The traditional vibration isolated table has been made of cast iron, the set-up places has been limited by the large weight. Recently, honeycomb structures are introduced into the vibration isolation table in order to realize the lightweight keeping the stiffness. However, if the vibration isolation table has the experimental equipment including the vibration resource and the natural frequency of the isolation table is nearby with the frequency of the equipment vibration, resonance will be occurred and the displacement amplitude of the vibration will massively affect to the accuracy of experiments. Optimized TMDs and installing place, which is able to prevent the resonance between vibration isolation table and the vibration resource, will be suggested. When the mass of TMD becomes too much small, it becomes difficult to suppress resonance peak and the frequency range becomes narrow that make the vibration lowered. From these results, it is essential to adopt larger mass than 10% of the mass of structure as the mass of TMD. When TMD is installed to vibration isolation tables, the behavior characteristics of the vibration isolation table are repeatedly simulated for several different conditions by NASTRAN and the TMD is modified in order to find its optimum.

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In shamisen, there is a mechanism to put out the peculiar sound that is called "SAWARI". This mechanism is the feature one in musical instruments all over the world. However, there are still a lot of uncertain points of the mechanism. In this research, it is aimed to clarify the feature of the shamisen sound by "SAWARI", and to improve the shamisen sound assumed to be an ideal. As the first step, the following was done to examine the influence that each element of the shamisen exerted on the sound, recording and analysis of "SAWARI" sound, experimental modal analysis of shamisen and simulation of bowstring vibration.

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Innovation of dynamics is presented directly based on the principle of energy conservation, in order to make it possible to construct the virtual product used on design and development process in various mechanical makers. First, in addition to the conventional causality, that is force causes motion, the inverse causality, that is motion causes force, is introduced into the new dynamics for explaining closed causality of physical phenomena Second, static and dynamic functions of mass and compliance are defined, and it is made evident that mass and compliance are in counter pair each other. Third, the three new laws are proposed, which are in counter pairs of Newton's three laws. Forth, new definition of work is presented which is done by action of velocity to compliance. Two phenomena of collision and connection are compared each other as an example of symmetrical relation of physical laws.

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This paper proposes SSM (Sensor Steering Mechanism) for lateral guided vehicle with an articulated body which is allowing the vehicle to change moving directions. Authors demonstrate the geometry of SSM for a front wheel steer type, reverse phase four-wheel steer type and rear wheel steer type vehicle. SSM presents the stable lateral guiding performance for automated vehicle which follows a straight and curved path created by guideway. The other hand, SSM is not established for articulated vehicles such as wheel loaders and dump tracks used in mine and construction site. SSM for an articulated vehicle enables a wheel loader to automated moving on every spaces. This paper leads SSM for an articulated vehicle and constructs an experimental robotic vehicle with proposed SSM. Simulated and experimental data show the advantages of proposed SSM.

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A robot is developed which is able to climb on a perpendicular branched piping and moves on the ceiling in the piping with the radio control. This inspection robot adheres to the piping using the magnetic adhesive force of a magnetic crawler and moves in piping. Therefore, the crawler should be composed of magnets that have optimal adhesive force. In order to design the crawler, the magnetic adhesive force is analyzed, and the design method of the inspection robot in the piping is shown. The robot mounts the radio control unit and the compact radio camera so as to inspect inside of piping. To validate it, a compact crawler type radio robot is made, and traveling performance or inspection performance in the piping are examined.

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This paper describes a new type of a vehicle mechanism using in greenhouse. The feature of this vehicle mechanism is mechanism of front and rear steering and driving wheels. Both front wheels and rear wheels can be steered indipendently to the direction of the vehicle frame. And normal tires and steering system are used for front wheels and rotary crawler system is used for rear driving mechanism. This mechanism is useful for the passage in greenhouses where is very narrow and bad to move. Independent steering system is useful for turning in a narrow corner, and crawler is effective for moving on rough ground. In this paper, mechanism of the proposed vehicle is introduced, strategy of turning is proposed, and comparison with other type vehicle is shown.

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This paper tries to identify the individual difference and the proficiency of human operator's behavior from time series data by using fuzzy inference and acquire individual skill of human operator. The operators in the experiment are skilled to some extent in stabilizing the inverted pendulum by training, and the data often trials per person were successively taken for an analysis, where the waveforms of pendulum angle and cart displacement were recorded. The maximum Lyapunov exponents were estimated from experimental time series data against embedding dimensions. The identified fuzzy controller from time series data of each trial of each operator showed well the human-generated decision-making characteristics with the chaos and the large amount of disorder. The estimated degree of freedom of motion increases and the estimated amount of disorder decreases with an increase of proficiency both in fuzzy control simulation and experiment It also showed that the agreement between the fuzzy control simulation and the experiment for the degree of freedom of motion and the entropy ratio is particularly good when the simulated wave form and the measured wave form resemble in appearance.

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There are several approaches for the jump mechanism of the robot. Compressed air and coiled spring are usually utilized for the power source of the jump robot. In this paper, the jump mechanism for the robot using the leaf spring and motors is examined. This actuator system can be applied to the smooth motion and the jump motion. The author developed the computer simulatior of this actuator system. The beam element considering the motion of the large displacement motion is applied to model the leaf spring. The simulation results are shown to evaluate this simulator.

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Many studies of passive dynamic walking use a circular arc foot. However, a circular arc foot is constrained the walking movement because the transmission of power to ground is difficult. To take a passive dynamic walking in biped walking, the foot which can transmit power to the ground and can perform a passive walk is required. So, we propose the foot that contains circular arc heel, the ankle joint, the toe joint as a foot that takes place of a circular arc foot and verify the effectiveness of this proposed foot by the simulation

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Biarticular muscle of human that acts on knee joint and ankle joint play an important role for dynamic locomotion such as jumping. In this research, the jump robot that has variable interlocking mechanism by planet gear was developed. While not using the planet gear, ankle movement is geared to knee. The ratio of its movement is 1 to 1. By using the planet gear, that rate becomes variable. Therefore, it is possible that driving only ankle joint not to drive knee, and to settle the direction of jumping by the ankle joint. Referring to jump of human, the jump experiment was done by this robot using motion control. As a result of the jump experiment, it was confirmed to this robot that jump movement near human's jump operations was possible. And the numerical analysis of the robot that jumped was done.

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Passive biped walkers can walk down a shallow slope without actuators. This paper presents a simple planar passive biped walker with flat feet and ankle springs, and investigates the effects of torsional spring stiffness on the pitch motion at the ankle joints. Numerical stability studies indicated that the motion of the passive walker is stable. Physical biped walker has four legs, with each set of two legs connected so that they moved identically, to constrain the motion of the walker to the sagittal plane. Experimental results showed that the biped walker can walk stably.

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It is an effective way to use the information of the existing controller to generate a new robot motion from the point of view of calculation cost. So far, based on the attractor design method, a combination design method of a new controller has been proposed. In this method, the common elements of robot body and motion are abstracted from the existing controller parameters, and a new motion is generated by combining these elements. However, to abstract the motion elements, it requires the similarity of the different robots. In this paper, we proposed a state space mapping to uniform the similarity of the robot motions and a new controller design method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by the experiments using tap dancing robots.

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Recently, various robot hands have been developed. By the last year, we developed the multi finger robot hand using small pneumatic actuators. In this research, we developed a slender tendon-driven wrist using a wire drive and two small motors to expand its motion space and to perform many operations. First, we identify the characteristics of the wrist and construct a control system. We tried to control the movements of the wrist using PID and fuzzy control system and verify its control performance. In addition, we conducted the experiment that controls two different movements at the same time.

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This paper presents a new magnetic actuator for flexible motion of the human being. The actuator is made by connecting many actuator-units. The actuator design is based on the magnetic circuit method. The generated torque of the unit is experimentally confirmed to prove the validity of the design, and the discrepancy between designed value and measured value is about fifty percent. A new circuit model is then proposed, and a numerical analysis to the new circuit shows that the discrepanccy is reduced by ten percent. Moreover, movable range of actuator is experimentally proved to close the designed value.

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In order to develop a mass compensator for a counter arm of small neutral buoyancy type underwater robot, a tilting basket installed at the tip of the rotating counter arm is proposed. And the effectiveness is confirmed by model experiments. Then, it is clarified that 30% of the mass of fluid in the basket can be changed by tilting the basket because of the centrifugal force, in other words, by changing the direction of the opening of the basket, but, the mass of fluid in the basket changes slightly by the amplitude of the rotating arm.

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Recently we experimentally investigated the dynamic performances of the frontal suspension of an automobile equipped with passive oil and colloidal dampers. Since in the case of passive absorbers the damping ratio cannot be adjusted according to the excitation level of the rough road, in such tests, conducted on a relatively inexpensive car, the ride-comfort factor varied in the range 10-1000. Consequently, during long riding intervals, the passengers felt sick and the driver's concentration was diminished. As countermeasure, in this work an active-control colloidal damper for car suspension is proposed. Such device can be mounted on the car without a compression helical spring working in parallel with it, and its damping rate can be controlled by adjusting the pre-pressurization level of the colloid inside the cylinder. First, the active colloidal suspension was dynamically tested on a classical fatigue machine and the variation of the damping coefficient versus the applied pre-pressure was determined. Then, the active colloidal suspension was mounted on a real car and travel tests were performed on a road with half-sinusoidal steps made of asphalt. Ride-comfort factor, and the sensitivity of the active-control suspension were experimentally evaluated.

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In recent years, it is reported that passenger's dynamics and vibration characteristics. However there are few researches about the suspension control which considered these dynamics of human body characteristics and sitting position. In this paper, a vehicle and passenger system including the dynamics of human body at sitting position is constructed, and the robust control system design which sets the vertical acceleration of a passenger's head to one of the amounts of evaluation function is proposed. As the result, it was confirmed that in nearly the resonance frequency of a passenger's head, the proposed control system is effective in reducing a passenger's vibration better than the general control system of having made vertical vehicles acceleration the valuation function.

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The seats for high speed railway vehicle have vibration characteristics which induce high frequency and torsional vibration. That has a possibility to disturb the ride comfort. Therefore, to analyze the vibrations mechanism, the seat model which has multiple degrees of freedom is suggested. In this paper, backrest and seat-base of the seat were modeled by suggested model. It can describe the vibration characteristics of the seat against the floor acceleration input. This model is considered as useful for analysis of vibration mechanism to improve the ride comfort.

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It is necessary to be able to carry a load to any kind of place by transportation vehicle safely. For that purpose load-carrying platform horizontal level-keeping performance is significant on a transportation vehicle. However, a vehicle does not have a platform level-keeping function generally. Such a vehicle needs to have enough traveling performance also. Therefore it is aimed that the stability of the load-carrying platform on level-keeping. We confirm the performance with an experiment machine that has leveling control with the signal of the acceleration sensor in traveling.

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When the vertical vibration of ellipitical vibration is larger than 1.0G, gappy works jump and the characteristics of transportation change considerably. On the other hand, flat works don't jump and the characteristics change little. This phenomenon allows us to separate gappy works from flat one. It has been understood the cause that flat works don't jump in the condition to exceed the jumping limit is negative pressure on contact face by measuring the pressure fluctuation between table and flat work. Moreover, it has been understood that volume of negative pressure depends on length of gap.

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This paper deals with a non-contact transportation system using an ultrasound wave levitation phenomenon. It is the purpose of this paper to realize the position control using low frequency. First, active wave control is introduced for oscillating the beam at a low frequency, and am amplitude and a standing ratio is analyzed. Then a non-contact transportation device using four vibration sources operating at two frequencies is presented, which oscillates the beam at a high frequency by Langevin transducers and at a low frequency by PZT elements. Finally, experiment of the position control using PID control is carried out, demonstrating the validity of the proposed method.v

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In recent years, automatic crane device is used in scenes of handling of objects at warehouse. Stacker crane is an example of automatic crane device. It has a Traveling body, a Forking mechanism and a Lifting mechanism. A Traveling body makes a Lifting body move along the horizontal axis. A Lifting mechanism makes a Forking mechanism move along vertical axis. It is able to carry a load into rack or takes out a load from the rack by using Forking mechanism. But, in action of Forking mechanism, vibration of Forking mechanism and variation of characteristic frequency of Forking mechanism causes several problems. In this study, the stacker crane is described in LPV (Linear Parameter Varying) system. And, using DMM (Dual Model Matching) method provides the LPV controller that can adjust plant that explained by LPV system. The results of simulation show the effectiveness of LPV controller when DMM controlled is applied.

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This paper presents a reference management considering suppression of vibration for two-dimensional (2-D) transfer system. In this paper, the reference is generated by using sequential quadratic programming which minimizes cost function as the tracking error between target point and cart trajectory, and energy of band for fluctuating resonance frequency. The proposed method is able to design 2-D free track which suppresses the vibration, and satisfies constraints of system by nonlinear constraint. The effectiveness of the proposed control is shown through various experiments in a liquid container transfer.

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To achieve high-speed and high-precision position control for vibration suppression of a tall structure mounted on a carriage system, the feed-forward/back control is widely applied and many control methods have been proposed for such a system. In general, P, PI/I-P control which is one of PID control is applied to a lot of industrial applications. However, in case of changing mechanical character of control target, the parameters of P, PI/I-P control have to be changed for keeping a good motion performance. In this paper, we propose a new PI+FF controller with a nonlinear compensator and the feedforward input reference filtered by using inversed system of the structure on the carriage. It is shown that the filtered reference input is effective for suppressing the structural vibration induced by the carriage motion. The algorithm of nonlinear compensator based on the sliding mode control method with chattering compensation is described in detail.

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The authors presented some simulation results that indicate that pantographs, which could change their stiffness depending on the train speed, are capable of reducing the fluctuations of their contact forces between pantographs and contact wires and a prototype of a variable stiffness spring ccmposed of two air springs. In this paper, we firstly investigated the basic characteristics of the improved variable stiffness spring. We then built the variable stiffness spring into a pantograph model and examined how the dynamic characteristics of the model varied with its stiffness.

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The outline of a novel structural benchmark problem for multiple buildings subjected to wind and earthqu ake excitations is presented. Three adjacent high-rise buildings are used as control objects. Structural dynamical model is built taking account of two horizontal displacements (X and Y axis) ana rotations around these axes of each floors. Besides, to identify wind load, wind tunnel experiments are performed. The structural model and wind load data are built into simulation program by using MATLAB/Simulink. Some wave records of real or simulated earthquakes are also built into the MATLAB/Simulink program. The evaluation program of structural vibrations and/or control systems are to be developed. Visualization of structural vibrations are to be built into the program.

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A free-free beam consisting of a steel plate with zigzag shapes is used for a vibration absorber which is able to be set in a small space. Its multiple anti-resonance frequencies are able to deal with driving forces due to its high order components. In this paper, by modeling the vibration absorber with zigzag shapes on a multi-jointed beam, we propose a method to calculate the anti-resonance frequencies and the equivalent masses for designing the shape of the vibration absorber. As a result, we tuned to multiple anti-resonance frequencies to each driving force with first, second and third vibrational overtone.

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In this paper, the two-wheeled dynamically stabilized vehicle moved by human pedaling is proposed as a Personal Mobility Vehicle (PMV). The basic mechanism of this new vehicle consists of the system of the stabilization control for an inverted pendulum and the pedaling torque by a human. This paper proposes the mechanical drive system and the electric drive system of the vehicle. It investigates the influence of the constant pedaling torque and variable one on the stabilization control of the vehicle through the numerical simulations. We confirmed the ride by the prototype vehicle.

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In this paper, we perform assist control of motorcycle to avoid hazardous situation in a rider's maneuver such as lane change. Rider's optimal driving of lane change is obtained using final-output control on the basis of a dynamical model of a rider-motorcycle system considering steering reaction torque to the rider's upper torso and leaning of the rider's upper torso. The controller of the assist control system with the front-steering torque is designed by using H_<∞>, control theory. It is verified from simulation results that the motorcycle is stabilized by the assist control system even though an impulsive disturbance comes from road in lane change maneuver.

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This study examines the effects of the Steer-by-Wire (SBW) system on lane keeping performance of motorcycles by examining simple computer simulation. The lane keeping performance is evaluated by the rider-motorcycle system using a rider control model which represents the rider's maneuver. The SBW system improves the lane keeping performance of motorcycles in comparison with conventional motorcycles. In addition, the Lane-Keeping-Assistance (LKA) system is applied to the SBW motorcycle and the cooperativeness of the SBW and the LKA systems is examined. The LKA system improves the lane keeping performance of the SBW motorcycle.

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The conventional EPS systems have a lot of problems for solution about progress of steering feeling, stability and reliability etc. by various driving conditions. This paper reports on the development of a steering simulator effective to clarify the cause of those problems, and to give remedial measures in addition. First, the EPS system was modeled considering vehicle motion. Next, the simulation package for the steer characteristic analysis was made. Lastly, The steering simulator was developed based on it. And, the effectiveness was verified by vehicle experiment.

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This study deals with a non contact transportation system using an ultrasonic wave levitation phenomenon. This study suggests self-levitated machinery which contains mechanism of levitation. Firstly, this study deal in beam assembled two actuators which vibrates and generates traveling wave on the beam. Secondly, it is fined out that phase difference of the voltages applied to actuators has relationship with traveling wave of the beam from the viewpoint of vibration analyses. And this machinery is controlled using active wave control. Finally experiments on the proposed method are carried out, demonstrating its potential as a positioning control system.

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In recent years, many engineers are engaged in research for breakdown process of building by vibration testing in order to recognize aseismic capacity. Vibration testing system needs to operate correctly to do effective examination, but in many case of device doesn't run accurately because of several types of disturbances. For this reason, various control method for that system are investigated in many research institutions. Therefore, the control approach of 3 degree-of-freedom electrodynamic shaking system is discussed in this study. Since this device has no system software, the purpose is to design basic controller to achieve good tracking performance in unidirectional shaking for this equipment. Controller is designed based on Dual Model Matching control method, and effectiveness of it is proved by simulation and experiment.

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This paper presents modeling of a stepping motor with a full-step drive and design on the timing of the pulse inputs for the suppression control of vibration. When the stepping motor is driven, a torsional vibration occurs at the shaft part connecting to the motor due to an inertia load. Therefore, in the present study, a motor model considering a torsional vibration is designed and built. The timing of the pulse inputs to drive the motor is then optimized to suppress residual vibrations and also to shorten the settling time. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through experiments.

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3-D Full Scale Earthquake Testing Facility (E-Defense) is the world's largest scale shaking table, which can perform a collapse experiment by actual size structure. The experiments on E-Defense have a problem that shaking accuracy is depressed by the effects of a test body. These effects are difficult to predict, so their compensation is depending on the empirical index of efficient engineers. Therefore, it is required to build an E-Defense simulator, confirming the validity of the compensation, and establishing the techniques settling this problem. The purpose of this study is the development of the E-Defense simulator by identifying each components of E-Defense.

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A crane mounted on a tower-like flexible structure called the "Tower crane" has a problem that a fast transfer of the load causes the sway of the load and the vibration of the flexible structure. Our object is to reduce both the sway and the vibration by the control of the boom. We proposed the gain-scheduled H^ control to do it, and have already shown its efficiency by a one-thirty fifths scale model of the tower crane. This paper shows the verification result from both sides of experiments of the real tower crane and the simulation. Now we aim at the product commercialization of the tower crane that this contol was used.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a control method for high speed movement of a parallel-double inverted pendulum system. To move the cart effectively on stabilizing two pendulums in inverted position, we define the ideal motion based on zero dynamics yielded partial feedback control in the simple inverted pendulum system. And the coordinate in state space is transformed into moving coordinate to make the equilibrium point in zero dynamics be origin. High speed movement is achieved by stabilizing the state quantity in the moving coordinate. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is verified by numerical simulations.

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Generally, when controlling some mechanical system, it is desirable to utilize the characteristics of the system. We have studied Subspace control to establish such control approach, and achieved a result in the control of Multiple Inverted Pendulum System. Subspace Control is one kind of the modern control, using modal analysis to utilize the characteristics of the system. In this report, the subspace control is applied to unicycle system, and the effectiveness is verified by numerical simulation.

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Relational expressions to estimate the grip margin of a tire have been derived. By carrying out analysis using isotropic brush model, the grip margin was determined as functions of tire force and aligning torque. We assume quartic ground contact pressure distribution as well as conventional parabolic distribution. Using numerical examples computed by CarSim, a popular vehicle dynamics simulation software, we showed that the results of the quartic distribution gives better conformity with those of the implementation of an experimental nonlinear tire model in CarSim. On the basis of this analysis, the Chebyshev approximation of the solutions that are suitable for real time estimation has been derived.

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In this paper, a distributed control system for an active stabilizer and an electric power steering (EPS) is designed in order to improve the performance on vehicle agility and stability. A control system for the active stabilizer is designed using the linear quadratic (LQ) control theory to balance competing goals for the roll reduction and the improvement of the ride comfort. And a control system for the EPS considering the self-aligning torque is designed by applying the H_∞ control theory. It is verified that the distributed control system applied to a full vehicle model is effective for the roll reduction and the improvement of the driving stability.

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In some types of active steering such as those based on D^* control, lateral acceleration feedback is required, while gravitational acceleration may affect their sensor outputs. The estimation of vehicle roll angle is essential to improve the maneuverability of the vehicle with straight-line vehicle stability. In this study, a scheme for estimating angles of roll and pitch, which involves the use of yaw rate gyro and the lateral acceleration sensors, is proposed. An observer is designed to estimate the body slip angle, and the relative acceleration is estimated by the rate of change of the relative speed measured by the rotation pulse of the non-drive wheels. The proposed method is implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and tested using CarSim, a popular vehicle simulation software.

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Collision Mitigation Brake (CMB) is a part of the Pre-crash safety system which intended to mitigate the damage in vehicle collision. In this study, we investigate the effects of CMB on the vehicle collision accident against a stationary object. Therein, the influences of the brake timing and the road friction on the CMB are focused. By using vehicle motion simulation, the effects of the TTC (Time to Collision) which is the judgment line of the brake initiation and the road surfaces with different coefficients of friction are examined.

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In this paper, we propose a design method of a control system for a semi-active knee bolster to protect occupant legs in vehicle collision. The optimal contact force between an instrument panel and a knee is obtained by Limiting Performance Analysis for the augmented system including an active control system of an active knee bolster with an initial value compensation input. By carrying out simulations we clarify effectiveness of the design parameters of constrain of the pelvis displacement and a parameter of the initial value compensation input to undershoot of the control input and reduction of the femur load.

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In rocket nozzles of first stage main engines of launch vehicles, a transonic overexpanded flow appears during startup and shutdown transients of the engines. In overexpanded rocket nozzles, a supersonic jet separates from the nozzle wall because of a shock-boundary layer separation and undesirable unsteady fluid force appears. Several rocket engines, such as Japanese LE-7A and European Vulcain, have suffered from serious lateral forces called "side load" during the startup and shutdown transients. In the present study, experimental and numerical investigations are carried out in order to understand characteristics of the separated flows. Additionally, a flow oscillation in a dual-bell nozzle for a single stage launch vehicle is investigated

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This paper describes two topics for a vibration problem and a active control technique for system with free liquid surface. The first topic is an unstable vibration of overflow pipe due to discharged fluid flow. This system has a horizontal and a vertical unstable vibrations caused by discharged fluid flow from liquid free surface into the overflow pipe. In this study, we investigated characteristics of these unstable vibrations by theoretical analysis and experiment. The second topic is an active control technique for the suppression of sloshing based on flow control in the vessel. We proposed active feedback control methods by using movable plates which are set in liquid. The performances of proposed methods are experimentally evaluated by time histories and flow visualization in the vessel.

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The manufacturing industry is pushing for deployment of 3D CAD, CAE and CAM technologies to cut manufacturing costs and to increase manufacturing efficiency. However, there is a shortage of professionals who are skilled in these technologies. To correspond to this situation, Chubu University has established a learning environment supported by cutting-edge CAD/CAM/CAE technologies. This report introduces the outline of the updated equipments and the content of the lecture. In the teaching evaluation, the students who attended at the lecture using CAD/CAM/CAE evaluate highly these lectures than general lectures.

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The deformation mechanism of bone at different hierarchical levels has been of wide interest. The important features of bone, its anisotropy and orientation dependent deformation are equally important. With respect to deformation at the macroscopic scale due to external load, how the mineral particles deform has not been revealed yet in detail. From different experimental outcomes, we demonstrate the mineral crystals deformation and arrangement characteristics using two-dimensional X-ray diffraction images. On the basis of orientation and distribution of crystals, we then describe an approach of evaluating the anisotropic stresses in cortical bone from the deformation characteristics of HAp crystallites.

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Cells can respond to mechanical stimuli and change their shape and functions. Since the mechanisms are not clear yet, many researchers have tried to find mechanosensors, mechanotransduction system and the signal pathways. Cell morphology is determined by the structural components in cytoplasm such as focal adhesion, nucleus and stress fibers. In this paper, the author summarizes the dynamic responses of endothelial cells under shear and tensile stresses, the role of stress fibers as mechanotransduction and functions of cytoskeletal components in cell shape determinant.

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