This study is to examine the relation between Ni contents and the weldability of WC-Ni Cemented Carbides. The WC-Ni specimens with Ni mass fractions of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 were made from Vacuum Sintering Chamber (VSC) or Spark Plasma Sintering System (SPS). Ni bead was made on the surface of each specimen by TIG welding. As a result, weld cracks were observed in every specimen except for WC40%Ni by VSC. The weldability of WC-Ni will be estimated from the weld crack observation and the residual stress distribution obtained from X-ray diffraction method.

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In this study, a series of experiments and numerical simulations are carried out. Experimental results obtained on SUS304 stainless steel subjected to biaxial ratchetting showed the dependence of strain amplitude and the dependence of strain rate. A unified constitutive equation was used for computer simulation. The simulation could describe characteristic features of biaxial ratchetting.

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The present paper shows how to apply the method which Liang, Wada, Kato, Tagawa, Taya and Mori proposed for the calculation of stress-strain curves of tetragonal martensite in FePd polycrystals to monoclinic martensite of NiTi alloys, which are most commonly used among various shape memory alloys. The result implies that, if variant deformation of martensite occurs together with the elastic deformation of martensite lattice, the Young's modulus reduces to 46% of the elastic modulus of the lattice.

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In this study, the effect of loading rate on the strength and the absorbed energy of paper and polystyrene foam boards was examined by a series of dynamic and quasi-static compression tests. In dynamic compression tests, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube instead of an ordinary metal bar was used for the measurements of the load applied to the specimens, in order to relieve the impedance mismatch between stress bars and specimens. The absorbed energy up to a strain of 60 % in compression tests of paper foam board is about 1.3 times greater than that of polystyrene foam board. It was also found that the absorbed energy obtained from dynamic tests for paper and polystyrene foam boards was about 1.6 times greater than that obtained at quasi-static rates.

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In this paper, the method of deciding stress intensity factor is described by using strain gage. The CT test specimens of the FRP and PC material were used for the experiment, and the tension speed executed at the speed of 0.1 mm/min, and executed the experiment temperature at 30℃. The type of the strain gage used by this experiment is the gage length of 0.2mm. The experiment result and an analytical solution were compared. It was shown that the proposed method of strain gage was able to measure the stress intensity factor of the crack by adequate accuracy.

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One of the typical leaves with wide leaf shape is a leaf of butterbur (Petasites japonicus). To investigate the mechanical characteristics of veins in a wide leaf, optical measurements of the angle of veins, their length and diameter, the thickness of lamina etc. were performed. It was found that the vein volume including in an unit area of lamina is almost constant over a butterbur leaf. To obtain the mechanical properties of the vein and the lamina, static tensile tests were carried out. From the tests, it was obtained that tensile strength and Young's modulus of the vein were 2.24 MPa and 63.6 MPa, respectively, and they are much greater than those of lamina.

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This study aims at obtaining the basic data for the developing and the practical use of an easy antifreeze paved road.The newly developed paved road named as the spike road is made up of rubber-chip boards and steel spikes welded on a steel plate base. In this paper, a measuring method for the surface displacement of the rubber-chip board due to vehicle loads through vehicle tires is discussed in order to examine the relative protrusion height of the spikes. The proposed measuring method, Pin-displacement method, is applied for measuring of 4 different rubber-chip boards. The measuring results by the Pin-displacement method showed good reappear-ability ones. Numerical simulations are also carried out using FEM code MARC and some reasonable results were found. In addition, the spike road were laid in the open and the non-skid effect was experimentally verified by means of fast braking of vehicles.

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In this study, we developed a compact digital electrohydraulic servo testing machine to acquire fatigue test data in very high cycle region efficiently. To improve response and load accuracy, we designed a high rigidity load frame, developed a special gripping jig for decreasing bending load, and used a high-speed servo valve. As a result, this machine achieved the following performance : (1) ±9.8kN cyclic uniaxial load could be generated at 200Hz. (2) Bending that applied to specimen was suppressed within ±3%. (3) Digital proportional control made it possible to keep error of load less than ± 1%.

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The results of numerical simulation of the hollow cylinder which is subjected to uniform steady flow are presented. In the simulation the measured flow pressures on the surface of the cylinder are used to calculate the distortion and the displacement of the cylinder. The measured pressure consists of fluctuating and steady components, the former one is asssumed to be a harmonic functiuon.

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In this paper, viscoplastic constitutive model for deformation of Pb free solder alloys was proposed. FEM analysises of microelectronics solder joints was also conducted using the viscoplastic constitutive model. For the FEM analysis, basic experiments, such as pure tension, cyclic loading and creep tests were conducted using Sn-3.5Ag-0.75Cu solder alloy at several tests conditions. As a result, it was found that the thermal deformation of the solder alloy was successfully simulated by the FEM analysis, into which the constitutive model was incorporated.

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This paper concerned with numerical analyses of the thermal stresses and deformations generated in a brake drum mainly equipped with a heavy and large commercial truck. The purpose of this study is to examine the initiation mechanism of heat cracks in a brake drum during the repeated braking. The numerical simulations are carried out using FEM code MARC. In the analyses, the temperature dependence of yield strength of the drum material and the influence of uneven frictional contact areas caused by thermal deformations of the drum during braking are taken into account.

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It is known that initial perfection which is produced in the manufacturing processes in the pipe system yields additional stress under uniform pressure. The authors study the effect of pipe bends with nonuniform thickness as a geometrical irregularity on the stress distribution. Numerical examples are presented for three case of pipe bends with ninety degrees opening angle subjected to in-plane bending.

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The authors study a numerical simulation of elasto-plastic problem under plane stress by the finite element method. Calculation is excuted by making use of commercial-based software LUSAS. Results are shown for three cases at which definition of yield points, approximation of stress-strain diagrams are different. Also an experiment under uniaxial tension is conducted by the photoelastic coating method. Conter line obtained by the finite element method is compared with the isochromatic line.

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The photoelastic method is one of the convenient experimental ways to study the elasto-plastic problem under plane stress. With this method, isochromatic lines can be obtained in the whole objective area, however, it needs complicated procedures to calculate stresses and strains. In this paper, authors coded program to solve Laplacian equation using the finite element. Numerical example is shown for the perforated plate subjected uni-axial tension.

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Recently, spiral bevel gears have been used in various fields. And many researches on dynamic characteristic of that have shown. But there have been few experimental papers on meshing impact which influences the dynamic characteristic. Then, in this paper, on the Oerlikon-type spiral bevel gear which especially is high of the cutting efficiently, rotational vibration in running conditions was measured. The dynamic behavior at meshing impact of the Oerlikon-type spiral bevel gear was cleared, and one of the methods which evaluates the influence of the drive and driven gears to the meshing vibration is shown.

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The finite element model using the simple beam element is proposed in order to predict the vibration from the stage of conceptual design of the construction equipment cab, and it carries out the improvement in the development initial stage, for the frame part, the torsional rigidity of the spot-welded frames was evaluated by simplified estimation method in order to calculate its value. And, the panel part in the cab constitutes the frame-panel structure by the spot welding. Second, in order to express the frame-panel structure by the spot welding well and be possible to use easily without depending on the experience in the design field, the model which replaced the panel part with the beam element was proposed. Finally, to verify that the finite element model of the cab using the beam element which can carry out the modeling without depending on the experience proposed in this study is possible to be applied to both the strength design and dynamic design, the structure analysis and the eigenvalue analysis were carried out. Consequently, the effectiveness of this model was confirmed by comparing these analysis results with experimental result.

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This paper studies the modeling errors on vibration control of cantilever laminated beams. When the number of lamina increases, influences of shear deformation may not become negligible. Governing equations are derived by using Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories. Free vibration from an initial displacement is controlled by the optimal regulator, and the control performance based on each beam model is investigated numerically.

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This paper studies the disturbance cancellation control to suppress a vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder in a cross flow. The controller consists of the optimal regulator and the feedforward control. The external force by the vortex shedding is assumed as a harmonic force, and the magnitude of disturbance is estimated by the minimal order observer for the feedforward control. The cylinder is supported by an elastic beam, and piezoelectric actuators are used as control devices.

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This paper presents a method to derive a reduced order modal equation from nonlinear finite element equations. Equations of motion are derived by applying the principle of virtual work considering with the geometrical nonlinearity. Reduced-order model is derived by introducing modal co-ordinates and the modal matrix that consists of linear eigenvectors. If we use an in-plane mode and an out-of-plane mode, we can obtain a single d.o.f. equation of motion by neglecting the in-plane inertia. The validity of this method is examined in comparison with the results of other previous methods.

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This paper studies nonlinear vibration of flexible rotating annular disks with angular acceleration. Effect of the acceleration for the dynamic responses of the disks is particularly investigated. Based on Hamilton's principle, nonlinear governing equations of the disks are derived. The derived equations, which are coupled equations between the radial, tangential, and transverse displacements, are discretized by using the Galerkin method. The Runge-Kutta-Gill method is applied to the discretized equations and nonlinear dynamic responses are numerically calculated. It will be shown the acceleration has a significant effect on the dynamic responses.

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We discuss a way to estimate the Coupling Loss Factors(CLF) of complex structures by predictive SEA. The formulations of main SEA paremeters are firstly arranged. Then, some guidelines for modeling in predictive SEA are derived using some simple structures. Finally the guidelines are applied to evaluate the CLFs on an automotive parts. As a result, we can get the reasonable CLFs.

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In estimating the SEA parameters experimentally, we should consider both the mean and the variance values of measured data and evaluated parameters. Many reports for experimental SEA have refered to their mean values. Then, we propose a series of formulation for the variance values in experimental estimation of SEA parameters and in the predicted energy levels of the subsystems. The formulation is verified by the application to evaluate the SEA parameters and the confidence levels of predicted subsystem energies in a simple structure

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The object of our study is the development of a new way to overcome the vibration problem on plate structures from the view point of passive control on structural energy transmission. It was clear in the previous paper that the partial alternation of stiffness on plate is effective to change the structural energy transmission. Then, we discuss whether the knowledge obtained is useful to the structures composed of some plates. As a result, it is shown that we can easily change the energy propagating paths on plural plate structures than those on only one plate.

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Swing of ropeway carriers such as gondola lifts is easily caused by wind, and usually a ropeway cannot operate if the wind velocity exceeds about 15m/s. In 1993, Matsuhisa showed that the swing of carrier can be reduced by a dynamic absorber if it is located far above or below from the center of oscillation. Based on this finding, a dynamic absorber composed of a moving mass on an arc-shaped track was designed for practical use, and it was installed in chairlift-type carriers and gondola type carriers in snow skiing sites Teine Highland in Hokkaido in 1995 for the first time in the world. It has been shown that a dynamic absorber with the weight of one tenth of the carrier can reduce the swing to half. It also can be applied to ships and rope suspended bridge and others.

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This paper examines the subharmonic resonance of order 1/2 of laminated shallow shells with rigidly clamped edges. Nonlinear equations of motion for the shells based on the first order shear deformation theory are derived by means of Hamilton's principle. By employing eigenvectors of linear vibration calculated by the Ritz method as trial functions, we apply Galerkin's procedure to the equations of motion. Then a non-linear ordinary differential equation for the time function is derived. Frequency-response curves are calculated by using the shooting method, and the effect of lamination sequences on the behavior is studied.

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This paper studies the analytical model for damping of composite laminates. For this purpose, frequency equations are derived analytically based on Flugge-type Classical Lamination Theory(CLT), First-order Shear Deformation Theory(SFDT) and Higher-order Shear Deformation Theory(HSDT), and then fundamental frequencies and specific damping capacities of the cantilevered beams with different stacking sequence are calculated numerically. The applicability of each theory for damping analysis is studied from the comparisons of the results obtained, and experiments are also carried out to clarify the numerical results.

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This report deals with stress analysis of a cantilevered composite rectangular plate under in-plane acceleration. The stress-strain relations of composite material are substituted into the equilibrium equations and the compatibility relation yields the governing differential equations by use of Airy stress function. A polynomial solution is derived to satisfy both the equations and the boundary conditions. Numerical examples show the effect of acceleration on the stress distribution in the wing plate model.

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This study presents a failure analysis of snow melting machine that is required to improve the safety standard of the machine. Six hundred sets of data on malfunction of the machine are analyzed by using the matrix chart and the correlations existing among various types of malfunction are discussed.

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We report a measurement method for particle diameter, velocity and absorption coefficient at the same time by using a dual-burst beat signal in the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). In the dual-burst type LDV, two bursts of Doppler beat signals are produced by passage of a single particle in the measurement volume. The particle diameter is obtained by a separation time or distance of two bursts while the absorption coefficient is by an intensity ratio of them. Theory and experiment are carried out to verify the feasibility of this method.

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A particle flows with repeating a collision and friction. On that occasion, it is like elasticity by the materiality of the particle, and it is like non-elasticity. A numerical calculation separates in shear direction element and a law line direction element between the contact 2 particles. We report application to the field except for Voigt Model from the result.

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To obtain maximum efficiency in all the processes of printing production, from design through to post-printing, a well structured unified model, which covers the whole process, would need to be defined in advance. In this paper, we have compared the two competitive model - CIP4 JDF and Database AMPAC. We also make the sample conversions between CIP4 JDF and Database AMPAC with our conversion method, to verify the flexibility of Database AMPAC.

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This study is an examination about the interaction between molecules for expression about similar phenomenon by a cellular automata method. Generally molecules dynamics is used to compute a molecules motion and property of various materials. This method is used the equation of motion for a computing. On the other hand cellular automata method use interaction of cells for computing, In this study we examine a discretization of LJ potential for application to cellular automata method.

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Color of printed matters can be treated by numerical values if it is analyzed in the flamework of colorimetry. If there is accumulation of the analyzed data, it becomes possible to control a printing machine directly by making feedback to the cause.and to be completely automatic for printing. For the above reason.we constructed be the algorithm for quantitative analysis of color characteristic information and investiqated whether printing is reproduced based on color information.

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Recently, in the cold regions, pedestrians slips and falls in the freezing road surface. Then there are problems that they injured by that. To overcome these conditions, it thought that effective Anti-slip performance could be made by deciding the proper arrangement of Anti-slip material, from the measurement data of floor reaction force and pressure distribution of the shoe sole in a walk. So, anti-slip shoes were manufactured to a certain testee. And, anti-slip material used a glass fiber. When the improvement of Anti-slip performance was examined with three kinds of ways of examining. Though the base shoes were a frictional coefficient μ=0.08, sense value S=1.25 and an acceleration ratio Ra=0.151 respectively, the shoes manufactured by this system became μ=0.28, S=4.00 and Ra=0.235, and it was improved each 250%, 220%, 55.6%.

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In snowy and cold region, as Hokkaido area, many houses have an entrance of higher level from the ground surface. For handicapped or elderly people, going out or in through the entrance of their own house involves many difficulties and risks, much more the winter season. In this work, we investigated on a development of an outdoor-lift to realize the barrier-free of entrance or approach of the house. A trial lift was designed and made for outdoor use in also winter season. Original design of the lift was adopted for turn-table mechanism to enable to get into or off from every direction, and a hood cover to protect snow and cold wind.

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A microcracks near surface of the cancellous bone causes origin of a bone fracture. Therefore, to prevent a bone fracture and/or to toughen a bone structure it is important to evaluate mechanical bone property near microcracks in trochanter major and minor sides. In this study, mechanical bone properties density, elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, around microcracks near surface of the cancellous bone at & human trochanter were examined via measurement of surface wave velocity and acoustic impeadance using a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM).

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Recently various types off artificial knee joints have spread and the stabilizer type artificial knee joint is used for bad knee condition. In this paper to make clear the validity of the stabilizer joint, the contact condition of the stabilizer type artificial knee joint, together with intact and stabilizer type artificial knee joint, during gait was calculated using motion analysis, inverse dynamics and non-linear optimization methods.

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Purpose of this study is to develop the automatic snowplow that works in wide and simple space such as car parking lot. At the first step, the autonomous robot model was manufactured. CCD video camera is mounted on this robot as a vision sensor for recognition of a landmark. Autonomous controller operates the switches of the contactless relay-circuit according to the preset landmarks, and distinction of each predetermined action is given by color of the landmark. In addition, the design of a practical landmark is examined.

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This paper studies an optimal control of a golf swing robot that is used to evaluate the performance of golf clubs. Mathematical model of the golf club is derived by Hamilton's principle in consideration of the bending and torsional stiflhess, and the eccentricity of gravity center of the club head on the shaft axis. Drive torque is applied to only the shoulder during down swing. Control torque is applied to the shoulder and wrist after the impact LQR is applied to stop the robot during the follow-through. Numerical simulation is compared with results by experiment by using a small swing robot

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Golf swing robots are used for evaluating the performance of golf clubs. Since the robot is controlled according to swing speed or joint path, the robot can not perform a smooth swing motion that is adapted to the characteristics of the golf club like a skillful golfer can. In this study, a new golf swing robot with skills similar to those of advanced golfers was examined by three dimensional analysis. In addition, supination torque planning for the left forearm was analytically examined.

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Low back pain is one of the most serious diseases in a work. It is important to prevent low back pain. In order to predict the muscle force in the lifting work, the musculoskeletal model was developed in this study. Twenty-four major muscles in a truncus and femurs were selected. Five lifting motions were measured by two video cameras. The successive quadratic programming method (SQP) was used to analyze muscle force at each model obtained from lifting motion tests. As a result, this analysis was appropriate with the electromyogram experiments (EMG).

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In this study, the relationship between instructed conditions of gait and the change of joint angles of a leg was experimentally examined. The results of this study will be useful for the development of an above-knee prosthesis that can adjust to various walking motion. It was clarified that the change of stride and pace in walking motion shows different tendency according to the instructed condition in the experiment.

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Most of above-knee prostheses have link mechanism at knee joint for comfortable walking. Recently Intelligent prosthesis that can automatically adjust to the change of gait has appeared However, there is no prosthesis that can adjust to various motions. The purpose of this study is the development of an above-knee prosthesis that can adjust to various walking gaits by simple mechanism and control. In this report, joint torque in various walking and control mechanism of the knee joint were analytically examined.

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It is important to measure the cross section area of soft tissues for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of the tissues. In order to measure the cross section area precisely, measuring equipment using laser displacement sensor was developed. Using this equipment, high precision cross-section area measurements for various kinds of shape and tissue could be possible.

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Tactile wear (of "Tezure" in Japanese) is the wear of materials by the touch of the human hand over periods of 100 hundred to several hundreds of years. Some of the typical examples and the result of demonstrative research have already been reported in this conference. In this paper, experimental research was carried out on wear mechanism of the tactile friction and wear, and following results were obtained. It was proven that the tactile wear was generated by micro cutting phenomenon by the horny cell layer of fingerprint.

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To estimate the condition of hemoglobin in the local blood layer under the human skin, we propose an inverse Monte Carlo method using spectral reflectances obtained from the skin surface. To investigate fundamental possibility, we employed as a sample the spectral reflectance generated by the computer simulation for a multi-layered skin tissue model. We confirmed from computational results that the concentration of hemoglobin and the oxygen saturation might be successfully estimated in the near infrared range.

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To discuss the colors appearance of blood in human tissue, we performed Monte Carlo simulation of spectral reflectance in the visible wavelength (400-700 nm) for skin tissue layer model and analyzed color properties. From simulated results, we confirmed that the color appearance of blood layer can be interpreted by CIE chromaticity diagram. In addition, we found that changes of colors appearance is estimated by also result of Monte Carlo simulation for different conditions of blood and tissue layers.

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