I Crisis of legal legitimacy
II Structual problem of legal system
III General, fundamental, policy law
IV Local, national, international law
V "Rechtsdogmatik", legislation and law policy

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Now so-called 'social history' is becoming one of the most favourite styles of research among the Japanese historians. In this country, modern historical research began as political and constitutional hitory, but a little bit later, social and cultural history was also introduced. Broadly speaking, the 'social history' which is now in boom, can be seen as a part of this rather old social and cultural history. And in my opinion, it should be defined as 'history of social life'. This type of research aims mainly to clarify the historical process of modernization of our society (or civilization). For this purpose, it is essential for the 'social historians' to co-operate with sociologists, particularly those specializing in the sociology of law. As for the study in the 'laws' of Medieval Japan, such a kind of co-operation seems to be highly desirable, especially for such themes as the nature of Laws for the Warriors' Society (_??__??__??_), problems of status-system, Laws Concerning with Temples (_??__??__??_) and so on.

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It is usually thought that the sociology of law concerning the concept of rights is completed by ascertaining any observable facts corresponding to that concept. But it is not possible, because there are no facts which can be denoted by rights, and also because rights cannot be the object of connotation. It is only the word "right" which exists.
But the word right is very important because its function is to arouse on our minds a pattern of behavior to be performed when we see or hear, for example, the sentence, "X has ownership", sometimes functioning permissively and sometimes prohibitively. This pattern of behavior is the consequential ideas to be attached to that sentence. We usually behave in conformity with these consequential ideas, as subjective matter.
The sociology of law concerning rights is embodied in the two following ways: (1) When and why these consequential ideas, as subjective imagination, happen to fail to occur in the mind of someone, although they do occur in the minds of most people. This is a question regarding what factors exist between the word right and the mental fact as the consequential ideas which are aroused in our mind; (2) When and why the very appearace of these consequsential ideas does not lead to realization of the actual behavior in conformity with the pattern of behavior corresponding to those ideas. Thus, we have the question of what factors exist between the consequential ideas and actual behavior.

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Comme un des civilistes japonais, qui ont en toujours beaucoup d'intérêts à la sociologie juridique et parmi lesquelles se trouuent pas mal qui ont contriluié à son developpement an Japon.-dont j'ai explique dans mon rappart en japonais-, j'ai beancoup de chores à espérer d'elle. Cependamt, je voudrais seulement indiquer mes collègues jurirtes-sociologues japonnis deux objets de reches et porer trois questions concernant la méthode de la sociolohie juridiquo.
(1) Objets de la recherches
(a) Critique d'iddologier quise trouvent derrière les principes et les théorie do droit. Cela ne veut pas dire que les principes et théaries sont rédnites simplement à la relation sociale et économique, à liinfrastructure. Je vondrais senlement savin quolqu'uner des causes sociologiques de la formation, par exemple du principe du "volontarisme" on de l'école dite "droit et économie"', Ils sont des objets importants de la sociologie juridique qui n'ont pas bien étvdiés par les juristes-sociologues non-pmarxistes an Japon.
(b) Recherches du "droit vivant (le bendes Recht)" an Japon. Après la croissance économique du Japon depuis 1960, les juristes-sociologues, à quelques exceptions, n'ont pas en telkment d'intérêt au droit uivant dans la société japonaise qui, malgré tant, exirte toujours. En connencer rocherches me semble êtro mgent.
(2) Quelques problèmes méthodologiques
(a) D'aprèr l'opinion de queques juristes-sociologues an Japon, la recherche socio-historique des institutions juridiques n'ert par la recherche sociologigue dams le sens stnicte du mot, Ert-ce que c'ert wrai?
(b) Est-ce que l'appnoche du droit des juristes-sociologues son sens le point de une "externe" distingué du point de une "interne", en utilisunt des tesmes du Hant et Grzegarczyk? Si la réponse est oui, quelques problèmes, par lxemple la farce obligatoire du droit, semble être en dehors des champ de recherche de la sociologie juridique.
(c) En gènèral, ert-ce qu'il n'est pas juste d'espérer de la sociologie juridique des répanses aux quelques pnobliemes fordamentaux du droit, par exemple, la conscience de la légitimité du droit subjectif an le proies de l'argumentation juridique. Ert-ce qu'on doit attendre la psychologie juridique d'en poursuiure les recherches?

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This article deads with the relation between the criminal law science and the sociology of law by following the situations in the historical stages of transformation after the War.
Before 1960's the genearal tendancy of criminal law science was of a dogmatic character with little attention to the social problems, whereas then after it has changed to the more practical character to meet with the growing number of modern type of offences. The criminal law reform movement also gave an impact to make the theory more socially-oriented.
Now the criminal law science, although with some reservations, has a hopeful possibility to get a good contact with the sociology of law. Much more contact will be nacessary to make with the other fields of law (civil and administrative).

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En répondant à la critique que le jus-sociologue Yozo WATANABE avait posée aux constitutionnalistes dans son rapport présenté en 1972 lors du congrèes de Zenkoku-kenpôo-kenkyûkai, l'auteur essaie de définir la portée de la "conception individualiste de la Constitution" dont le Professeur WATANABE avait plutôt signalé le rôle négatif voici 16 ans.

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One of the biggest expectations is to make reserch and analyze what "civil disputes" or "conflicting activities" are.
Additional to this, if every activity of the individuals involving in the disputes inside or outside the court procedure could be made the clearer, the better system settling the disputes would be developed.
From the wider view-points, I expect the several significant suggestions on the present situations of the jurisprudence and legal educations. At the same time, it would be useful when adequate critics could be given against the proper logics and model activities of the legal professions.

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We went to Vietnam in April 1987 and stayed two weeks. We had interviews with many Vietnamese lawyers on the problems of the present situation of Vietnamese law.
We visited the Ministry of Justice, the Supreme Court, the Bar Association, and a prison. We were admitted to the Court, and attended two criminal cases at the Hanoi City Court. Many reforms have been made in the field of law under the slogan "Innovation (Doi Moi)" since the 6th Congress of Vietnamese Communist Party in 1986.

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This article summarizes what the author presented in the annual conference of Japanese Sociology of Law Association held in Kobe, 1988. Admitting the potential contribution of "Social Movement Approach" to the empirical research of new rights, the author stresses the basic understanding of the subject as uppermost prerequisite for designing meaningful researches. The following points are discussed: What are the main phases of social movement? What is the difference of two types of social movement claiming a new right? What frame of reference can we rely on when we get a holistic view of the phenomena?

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This paper points out that there was a deep-seated tendency to give special weight to rights recognized by the State at the three year long discussion in the symposium: The Rise and Development of Legal Rights.
Then, we insist that the concept of rights in the sociology of law should include not only visible rights (recognized by the State) but also invisible rights (recognized in the everyday world).
Making researches on rights in the everyday world, we learn many things from Hart and Hayek. Especially the conceptions of "practice" and "convention" are highly important.
The paper concludes that the sociology of law should start out to clear the invisible system of the everyday world.

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The Special Measures Law Concerning the Handling of Legal Business by Foreign Lawyers has been in effect since April 1, 1987. Under the new law 31 foreign attorneys, as of Apr. 30, 1988, are given registration by Nichibenren.
The author has been conducting a survey on the new system. In this paper the author tries to identify several indications of its impact upon such aspects as Tokyo international legal market, the transnationalization of law and legal systems, etc. The paper concludes with an observation that the introduction of the new system is an event which symbolizes the changing role of lawyers in Japanesesociety.

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In 1985, two farmers in Ohgata Village, Akita Prefecture were sent to the procecutor's office for the violation of the Food Control Law. They sold 1, 800 tons of rice, neglecting the procedure stipulated in the law. Though the case was dropped in 1988, the problem on the law remains. The writer considers the problem from the viewpoint of 'law and society' as follows.
(1) Introduction: Ohgata Village Case and the Food Control Law.
(2) The Shortage of Food and the Food Control Law.
(3) The Overproduction of Rice and the Food Control System.
(4) The Problem of Food and Environment and the Food Control Law.
Finally the writer insists that new law should be enacted from the standoint of protecting irrigated rice fields and environment.

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It is very important that retarded individuals are independant in their working life. Then for the employment securitiy and the working stability of them, the Sate must take steps not only to ensure their employment but also to provide the services for vocational preparation. So, this article discusses about legal measure to be taken by the Government for the retarded. In particular I treats the problems on the rights of retardedpersons and the unification of several systems.

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This article describes both the legal response to child abuse in the United States and the present problems that face the U.S. system.
In child abuse cases more than 80% of abusers are reportad to be the natural parents of the abused children. So, the law should balance the need to protect the child against the need to protect the family relationship. This article focuses on how the system has addressed this problem.

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This paper explores how patrol officers do their routine activities under changing organizational conditions of the Tokyo police since the late 1960's, which have led to the specialization and bureaucratization of the patrol police with increasing emphasis on efficiency and the enhancement of internal competition among patrol officers.
Althohgh the National Police Agency have defined residential survey and patrol as the main tasks of the patrol police, patrolmen spend most of their time for conducting field interrogotion and handling incidents at police-boxes, while "residential survey specialists" have taken over a significant part of the residential survey from patrolmen. Patrolmen conduct field interrogation eagerly to catch criminal suspects, as an arrest through field interrogation has been given a highest achievement point. In contrast, patrol officers do not perform ordermaintenance function well. Order-maintenance activities are those which have not been considered seriously under the achievement evaluation system.
The strong emphasis on law enforcement function is a characteristic of patrol police activities in downtown Tokyo. This fits institutional conditions of the police which have emerged through the organizational changes since the late 1960's.

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This theme is the product of combined efforts of economists, jurists and political scientists, which have studied the paradigm change of social sciences named "total liquidation of postwar social sciences" since the year before last, in connection with the developmental process of the postwar capitalism in Japan.
On this essay, according to the newest recognition of the present economic condition showed by Marxist political economics, this writer analyzes the transition of the term "law" on sociology of law, as the structural ideology produced by modern capitalism from the postwar reform, through the economic high groth, to the end of the growth.

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Die Frage nach der Grundstruktur des Rechts in der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft als modernes Recht ist das wichtige Thema für unsere Rechtstheorie. Dieses Thema wird im Zusammenhang der Theorien von Hegel, Marx, Gramsci und K. Hirata erforscht und rekonstruiert. Besonders handelt es sich um den Gesichtspunkt, der als das Schema von "die bürgerliche Gesellschaft und der Staat" gezeigt wird. Durch dieses Schema wird es möglich, den Struktur unserer Rechtsordnung in der kapitalistisch-bürgerliche Gesellschaft zu analysieren.
Die Erörterung der Theorie des Rechts in der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft verfolgt vor allem den Zweck, eine Klärung unsere Theorie als Kritik der Rechtswissenschaft herbeizuführen. Nämlich gibt es unsere Rechtstheorie als "Thorie-Praxis-Verhältnis". Daher muß der Ansatz einer Kritik als Rechtstheorie und Anleitung zur Rechtsordnungsveränderung nicht unentwickelt geblieben.

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