The role of molds as asthmogenic allergen was studied.
The results obtained were as follows :
1) Most of the molds isolated from house dust were species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Alternaria. Their incidences in house dust were 39.5% againt Penicillium, 30.6% against Aspergillus, 23.4% against Cladosporium and 6.5% against Alternaria.
2) The fractionation of molds extracts by Sephadex G-200 revealed three fractions. Each fraction contained polysaccharide and protein or polypeptide components. Individual variations were observed among the patients with asthma in their skin reactivity to the three fractions, but, in general, the first fraction of high molecular size showed the greater skin reactivity in all of three types of skin reactions.
3) The testing of the rabbit antisera against Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria and house dust showed evidence of the presence of cross antigenicity among them.
4) In the patients with combined type of skin reactions (immediate and Arthus type or immediate, Arthus and delayed type), as compared with the patients with immediate type alone, the asthma showed a tendency to become severe.
5) There was found no significant difference of serum antibodies (precipitating or hemagglutinating) to the four molds betweed the patients and control subjects.
6) In Immunof luorescent technique, the specific staining was observed only in the cytoplasma of polymorphonuclear cells. The significantly higher incidence of positive reaction was observed in the patient than in controls : 41.2 to 43.7% in the patients and 15% in controls.
However, there was no clear correlation between the immunofluorescent reaction and the skin reaction or the degree of severity of asthma, respectively.

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The effects of hypotension induced by Halothane inhalation, on carbohydrate metabolism, acidbase balance and hemodynamics particulary regional blood flow of kidney utilizing radioactive isotope ¹³¹I-MAA and thermocouple, were studied.
Experiments were carried out on 30 mongrel dogs and were divided into 3 groups; control group (C), mild hypotension group (M) —mean blood pressure more than 50 mmHg, —and severe hypotension group (S) —mean blood pressure less than 50 mmHg—.
Thirty minutes after inhalation of halothane, cardiac out put decreased by 36.5% and 42.5% of control volume in group M and group S respectively.
Renal blood flow fraction was 19.69% of cardiac out put in group C, 11.02% in group M, and 9.03% in group S. The ratio of cortex/medulla flow showed 98.63% : 1.37%, in group S, which indicated blood flow shifted to the cortex according to B.P. fall. Thermocouple also indicated that cortical flow decreased by 23.4% in group M and 41.8% in group S.
Urine was collected as much as 0.58 ml/m before anesthesia but thereafter it became quite anuric.
Total peripheral vascular resistance showed 6604 dyn ·sec·cm^-5 in group C. 5733 in group M and 4148 in group S, but renal vascular resistance increased remarkedly after halothane inhalation.
Osmolarity and electrolytes of the arterial, central venous and renal blood showed no significant changes before and after B.P. fall.
Blood pH decreased, PO₂ decreased a little, PCO₂ had no remarked changes. Base-excess became more negative which suggested tendency to metabolic acidosis.
Arterial-venous and arterial-renal venous pressure difference of oxygen (a-vDo₂), a-v_RDO₂ showed no remarked changes. Venous and renal oxygen consumption diminished to less than 50% of control level.
Lactate in arterial venous and renal venous blood increased markedly.

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The study was done upon the relationship between E.E.G. and carotid blood flow in the patients with dumping syndrome. And the results were as follows:
1. On dumping syndrome, the amplitude of α-wave of E.E.G. enlarged and the peak was found 15 miuntes after oral administration of 150 ml of 50 % glucose solution, but in the contral petients the E.E.G. anplitude was not changed.
2. The amplitude of α-wave increased by hyperventilation in dumper but there was no change in control group.
3. By the photic stimulation, the α-wave amplitude was not altered in dumper but no change was found in control.
4. By the sonic stimulation, the α-wave amplitude slightly decreased but in control it was largely decreased.
5. In dumping patients, every symptoms was happened at the same time of α-wave amplitude variation.
6. The change of α-wave amplitude was not related to the level of blood sugar.
7. The deterioration of base excess was found in dumping syndrome. This was caused by the alteration of the blood flow.
8. Blood flow in carotid artery decreased about 35% after the administration of glucose to canine jejunum. But it was not showed after saline administration only. Blood flow of femoral artery did not changed after glucose administration.
9. The relationship between the changes of cerebral blood flow and 5-HT level in: serum was not observed.
10. It was found that the change of α-wave was closely conuected with the carotid blood flow.

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Many studies on the keratinous substance of the hair and hair follicle have been reported so far, using electron microscope, X-ray diffraction or histochemical and biochemical assey. However there remain the problem that the components of what part of the structure were analyzed, because the hair and hair follicle are the organ composed of complicated structure.
The auther carried out the study in order to clarify the problem. After treating the hair with several solvents usully used in the process of biochemical analysis, the effect of the solvents on the fine structure of the hair were observed by electronmicroscope. The solvents used were Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elase, Neuzym, Urea (8%) and KOH.
For electron microscopic study, the materials were fixed in 1% OSO₄ solution (Ph 7.2), embedded in Epon 812. The ultrathinn sections were stained with uranium acetate and lead, and observed by JEM-7 electronmicroscope.
The structure observed were the hair cortex which is composed of ‘keratin-pattern’ and the hair cuticle which is composed of 2 layers, i.e. electron-dense outer layer and electron-opaque inner layer.
The results obtained were as follows :
1) As to the“keratin-pattern”structure of the hair cortex, the matrix was easily dissolved by each of the six solvents, however the filaments (microfibrils) were relativelydifficult to be dissolved. Cell membrane, interfibrillar material and intercellular δ-component were more difficult to be dissolved.
2) By Elase, the filaments in the keratin-pattern were dissolved into the microfilaments of 10 to 30Å in diameter, which were thought to be the subunit of the filament, i.e. protofibril.
3) The inner layer of the hair-cuticle showed a great change by Trypsion and Chymotrypsin, and the outer layer by the other four solvents. Therefor, judging from their reaction to the solvents, it is difficult to be determine that the matrix of the keratin-pattern was composed of the same amorphous substances as the outer layer of the hair-cuticule.
4) The filaments of keratin-pattern were dissolved by 2% KOH, prior to the matrix. In the hair cuticule, the central zone of low density of 50 to 70 Å in width was observed in δ-component and it was suggested that the structure might has three layered structures.
5) Lysozym dissolved the keratin-pattern structure and damaged greatly the outer layer of the hair cuticule. This is the similar pattern of the damage that was caused by Peracetic acid, an oxidizer.
As summary, it was proved that each of the six solvents showed the peculier pattern of dissolution to each component of the hair cortex and cuticule and the possibility dissolving and extracting selectively each component of the keratinous structure.
The results above mentioned strongly suggested that, if the solvents were properly combined and then the extracts were analyzed, this methodes would become an effective means for clarifying the components of the keratinous substance of the hair.

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MAO (monoamine oxidase) has been found in many organs in animals and known as an enzyme which deaminate monoamines oxidatively such as adrenaline and serotonin. MAO catalyzes stoichiometrically the oxidation of monoamines with consumption of one mole of O₂ and produced one mole of aldehyde, NH₃ and H₂O₂. However, in case of the presence of catalase in enzyme preparation, H₂O₂ is converted to one mole of H2O and half mole of O₂. In case of MAO activity is assayed by oxygen consumption, catalase may play some influence on the reaction system of MAO.
Effect of KCN and NaN₃ which are known as the inhibitors of catalase on oxygen consumption in the reaction system of MAO are studied using mitochondrial MAO and soluble MAO from beef liver as enzyme preparations.
Following results were obtained :
1. When mitochondrial MAO was used as an enzyme preparation, the amount of oxygen consumption in the reaction system of MAO was more than the stoichiometrio consumption.
2. In case of soluble MAO was used as an enzyme preparation, MAO catalyzed the oxidation with the consumption of half mole of O₂ which is same as the case of the presence of catalase in the reaction system of MAO.
3. KCN and NaN₃ showed marked inhibition of catalase activity at the concentration from 1 × 10^-1 M to 1 × 10^-4 M in case of the initial reaction was measured by an oxygen electrode. Consequently, NaN₃ activated MAO activity and showed increase of oxygen consumption in the reaction system of MAO. These effects were not observed in case of manometric assay. In case of MAO assay with an oxygen electrode, MAO activity was increased at the concentration of 1 × 10^-2 M KCN, but was decreased at the other concentrations of KCN. However, the oxygen consumption in the reaction system of MAO was decreased at all concentration of KCN tested in case of manometric assay.
4. When tyramine was used as substrate, the oxygen consumption in the reaction system of MAO was increased with the addition of NH₃ in manometric assay.
From the experimental results obtained in this paper, it is considered that the increase of oxygen consumption than stochiometric amount in case of mitochondrial preparation was used, was mainly due to the presence of the other oxidative enzymes such as cytochrome oxidase and peroxidase etc.
The products in the reaction system of MAO such as aldehyde, NH₃ and H₂O₂ showed marked influences to the oxygen consumption in reaction system of MAO.

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Fluoroscopic morphological studies were conducted on the pelvises of 2045 cephalic presentations and 172 breech presentations after the 39 th week in pregnancy.
From the results of comparative evaluations on the morphology of pelvis including breech and cephalic presentations, it was found out that posterior pelvic lumen was more frequently smaller in both absolute and comparative senses in the cases of breech presentation than in those of cephalic presentation. The small lumen of pelvis cannot therefore be excluded from the etiological factors of breech presentations.

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The variegated characters of the tissue mast cells have been made plain by the studies on histopathology, biochemistry and pharmacology. It has been said that the tissue mast cells play a role in chronic inflammatory disease and they decrease or disappear temporarily in acute inflammatory disease.
Many reports on the behaviour of the tissue mast cells in various disorders have been presented.
The author studied the tissue mast cells in the mammary glands and lymph nodes from 1964 to 1967, at the Department of Surgery, Showa University Hospital. The results obtainde were as follows :
1. The number of tissue mast cells in the apparently normal mammary glands was very large in interlobular connectiue tissues as compared with intralobular connective tissues.
2. In cases of mastopathy, the same relationship was observed.
3. In the fibroadenoma cases, the number of tissue mast cells had distinctly decreased.
4. In cases of breast cancer, there was a great decrease of the tissue mast cells in the cancerous region, but the tissue mast cells were apt to increase around the cancerous lesion.
5. In the lymph nodes with metastasis of breast cancer, there was a consistent decrease of the tissue mast cells in the metastatic lesion and there was an increase around the metastatic lesion.
In the non-metastatic lymph nodes, the tissue mast cells showed a clear increase in comparison with normal lymph nodes.
6. The distinct results on the defence capacity of the tissue mast cells against the malignant tumor were not obtained. Further investigation into this problom is needed.

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In order to study the influence of cadmium on chicken embryos, cadmium-administered chick embryos were studied macroscopically, histologically, and roentogenologically. Cadmium chloride and sulphate varying from 0.001 milligram to 0.05 milligram resolved in 0.05 milliliter of distilled saline were adoministered into embryos on the fifth day of incubation.
The results were summarized as follows.
1. The death rate and impaired growth of cadmium-adoministered chick embryos were found in high degree. As the concentration of cadmium was higher, so the rate of death and growth disturbance were increased. Cadmium chloride had severer effect than cadmium sulphate.
2. Cadmium had the teratogenic effects in a broad sense. The main malformations were growth disturbance, tendency of edema, ectopia viscerum and parrot beaks. Nine out of 22 chickens could not stand up due to muscular spasm of lower extremities. These cases were more found in cadomium sulphate administered chickens.
3. Increase of calcium and decrease of phosphate were recognized in the serum of cadmium-administered chickens. The value of p/ca was about one half of controls. This was more prminent in cadomium chloride-administered group.
4. Cadmium was found to be evenly distributed throughout the body by isotope of cadmium-115 m and histological cadmium staining. The specific precipitation of cadmium to bones was not clearly discernible.
5. In the femur and tibii of cadmium-administered chickens subperiosteal ossification, development of columnar zone, zone of preliminary calcification of trabeculase and formation of bone marrow spaces were late. Cellular distribution in bone marrow spaces was scanty and development of mesodermal hematopoietic cells was not good. Calcium deposition and the degree of the activity of glycogen were faint. The infiltrations of lymphoid cells was marked in the liver of cadmium-administered chickens as compared with controls, presumably due to increased extramedullary hematopoiesis. The number of nephrons was decreased in number. Irregular arrangement and vacuolar degeneration of epithelia were noticed in the distal convoluted tubules.
6. From the above-mentioned results it may be well said that the disturbance of bone development is not due to the direct influence of cadmium to bones, but is related to the general calcium and phosphate metabolism.
7. The toxicity of cadmium seems to depend upon the doses which were ingested and concentrated in chick embryos. And as the difference between the effect of cadmium chloride and cadmium sulphate were observed in this experimental study, the mechanisms among organic and inorganic forms of cadmium found in the natural world are supposed to be different.

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Many reports have been complained about the difficulty of purification of Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) because of its tight biuding with mitochondria. In process for purification of mitochondrial MAO, solubilization of enzyme has been to proceed before its extraction, and many detergents such as sodium cholate have been used for its purpose.
In present paper, effects of sodium cholate which was used for the solubilization of enzyme as a detergent in our laboratory, were studied on isolated rat liver mitochondria using electron microscope and on the relationship between MAO activity and its solubilization.
Following results were obtained:
1) At concentrations of less than 1 × 10^-3 M, sodium cholate showed no effect on MAO activity. At concentrations of 3 × 10^-3 M and 1 × 10^-2 of sodium cholate, MAO activities were about 93% and 83% of the control activity, respectively. At concentrations of 3 × 10^-2 M and 5 × 10^-2 M, MAO activities were about 23% and 7% of the control activity, respectively.
2) Thirty minutes after addition of sodium cholate to mitochondrial preparation at 0°C, the mixtures were centrifuged at 8, 500 × g for 20 minutes. When 1 × 10^-3 M and 1 × 10^-4 M of sodium cholate were added, 3-6% of total MAO activity was found in supernatant fraction. At a concentration of 1 × 10^-2 M of sodium cholate, about 30% of total MAO activity was found in supernatant fraction.
3) Thirty minutes after addition of sodium cholate to the mitochondrial preparation at 0°C, the mixtures were centrifuged at 8, 500 × g for 20 minutes. The precipitate was fixed with OsO₄ and its morphological changes were observed using electron microscope. In the control, orthodox conformation form in 2/3 out of total number of mitochondria, and swollen one in 1/3 were observed. The condenced conformation form of mitochondria were observed seldomly. At a concentration of 1 × 10^-4 M of sodium cholate, the spaces between outer and inner membranes were widely spreaded, and lack of matrix and its uniformity were observed. Electron densities of matrix and cristae were shown almost similar to the control. At a concentration of 1 × 10^-3 M, irreguler shaped and swollen mitochondria were observed. Lack of cristae and decrease of electron density in matrix were observed in about a half of mitochondria. At a concentration of 1 × 10^-2 M, various irregular-shaped membranes were observed in outer and inner membrane. The membranes were clearly splitted and the spaces between outer and inner membranes became to 3-5 times of the control. Matrix was disappeared and ghosts of mitochondria were observed in most of mitochondria.
To make clear the relationships between the disappearance of matrix, swelling of cristae and shift of MAO activity from mitochondria to soluble fraction, further study is needed.

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A 77-years old woman was admitted to our hospital with chief complaint of fatigue, and was diagnosed early cancer of the gallbladder. Eighteen months after, she died with low cardiac out put and was diagnosed cancer of the gallbladder with gallstone and empyem by autopsy.
Patients with early cancer or progressive cancer of the gallbladder schould be treated by cholecystectomy, but a mumber of questions remain to be answered with respect to these diseases.

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