Municipal Solid Waste Management System (MSWMS) of Jalalabad city, Afghanistan was assessed in order to investigate its weakness and develop a new system based on the outcomes of the assessment. The results revealed an 81% dissatisfaction of people with regards to lack of proper waste management planning and infrastructure. Waste storage, collection and treatment and final disposal were found to be the weak links in the system. The city generates 200 ton waste per day with a generation rate of 0.37Kg/capita/day. A total of 211 collection points were estimated to be necessary assuming 100% service coverage in the entire city. Collection routes were optimized using Network Analyst tool in ArcGIS. Cost of collection per ton of waste was analyzed and estimated using two scenarios: Baseline scenario-vehicle’s travel time and loading/unloading time was considered (2.9USD/ton) and congestion scenario- in addition to vehicle’s travel time, idling time was also considered (3.3USD/ton). Sanitary landfill operation lifetime was calculated for 11 years (period: 2017-2027) for which a cumulative 7.7 hectares was estimated to be necessary. Cost of waste disposal required was estimated as 5.7USD/ton. Hence, the modeled system’s cumulative cost was calculated as 9USD/ton, which is 34% less than the current cost

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 Waste biomass recycling has been one of the urgent environmental issues. The recycling plants such as combustible waste incineration and excreta treatment facility are built in some cities, but biomass wastes such as food waste and raw sludge are still underutilized. In this research, we survey the collection of biomass waste material and set 5 model cases applying methane fermentation facility. Their feasibilities are analyzed through a method concludes both environmental load evaluation and economic evaluation perspectives. As a case study, we select Aizuwakamatsu city that located in Fukushima prefecture, Japan. And conduct investigations in terms of venous facilities disposing waste and centralized treatments. The results of Aizuwakamatsu city study are concluded as following: 1) it is hard to conduct models with excreta and remaining sludge raw materials because of aging equipment; 2)it is necessary to guarantee the raw material collections; 3) it is necessary to improve households' motivations for separated recycling.

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This study focused on the household solid waste characteristics and recycling behavior modeling. The authors surveyed 150 households in 6 urban districts of Da Nang city, Vietnam. Three surveys were carried out by household; a questionnaire survey, a measurement survey, and a composition survey. The questionnaire included attribute, participation in recyclables/leftover food separation, environmental attitude. The waste amount was separately measured by 66 categories daily for 10 days.
The average of HSW generation rate was 231.5 g/cap/day. Compostable waste accounted for 73.0% of total, and recyclable accounted for 13.8% of total. The participation rates of leftover and recyclable separation were 77.3% and 84.1%, respectively. Plastic bottle and Metal can were two popular items with higher recycling rates (72.5% and 63.8%, respectively). The leftover food was recovered mainly by pig farmer (64.1%). Leftover food collection by pig farmer was more popular in suburb districts. For the purpose of recyclable separation, citizens gave recyclables to junk-buyers or waste collection workers for free (53.6%). The structural models for leftover food separation and recyclable separation were developed to clarify the positive and negative factors. From the obtained results, some suggestions were given in order to improve the participation rate on recycling.

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This study presents a comparison of solid waste generation (SWG) from all types of hotels in Hoi An ancient city (HAC), Vietnam. Solid waste from 120 hotels was sampled by random method, described and compared by statistical methods. The result shows that the average SWG rate of the hotel industry in HAC is 2.28 kg.guest-1.day-1 and the mean of SWG rates are statistically significantly different between 5 types of hotels. Particularly, high-scale hotels have the highest SWG rate with 6.29 kg.tourist-1.day-1, while the mid-size hotels and villas generated daily on average 2.69 and 1.34 kg.tourist-1, respectively. However, there are not statistically detectable difference of means of SWG rate from a fair of homestays (0.88 kg.guest-1.day-1) and low-size hotels (0.74 kg.guest-1.day-1).

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In korea, the municipal waste collection and transportation service can be divided into direct operation in which the local governments directly organize and operate, and consignment operation in which the private enterprise carries out the corresponding duties. Direct management is paying the costs of collecting and transporting directly by each municipality, but in the case of commissioning, a slightly different calculation is used than the direct management mentioned above.

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Representative statistical data related to waste in Korea include 'Status of National Waste Generation and Disposal', which is implemented every year, and 'National Waste Statistics Survey,' which is implemented every five years.The 'Status of National Waste Generation and Disposal' is a statistical report in which the occurrence and treatment status of municipal waste and workplace waste are investigated and reported for each administrative area, and 'National Waste Statistics Survey' is a survey data on the items such as the amount of waste received, waste source by type of house and workplace, characteristics / composition of waste, seasonal characteristics, and composition analysis .

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Since 2005, various methods have been proposed for the recycling of food waste, including the introduction and separation of food waste in Korea. However, there is no specific recycling plan for food wastes in the form of raw garbage before cooking. In the process of distributing agricultural products, a large number of fruit and vegetable by-products are generated but they are disposed of without proper methods. This study applies to identify the generation and treatment status of discarded by - products in the distribution process of agricultural products, and propose an improvement plan for the recycling of fruits and vegetables by - product.

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Previous studies suggested that household waste retains majority of municipal solid waste (MSW) sources to which most of municipal waste management costs are allocated. Studies also recommended to minimize generation of the waste especially in developing countries where providing a suitable waste management is perceived as a challenging task. In addition, citizens’ participation in the source separation process strongly affects the success of households recycling programs. In this study, university student, as a member of household, was asked about his/her family’s practices and attitudes regarding household waste separation. A group of 66 undergraduate students were surveyed how they practice their household separation and their attitudes toward the separation.

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Singapore is one of the most developed countries in Southeast Asia. Over the past three decades, the solid waste disposed of in Singapore has increased 6-fold. It is not sustainable to go on building more waste disposal facilities to meet increasing amounts of waste. Moreover, building and operating new disposal facilities is very costly and could only lead to a higher refuse disposal fee. The sustainable waste management solution is to minimize waste and maximize recycling. Therefore, Singapore has adopted a waste minimization and recycling approach as a long-term solution to address Singapore’s solid waste management needs. Basically, recyclable wastes are classified into four types in Singapore, there are glass, paper, plastic, metal. The trash bin is the most common tools we used to do the waste collection and waste separation. We assume the better design of the trash bin can improve the waste collectability and functionality. In this study, trash bins sitting situations and different designs of trash bin will be introduced. Singapore government attach great importance to the building of an environmentally friendly city. 

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Indonesia is one of developing countries with high growth of population. In 2015, Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, has population about 10,177,924 people. Growth of population means e-waste generated from household will also become high. If it is not balanced with proper management, then e-waste will become an emerging problem. However, in order to implement proper management, public participation is needed. It is because household has role in e-waste disposal system which is one of e-waste sources. According to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), there are two principles on responsible entities towards waste management which are Polluters Pay Principle (PPP) and Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR). Based on the principles, the household is a polluter. It means they are required to pay recycle fee (PPP). Therefore, it is a need to understand whether household has willingness to pay recycle fee and the reason beyond their choices.

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The fast-growing speed of waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) is drawing more attention in over recent years. WEEE may be further analyzed for precious/hazardous materials/substances content, composition or affected areas/liable objects, and period of dealing with consequences, etc. In Southeast Asia (SEA), WEEE management is going to get more attention and gain more improvements with many different levels and perspectives, such as: legislative framework, waste stream inventory and characterization, development of collection/transportation incentives, supporting infrastructure development, etc. As the very first step of preparing for the WEEE management in SEA, it is important to do quantitative analysis to capture how much WEEE is being generated or will be generated. Hence, the investigation of product flow is necessary to support the implementation of WEEE recycling and collection as well as provide essential information for the understanding of product lifecycle in regional and international flow. With the purpose is to investigate product flow and apply estimation model, this paper aims to create a better understanding of WEEE generation and its trends in Southeast Asia with Vietnam as case study.

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Experiences and lessons learnt from past disasters in Japan must be adaptable for other countries around the world with consideration of geographical and social conditions and types of disasters. Therefore, we tried to support countries to mainstream DWM and develop their own DWM plan by disseminating such Japanese experiences and comprehensive information through development of the framework of DWM Guideline in Asia and the Pacific.
We developed this framework by reviewing, comparing and analyzing various DWM guidelines and taking into account for flexibility and applicability in Asia and the Pacific area. This consists of Introduction part, Review part and Planning part. In Review part, we developed the mapping of the guidelines on DWM currently issued to understand each feature to identify the covered area. And also developed the framework of DWM plan including both preparedness and implementation plans In Planning part, based on the review, the DWM plan shall be consisted of two components such as the “Preparedness Plan for disasters” and “Implementation Plan after disasters”. As the way forward, This framework document is expected to take preparatory steps for future enhancement and mainstreaming of DWM in Asia and the Pacific.

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In this study, the design of the stormwater run-off treatment process and the evaluation of efficiency using the ceramic filter media were carried out to solve these problems, and the optimal backwashing conditions for a long term operation were derived.

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In this study, after selecting four fungi, the removal efficiencies of hydrogen sulfide were investigated and the material balance of sulfur was prepared. The removal rate of the fungi that the highest removal efficiencies of hydrogen sulfide were investigated. Strain 1, Strain 2 and Strian 3 except Strain 4 were found to be able to remove hydrogen sulfide. Among them, The Strain 2 had highest removal rate in the observed tests, and the removal rate of hydrogen sulfide was 99.9%. The biodegradation rate of hydrogen sulfide by Strain2 was 0.52⨉10-6 μg/CFU·hr.

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the objective was to investigate adsorption characteristics of various LDHs prepared by divalent and trivalent metal for removal of hydrogen sulfide. CoFe LDH showed the highest adsorption capacity of hydrogen sulfide (0.170 g H2S/g LDH). Other samples also have adsorption capacities of approximately 0.100 g H2S/g LDH. In XRD results, it has been shown that proper combination of divalent and trivalent metal ions is required to produce LDHs.

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This study presents the abatement of siloxanes in aerobic and anaerobic biofilters. octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcylcotetrasiloxane (D5) were selected as target compounds because these are dominant siloxanes in biogases.

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In Japan, about 72% of chlorine contained in PVC wastes is discharged back to the environment. As a result, there is a large potential to recycle chorine from PVC wastes to reduce dependency in salt importation meanwhile it will avoid the formation of corrosive HCl and dioxin. Authors have developed a chlorine recovery (Cl-R) process for PVC wastes to suggest a sustainable chlorine cycle. High dechlorination yield and considerable chlorine recovery potential have been determined by previous works. In this study, the Energy consumption and CO₂ emission balance of current PVC waste treatments were researched to shed light on the benchmark for the new process. Through modification based on the data of mixed plastic waste treatment, we conclude that the net energy balance is -14.5 MJ/ kg PVC waste and the net CO₂ emission is -0.03 kg/ kg PVC waste. This result reveals that energy could be saved through PVC recycling but current PVC waste treatment doesn’t help too much in CO₂ reduction. Therefore, the application of advanced PVC waste treatment may be more desirable. The energy consumption and corresponding CO₂ emission of the potential cycle are excepted to lower than the current situation.

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Microplastics are defined less than 5 mm size. Microplastics are divided into primary microplastics and secondary microplastics. The primary microplastics are made from the artificially manufacture, and the secondary microplastics are produced from the various decomposing/shredding factors. These microplastics are widely distributed in the environment. The microplastics in water system can be misinterpreted as food for organisms, and consequently bioaccumulation can have a significant impact on future ecosystems. Additives to plastics such as phthalate and bisphenol A are kinds of endocrine disrupters that cause genotoxicity and sexual dysfunction, and plastics can adsorb persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and metals. Therefore, microplastics with large specific surface area can also adsorb such chemicals. These microplastics are entered to the environment via sewage treatment facility (STF), marine leisure, aquaculture, dust and so on. STF, generally, adopts various processes for target matters (i.g. A2O, SBR (sequential batch reactor), media process and so on). Of these sewage treatment processes, in 2013, the number of SBR process was the highest, followed by A2O and media processes in South Korea. In this study, we investigated the microplastics in influent, effluent and sludge cake of sewage treatment facility.

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Since industrial revolution occurred, Global warming has been one of the main global issues. CO₂ has the greatest contribution to deepening global warming. As a result, the world needs efficient CO₂ reduction technologies. One of the most famous CO₂ mitigation technologies was carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, CCS has some weaknesses including local problems such as absence of adequate reservoirs, destruction of maritime ecosystem, economical problems including plenty of additional energy used stripping section and etc. For this reasons, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) in which CO₂ was captured and reused as useful products is rising as promising CO₂ mitigation technology. In this study, we dealt with inorganic carbonation included in foresaid CCU. Inorganic carbonation in which metal cations react with captured CO₂ produced useful inorganic carbonates such as calcium carbonate. Monoethanolamine (MEA) is used as absorbent, ‘Ready Mixed Concrete (RMC)’, generally called REMICON, recycling water was selected as calcium ion source and the ammonium salts are used as additives. 

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This study focuses on the availability of MBT in MSW management in Asia, and finds out the solution for the implementation on this technology.

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Extend Producer Responsibility (EPR) have been practiced and improving constantly in multiple industries. In End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) recycling business, to promote ordinary automobile’s recycling rate while preventing environment pollution, EPR-based recycling law has also been installed. However, due to each country’s unique national condition, dissimilar EPR-based ELV recycling law was implemented, and so, the effect is quite different. Therefore, International coordinate on fair responsibility and/or cost allocation, reasonable utilization of recycling cost is required in the future. On the other hand, prevailing Next-generation brought new challenge in ELV recycling industry. it is obvious that to recycle Next-generation vehicle with efficiency, implementation of advanced recycling technology and more thorough EPR policy is vital. Furthermore, because of this new trend, vehicle manufacturers’ attitude towards ELV recycling may also change greatly in the near future. In this paper, the history trace of EPR, and EPR’s execution situation of EU, Japan, as well as China will be introduced and comparatively analyzed. The future direction of EPR will also be discussed considering the widespread use of Next-generation Vehicle.

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Korea is highly dependent on foreign countries for them use of energy sources. Therefore, bio-coal was produced using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) with organic wastes to evaluate as a solid fuel.

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This study investigated the feasibility of serial digestion of aquatic plant biomass under different mesophilic HRT conditions in semi-continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), and in solid-state batch post digestion experiments. Elodea nuttallii was used as substrate. The experiments were conducted in 3.0 L CSTR with organic loading rate (OLR) of 4.08 and 2.04 g-VS L^-1d^-1 for HRT 15 and 30 days, respectively. Centrifuged digestates at the end of the experiments were used as substrates in batch post solid-state experiments.  The biomethane potentials were tested in Automated Methane Potential Test System (AMPTS II). The pH on HRT 15 days decreased to 5.0 on day 24, but recovered to optimum values of 6.81–7.44 from the 64 of the experiment. In HRT 30 days’ condition, pH values were maintained at suitable values (6.86-7.73) throughout. In a steady state, the CH₄ yield were 161 and 234.3 mL g-VS^-1 for HRT 15 and 30 days, respectively. In post-AD, 55.0 and 54.4 mL g-VS^-1 were recovered on HRT 15 and 30 days, respectively. In total, CH₄ recovered from wet-AD plus post-AD were 216.0 and 288.7 mL g-VS^-1 for HRT 15 and 30 days, respectively. Solid-state post digestion experiment improved methane recovery from wet-AD.

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The anaerobic digestion process can be basically divided into three stages: Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, and Methanogenesis. In the methane production stage, organic materials such as acetic acid and hydrogen. The conversion of methane to anaerobic fermentation is stabilized. Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes is generated from methane through hydrolysis, acid fermentation and methane fermentation process using organic waste as a substrate. 

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a digestion in Korea have been selected as a test site, and VOCs and sulfuric compounds have been determined by Tedlar gas sampling bas and gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Benzene was the highest level in the digester, followed by 2-Butanone and dl-Limonene. In addition, Ethanol, 2-Propanone, 1-Propanol, 1-Propanethiol, 2-Butanol, 2-Butanthiol, 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene, Acetic acid, 2-Otane, and beta-pinene were detected.

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As a new wastewater treatment technology, microbial fuel cells which can degrade organic matter in wastewater and convert chemical energy to electrical energy as well are attracting more and more attention in recent years. In this study, we presented a novel MFC which is equipped with an anode modified with biologically produced magnetite (hereafter referred to as BM). We have examined performance of bio-magnetite modified anode in MFC and compared with that of bared carbon paper anode in both pure culture of strain PCA and anaerobically digested sludge as inoculum. It was demonstrated that MFC with bio-magnetite anode was a superior in columbic efficiency and diffusion coefficient to bared carbon paper. Then, T-RFLP analyses of microbial communities residing on the surface of anode showed that unique two T-RFs in BM, which were not detected in CP after RsaI treatment, might result in the difference of electrochemical performance.

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Coal fly ash (FA) is one of the major by-products from coal-fired power generation. Global FA generation is estimated to be 800 million Mg/yr [1]. Huge amounts of FA were disposed at open-air dumping site or landfilling without appropriate utilization. New applications of FA are significantly required. On the other hand, land deterioration and following desertification is also an environmental problem. Severe land degradation is now affecting 168 countries across the world, threatening areas like western China, northern Africa, Middle East, middle Australia and America [2]. In order to keep and increase soil productivity with limited water resources, water retention agents for soil are very attractive. According to some reports, FA could have a great potential in agricultural applications because its properties like texture, bulk density, pH, and high concentration of nutrition elements [3]. This research is focused on FA application for soil amelioration. If FA can be recycled as a soil amendment material to improve water retention capacity of the soil, it will give a promising solution on both FA management problem and desertification problem at the same time. 

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Reuse of generated sludge as Fe source in Fenton process was applied to identify its applicability with lower reagents consumption for treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) and crepe rubber wastewater (CRWW). Batch mode Fenton oxidation experiments were performed for CRWW and POME. In the subsequent run, initial COD and [H₂O₂] were set identical to first run while concentrated sludge in previous run was applied fully as Fe source instead of adding FeSO₄. High TOC reductions in sludge system were observed after 6 h of oxidation. 6 h and 24 h operations were conducted for identifying effective organic degradations by sludge reuse and number of effective reuse cycles. Similar experiment was conducted for methanol as a reference compound. Highest TOC reductions were achieved at 24 h in Fe²⁺ system as 100% in methanol, 74% in CRWW, and 59% in POME and in sludge system as 100% in methanol, 65% in CRWW, and 49% in POME for COD: H₂O₂: Fe²⁺ molar ratio of 1:0.94:0.28.  5 effective reuse cycles were accomplished for all. Fe²⁺ addition and increasing H₂O₂ are suggested to improve the efficiency of sludge system with higher reuse cycles. Sludge reuse in Fenton oxidation showed environmentally and economically promising outcomes. 

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Electric and electronic wastes (e-wastes) are generally composed of various metals (including precious metals), glass, and plastics (PP, PE, PS, ABS) containing brominated flame retardants (BFRs). In recent years, exploration in developing of an innovative technology for the recovery some of the metals (e.g. Cu, Au, Ag) from e-wastes become of the highest importance. Nowadays, printed circuit boards - PCBs (the highest metal-rich type of e-wastes) are mainly thermally treated in incinerators (e.g. rotary kilns) to decompose plastics, and to concentrate the metals in the bottom. The concentrated metals can be supplied as a secondary raw material to metal smelters. The above procedure is commonly practiced for extraction of Cu from PCBs. However, during thermal treatment of the e-waste containing BFRs huge amount of HBr gas, product of their thermal decomposition, is generated. Our previous study carried on mixtures of pure chemicals showed that the HBr can brominate Cu which in form of bromide vaporize from the residue, being thus lost for the recovery process. In the present studies, we are focusing on fate of Cu during thermal treatment of two types of PCBs containing epoxy woven fiberglass copper clad laminates.  

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The present work developed a novel process to separate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Cu from electric cables by the combination of de-plasticizer from PVC and ball milling processes. The covering PVC commonly includes plasticizer to obtain flexibility, and de-plasticized PVC cables were improved to be brittle, which can be easily crushed by physical impact. In this work, plasticizers in the electric cables, which of sizes were 0.3 and 1.25 mm², were extracted by soxhlet and dipping methods using diethyl ether, then the extracted samples were crushed by using a ball-mill. The influences of extraction method and extraction rate on the ball milling separation were investigated. The highest separation rates of 100% and copper separation accuracy of 99.6% were achieved with de-plasticized 0.3mm² cable sample, while those of 1.25mm² cable sample were little lower as 83% and 98.3%.

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This study presents the optimal conditions of pre-washing process for obtaining high purity of zinc product. The optimal conditions are 30 minute washing time, pH 7 washing solution, L/S ratio 3. And washing one time is more effective than taking more washing.  

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aerobic microorganisms were applied as a pretreatment to produce sewage sludge into a solid fuel, and the
possibility of moisture contents reduction by exothermic reaction was evaluated

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 Zimbabwe’s timber industry is characterized by low conversion efficiencies resulting in high waste generation rates. Growing stockpiles of sawdust, shavings and offcuts can be found lying idle in eastern Zimbabwe despite wood being a renewable and more sustainable energy source. The diversion of some of this residue to thermochemical processes for bioenergy production can prove to be more useful given the prevailing situation of power shortages in Zimbabwe. The availability of woody biomass residue in a given year is closely linked to timber production. However, due to the high variability in annual production volumes, the estimation of this biomass is difficult as there is a lot of uncertainty. There is thus a huge impetus to develop comprehensive and more reliable models that can predict the availability of woody biomass residue. To this end, a stochastic material balance of the forestry sector supported by 100,000 Monte Carlo simulations was developed to deal with this uncertainty. Probability distributions based on historical production volumes formed the basis of the mass balance. Results indicate that the average infield residue and process residue generation rates are 3.7 and 1.2 million bone-dry tonnes/yr. respectively.

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The idea of landfill mining for power generation has been discussed in the recent years. To obtain consistent feeds, excavated waste going to pre-treatment for RDF production. This study will discuss the simulation of power generation by utilizing RDF from excavated waste. The RDF from Belgium and Thailand is being used for the model. The results show the small difference of power generated and plant efficiency between both countries. The power generated was 1.8 kW kg-waste^-1 for Belgium RDF and 1.9 kW kg-waste^-1 for Thailand RDF. The efficiency obtained was 30% for Belgium RDF and 27% for Thailand RDF. The power generated from RDF was still incomparable to coal power plant, we could improve the power plant by doing co-combustion with other biomass or coal.

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The effects of sulfuric acid pretreatment on the gasification of sugarcane bagasse were investigated in this work. Previously, we have conducted pyrolysis experiments without steam at 500 ºC and we noticed the increase in the amount of tars and gases, as an effect of acid hydrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The amount of char was also increased after acid pretreatment, mainly due to cross-linking and poly-condensation reactions that we enhanced by acid preteatment.  In this work, pyrolysates from the pyrolysis chamber were further reacted in a gasification chamber with the introduction of steam at 800 ºC. The similar increase in tars and gases was observed, and the gas obtained was increased drastically with steam. Steam encourages the removal of volatiles which was proven by the rise in gaseous yield from 15.5 to 35.9 per sample wt% for untreated bagasse without and with steam respectively. The high temperature also influences water-gas shift reactions which favoured the increase in H₂ and CO₂ gas yields. 

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In order to solve the serious problem of landfill shortage, Korea has enacted and promulgated the Basic Law on the Resource Circulation Society in May 2016 (implemented in January 2018), and the landfill and waste disposer We plan to introduce enhanced regulation for zero.In G-country, it is expected that landfill sites will be saturated by 2020 and the burden of local governments will increase due to the introduction of disposal allowances. 

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 . In this study, OX is estimated in four landfills by comparison of landfill gas composition in vent pipes and landfill surface. Landfill gas fluxes from surface have been measured using closed flux chamber. On the other hand, the means of CH₄/CO₂ ratio by vol. were ranged from 0.04 to 21.24 at surface. When spatial interpolation model is applied, the CH₄/CO₂ ratio at surface ranged from 0.07 to 0.49. Some extreme values at surface flux resulted in extremely high CH₄/CO₂ ratio which causes negative value in OX. Therefore, spatial interpolation must be applied to surface flux measurements. When applying spatial interpolation, OX in four landfills ranged from 0.42 to 0.88 which indicates significant amount of oxidation at landfill surface. Further studies on temporal changes on oxidation factor are needed to develop more reliable emission factors.

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The dyeing sludge can be weakened by inflow of
rainfall or absorption of moisture after it is buried in a waste landfill. This
study tested the dyeing sludge and soil mixture
to check the problem when the dehydrated dyeing sludge is buried in a waste
landfill. When the dyeing sludge was left idle with high water content inside a
landfill with poor draining for a long period, the water permeability decreased
to around 3/100 level and the compressibility increased by 1.4 times compared
to the dyeing sludge at a dyeing factory. The study result indicated that it
was important to reduce the water content inside the landfill for stability.
Also, the facilities to secure the drainage path and eliminate leachate were
needed.

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In this research, we utilized the industrial wastes(oyster shell powder, waste gypsum) with MICP mechanism due to improve the compressive strength and increase the heavy metal immobilization.

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Compacted granular leaching test were performed for stabilized municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by a chelating agent. The leaching behavior of heavy metals and TOC (total organic carbon) were studied. The leaching controlled by diffusion is not confirmed perfectly by this test method. The differences of leaching pattern of the heavy metals and soluble salts such as potassium was confirmed. The TOC concentrations from treated fly ash were higher than water added fly ash.

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Incineration is mostly used to treat Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Japan. Around 80% from total MSW are treated by incinerator. Bottom ash and fly ash are the main secondary pollutant generated from incinerators. MSW incineration fly ash is categorized as hazardous waste due to high concentration of leachable toxic heavy metals and the presence of toxic organic compounds. Therefore, fly ash should be treated before its final disposal in landfill. MSWI fly ash is fine particles and has been regarded as homogeneous in numerous previous researches. However, it has not been proved based on sufficient micro-analysis. We need further research about micro characteristic of MSWI fly ash regarded heterogeneous particles and correlation between particles in fly ash MSW incinerator. Therefore, the objective of the study is to investigate the metal correlation of elemental distribution line profile analysis in fly ash particles from fluidized bed incinerator. Iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) were detected in higher concentrations than other particles based on elemental mapping measurement using SEM-EDX. Correlation analysis of elemental distribution line profile analysis by SEM-EDX could detect crystalline and non-crystalline metal species in the surface of fly ash particles, which could not be identified in XRD.

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Mercury is still used for some products such as lamps and generated from industrial processes (e.g. non-ferrous production, coal-fired power plants) as by-products. Dynamic flow analysis is a method of estimating the flow of materials that are recycled or discarded through the use phase over time by considering life spans of products. In this study, the trends in mercury-added product consumption by life span were estimated using linear regression equation. Based on the life-cycle data of mercury-added product (fluorescent lamps), it was estimated the life span distribution and analyzed the mid-and long-term material flow ('05 ~ '25) of mercury-containing waste through the current scenario and future scenario analysis. In general, there are no major changes, but total domestic demands have been gradually decreasing since 2013 because of the recent increase in LED lamp. In addition, according to the "Second Energy Plan" published by the Korea Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy in 2014, it has been stated that the public lamp will be replaced with 100% LED lighting after 2020. In this study, the rate of replacement of fluorescent lamps was 5% for 1 year, 35%, 25%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 5%, 3%, 2%, and 1%, respectively until 10 years, and an average of 3.5 years. Mercury content in fluorescent lamps varies greatly with manufacturers, product types, and year of manufacture. Therefore, assuming that the average mercury content in the product to be 10 mg-Hg in this study, mercury content in fluorescent lamps is gradually decreasing over time. The amount of waste fluorescent lamps generated is about 100 million in 2008, and it is expected to gradually increase to 140 million in 2014 and about 100 million in 2019. In 2030, the expected rate of waste fluorescent lamps was estimated to be approximately 10 million, which is equivalent to be 22 kg-Hg. It clearly indicates that mercury in the lamps dramatically decreases over time with the replacement of florescent lamps with LED.

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The unscrupulous activities of artisanal gold miners and unregulated mining activities along certain river banks have resulted in the contamination of potable water sources with mercury in Zimbabwe. Ngwabalozi River in uMzingwane district reportedly has mercury concentrations reaching 310 mg m^-3 and due to the acidic (pH 3) nature of the river water, the proliferation of some microbes that are responsible for the production of methylmercury, a known mutagenic and teratogenic species could be encouraged. Transport and chemical transformations must be clearly understood to avert the risks due to mercury pollution. Accordingly, pollutant environmental fate and transport models can be used to evaluate the environmental risk of mercury disposal in rivers through studying its fate and transport by taking into consideration the different biogeochemical processes which take place in a natural aquatic system. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a mass balance model for the fate and transport of mercury in Ngwabalozi River over a  10-year period. 

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BFRs have been widely used in many products and equipment such as electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), construction and building materials, textiles, plastics, automobiles, airplanes, and trains, etc., which may create high possibility of human exposure and environmental pollution. In order to properly manage waste materials containing BFRs after the use of the products, it is essential to investigate the characteristics of the waste materials under current management system.
A screening survey of bromine in each sample was conducted by using a X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. The samples containing 0.01% by weight of Br were selected for further chemical analysis to identify and quantify of PBDEs by GC/MS.
In case of EEE, Deca-BDE content in rear cover in TVs manufactured by 1983 to 2002 is 42 to 143,812 mg/kg and HBCD content wasn’t detected. Also, Deca-BDE content in the refrigerators is 17 to 318 mg/kg. In case of construction and building materials, content of HBCD and PBDEs in lagging insulator is 2,854.7 mg/kg and 159.4 mg/kg, respectively. In case of transportation vehicle, most of components in automobile wasn’t detected HBCD, but PBDEs content was 4,294 mg/kg in textiles and 61,112 mg/kg in car seat.

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