす影響を検討した．唾液HBD-2は 35.9±7.4から60.4±8.7 pg/mLと有意に増加し，虫歯菌に対する菌抑制効果は介入後に有意に高まった．１年間の中等度強度での運動トレーニングの実践は安静時の唾液HBD-2濃度を高め，さらに虫歯菌抑制効果が有意に高まることが示唆された．

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In our previous study, we found that FetCO2 (PaCO2) increased during kendo with vocalization. Cerebral blood flow may increase during kendo exercises because PaCO2 has cerebral vasodilator effects. In this study, we measured the blood flow of the common carotid artery during intermittent bicycle ergometer exercise with vocalization as a basic study to elucidate the physiological characteristics of kendo. As a result, at the 80% V・O2peak with vocalization (same load as “kakari-keiko”), we observed a significant increase in FetCO2 (P = 0.022) and blood flow in the common carotid artery (P = 0.040). At the 60%V・O2peak with vocalization (same load as “kirikaeshi”), there was no significant increase in FetCO2; however, we observed a significant increase in blood flow in the common carotid artery (P = 0.035). In addition, in an ultrasonic image of the common jugular vein during exercise with vocalization, we observed the over-swelling of an internal jugular vein with partial blood regurgitation. This indicated that blood flow was temporarily stagnant. These results suggest that the increase in common carotid arteryblood flow was induced during exercise with vocalization. The increase in FetCO2 caused by vocalization, however, was not considered to be the main factor. One of the factors causing the increased common carotid artery blood flow was revealed to be related to an increasing-canceling of intrathoracic pressure due to vocalization-no-vocalization.

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　The aim of this study was to elucidate the thoughts of nurses working at hospitals about the therapies for elderly patients who were admitted because were likely to die due to senility. To this end, a questionnaire survey was administered to 97nurses working at three hospitals, who had participated in a workshop, and 49 valid responses were obtained. As a result, the following four categories were extracted: “supporting death with dignity,” “decision support in a non-uniform end-of-life care,” “practice of care according to the intentions of a patient and his/her family,” and　“conflict over the selection of a remedy, without performing any therapy.” Nurses wanted to support a death with dignity and a natural death due to senility. However, there were problems that nurses could not control, such as the level of therapy, and the directions for end-of-life care under the conditions of senility were uncertain. Therefore, it was considered necessary to examine end-of-life care strategies for elderly patients.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the factors that influence female students’ aversion to exercise, sports, and physical education classes during the growth and developmental period. The participants of this study were 444 female students, ranging from first graders in elementary school to third graders in junior high school. In order to understand what causes girls to develop a dislike for exercise, sports, and physical education classes, a 27-item questionnaire on physical, physical education, friends, values and interests was created. The survey data were analyzed to determine the transversal psychological changes associated with growth in female students. The analysis revealed that the aversion to exercise, sports, and physical education classes increased with age. In particular, aversion increased during the junior high school period, suggesting that disgust is associated with factors related to physical education classes and physical load. This suggests the importance of teaching in line with the stage of physical and psychological development for female students whose disgust increases with age.

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