This paper investigates how university spinout companies develop. The capabilities framework is used to investigate the development of nine different spinout companies. Each venture is found to move through a number of distinct phases and to come up against "generic" problems whilst attempting to move from one phase to another. We identify four critical junctures that spinout companies need to overcome to succeed. The entrepreneur or the entrepreneurial team need to possess key entrepreneurial capabilities to overcome these critical junctures.

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When people discuss on the topic of technology transfer in Meiji Japan, it is customary for them to put their emphasis on the role of the leadership of the Government. However, as many western business hunters came to Japan as soon as the opening of ports, they also brought Western technology and applied it directly to their private business. Therefore, we must emphasize these business hunters' role is more significant. Here, we focus on the development of small steamer ferry business, initiated by them, and its role to the rise of the Japanese modern shipbuilding industry.

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Technology is a social process of applying the ensemble of technical means and knowledge to serve social ends. Because it is social process involving actors organized within structures and having roles, goals and values, technology becomes amenable to sociological analysis. In its broadest definition, technology is the totality of technical means employed by a culture for the production and control of material and non-material goods and services. Sustainable development has an essentially normative character, which makes it difficult to operationalize. It implies a close relationship between environmental sensitivity and economic growth. Human resource development (HRD), in the context of sustainable development, and management and transfer of technology, has special meaning. The bottom-line is learning, i.e., an individualized process whereby people fulfill their needs through the internalization of information and externalization of reactions to environmental conditions. The contexts of such involvement in development include political, socio-cultural, economic and technical-scientific activities. In my presentation, I will try to examine the complex interconnections between technology, sustainable development and human resources, where the latter hold the key to adaptation and technological progress.

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This paper examines the transfer of technology to latecomer economies by investigating the case of <19>^<th>-century Minas Gerais, Brazil. It discusses the dependence of various firms on foreign technical knowledge and the limits to the development of an indigenous technology during this period. It also examines the main sources of technology of mineiro firms during the <19>^<th> century and the nature of the technological dependence of each industry investigated. As local production of technical knowledge was virtually non-existent, most industries in <19>^<th>-century Minas Gerais relied on foreign technology.

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In this paper, a new business model has been proposed to lunch the wind power business by participating a large number of people. And it is aimed at creating a "Green Community" by using wind energy against the global warming. The new card "GPC", i.e., "Green Premium Card" is, therefore, introduced to collect the funds from the people for making wind power stations and to return the profit and benefit to the card members. This model is collaborated by the Cardholders, Credit Card Company, Merchants, wind Power Company, Wind generator, and Electric Power Company. This scheme can be connected to some new ways, such as the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, environmental taxes (or, carbon tax, etc), and local currencies.

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South Africa is considered as the very modern state in Africa. However, due to apartheid policy for years, black people have had little opportunity to get skill training and up-skill. Therefore, the gap in wages and quality of life between white and black people has widened to more than ten times. It has become social issue; need to be improved urgently from humanitarian and economic standpoint. Our government aim to transfer japanese industrial technology and technical skill to developing countries, develop human resources for poverty reduction and foster Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. In the meantime, we try to promote GLOBALIZATION of Japanese Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the area. In considering of demands of developing countries, we are going to report the results of field study in this country in the 1^<st> International conference on Business and Technology Transfer in Kyoto University on October 2002.

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By the development of the modern science and technology especially of vehicular engineering, the human society were given a great convenience, but the increase in the energy consumption gives an aggravation of the global environment. The development of the technology for environmental problems shall be proceeded in a global standpoint not only of geographical differences but also of cultural situations. Based on such a global viewpoint, the technology development, therefore, with any style of its transfer is the necessary condition for those activity. Some examples of the technology transfers in vehicular engineering of modern age including jet engines, aero-engines, passenger cars and diesel engines can be described as a reference to the technology development for next generation.

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Technology of every place has its speciality depending upon the local climate and the speciality determines the condition whether some technology is assimilated or not. Here we compare as the first step the differences of technology and climates with the comparisons of contents of Johann Beckmann's works and International Patent Classification to Japanese ones.

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To industrialize the own country, the developments of new exporting goods is necessary to obtain foreign money for importing new technology. The new products must have their technological background upon their indigenous, traditional knowledges. I have researched the domestic patent and design applications for the purpose and obtained much more fruitful data for their situations of technology, ie, geographical, technological distributions and political problems

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Japan completely went to ruin by the Great War. However, a revival comes soon Japan achieved wonderful economic growth. Her economic revival was called as "miracle" and criticized afterwards when Japanese economy had fallen down. On the way to High economy, Japanese economy had intention of building factories abroad with the result of success story. A concept behind is direct overseas investment to Europe, America and Asia. There were difficulties accompanied for expanding overseas investment. Policy leaders' misunderstand and mistake did lead Japan to dead rock situation. The economy suddenly expanded. And the leaders with little interest in the economy; Government, Bureaucrats and Central Bank people took a simple-minded policy. there wrong decision did heavy shock to Japan. It is said BUBBLE. A miracle of Japanese economic power disappeared completely. The myth about management ability of Japanese lost the light and dispersed. So-called the Japanese way of management (JWM) was praised to the skies on temporarily. And, being disputed and eclipsed. After collapse of Economy, JWM got slandered. However, Principle of JWM is "management with person". It is based on a management idea and tradition of a Japanese businessman. And, on that point, many scholars and researchers investigated, analyzed. In this short article, I focus right on an overseas project finance aspect, especially concerning oil business. Through direct overseas investment, JWM had moved to overseas and discussed worldwide. I describe its history and background briefly. And I summarize the evaluation in scholars' studies and negative reputation in business world. Finally, I think about the role and function of JWM in the coming new world. In a word, the time has come for the management by will. Principle of consensus may transfer to that of collaboration.

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The present modern Japanese society is supported by its high level of science and technology. However, the scientists and engineers who contributed the developments and their products are not so highly evaluated. Then, only a few heritages are preserved in Japan. On the other hand, historical contribution of science and technology are well known to people in European countries and US. The railway museums and aircraft museums are often controlled by the government in the West. The nicknames of trains in European countries are often taken from the names of famous scientists and engineers. In U.S.A., aircraft and space museums are one of the popular sites for tourism. Moreover, milestones in science and technology are often preserved as museums. The importance of social education in these fields is stressed through examples in the West.

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Now, many programs aiming at studying in the university of technical industrially advanced nations, such as Japan, are performed in each country of Asia. Usually, only the foreign students centering on Japanese is the present situation. The authors performed practices of manufacturing for students who aiming at studying in Japan for four months twice in 1999 and 2000. The main contents are a manufacture of the robot having easy structure, and implementation of a contest. The lesson was performed in Japanese also in consideration of the improvement in a foreign student's Japanese available. The authors report implementation of practice of manufacturing in the environment where thing making experience, consciousness, a language, ets. differ from Japan, its meaning, and problems.

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This study aims to investigate the diffusion process of innovations into a social system. Innovations change their aspects while they diffuse into it. Various social groups interact with each other to promote or prevent the diffusion of innovations, using various communications channels. In addition, due to the rapid progress of communications technologies on the whole, communications channels themselves are said to become innumerable, which affect the diffusion process of innovations that should be formed while they diffuse into the social system. Firstly, this paper develops the diffusion process of an innovation that is formed while it diffuses within a social system, mentioning the interaction between various social groups. Secondly the author reconstructs the innovation diffusion process, and finally discusses the relationship between the critical mass and dominant design.

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This paper attempts to analyze how "the Japanese technology" was formed in the Japanese machine tool industry, and presents how Japanese machine tool builders won the competition for R & D and innovation in the domestic as well as international markets. The key innovation in the machine tool industry in the 1970s was numerically-controlled (NC) machine tools and computerized numerically-controlled (CNC) machine tools. During the competition for innovation of CNC, drastic changes in the rank order of individual firms in terms of amount of production occurred. Prior to the transformation, the "Big 5" companies with a long tradition occupied the largest market share. After the innovation, however, the "Big 3" firms which were not big in size at their origins increased their market share tremendously. This paper explained how this drastic change stemmed from the viewpoint of different attitudes towards innovation and technology management between Big 5 and Big 3.

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The traditional technology of tatara system, or Japanese steel making process, and Japanese sword are treated from the viewpoint of modern science, especially through the computer simulation of quenching of the sword. Discussions are made on the reason why such a traditional technology has been survived to be consistent with scientific rationality

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Gorham was a US-born engineer. He renounced his US citizenship to become a naturalized Japanese citizen. During a period of time from after World War I until immediately after World War II, he played a big role in introducing and transferring an American concept of technological rationalism to the machinery industry in Japan, especially in the fields of design, development and production of machines.

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High pressure air compressors consisted of an opposed piston two stroke Diesel driving reciprocating multi-stage compressors, were developed by Junkers AG in Germany around 1935. It was introduced to Japan by the Imperial Japanese Navy for generating high pressure air to launch torpedos and to produce oxygen for propulsion agent of torpedos. Kobe Steel, Ltd. and Mitsui Seiki, Ltd. were appointed by the navy to be their manufacturers under license of Junkers. The contract was made and actual machineries were imported. After it was adopted officially by the Navy, some hundreds of units were manufactured and supplied to the Navy for military use. The application of the compressor was later widened to lower pressure for general purpose, and manufacturing and supplying to open customers continued nearly 20 years. The history was traced inside of Kobe Steel, Ltd. and reported.

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People who live in the mountainous area in Southeast Asia have performed ground-burnt-off cultivation from ancient times in the mountainous region convered by tropical rain forests. It is also carried out widely around the Kalimantan Island even now. Since it rains mostly, the climate of these islands is humid. Therefore, maintenance of a fire is difficult. In these areas, the fire piston was invented at ancient times and it has been used for many years. A piston is quickly driven into a cylinder of small bore and air is compressed. The high temperature generated by it lights tinder at the tip of a piston. Professor Linde of Munchen Technische Hochschule is famous for invention of the refrigerating machine in 1873. He gave a lecture on the Pinang island is Southeast Asia, and got the fire piston as a souvenir. He performed the returning-home-from-abroad report lecture in school. At this time, Professor Linde lit a cigarette with the fire piston. Diesel who was looking at it has sensed that the principle of a fire piston can apply to ignition of an internal combustion engine. Europe of those days was the midst of development competition of an internal combustion engine and an automobile. Diesel did theoretical research about the internal combustion engines. He applied for the patent and obtained at Britain in 1892 and after, at Germany in 1893. Then, he invented the world's first self-ignition internal combustion engine after extraordinary efforts. The principle of a Diesel engine can be said to be in the fire piston that is the tool of a life of the mountainous people lived in Southeast Asia.

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One of the most important problems in the beginning of the cotton industry in Japan was the training of workers. The mill owners had to rapidly train the technical managers such as the gaffer and the skilled workers. There are roughly 5 stages in the development of the cotton spinning industry in Japan running from 1867 to 1910s. During this period Japan succeeded in keeping out imported Indian and English imported yarn and woven goods Moreover, Japan was able to export yarn to China, Korea and India. The First Stage (from 1867) : competing with the hand spun yarn. The second stage (from 1887) : competing with the Indian yarn up to 20's. The third stage (from 1889) : competing with the English 32's yarn The fourth stage (from 1893) : competing with the English 42's two fold yarn The fifth stage (from 1894) : competing with the fine English yarn above 60's In this paper I will discuss the important role played by cotton spinning books and particularly the role these books played in the training of the technical managers and the skilled workers.

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The foreign technology introduction to Nagasaki Shipyard provided the evidences that the venture business starting as the independent firm was not always given the advantages. Nagasaki Shipyard as the autonomous unit in Mitsubishi could succeed in the foreign technology introduction and put the shipbuilding industry in developing country on track of increasing returns. It was undeniable that the institutional factors contributed to the path acceleration. These factors, especially the internal capital market, the corporate govemance, and the decentralised organisational form (M-form), created the fundamental rules for evolving the business and business unit. This also provided the space and time that enabled the engineers with higher learning to dedicate them to technological development and manufacturing management

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In Japan, from the last stage of Edo era, introduction of western technology was performed thick and fast. However, the failure example of many technology transfers are also included in these. This paper considers the cause of failure of the national Kamaishi iron mill, which was the greatest failure at that time. Lack of the iron demand accompanying with lacked market research, the Kamaishi iron mill generated a large amount of deficit. It was simplest way to avoid another deficit, that stopping operation immediately, engineer throw in raw ore into the furnace under operation, to make it blockade, in order to prevent pointing out the carelessness of preliminary survey, moreover, and to have laid on physical failure. This blockade of furnace was secondary factor as discontinuance of business, but there was a big meaning. Furthermore, this was useful to mitigation of the initial risk of the following private enterprise, which succeeded management, and had big influence when Japanese key industry growing up.

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Steam locomotives, that were imported from the United Kingdom at the time of railway construction commencement of Japan in early stages of Meiji period, will be explained, and also the genealogy from the imported steam locomotives to the first domestically-built steam locomotive No.221 (later, renamed class 860) manufactured in 1893 by Kobe Works, Imperial Govement Railway of Japan; IGRJ will be described from the viewpoint of the foreign technology transfer.

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New high school system has started since 1948,and the technical high school has turned out many talent in the field of industory. But, in recent years, the scale has been decreased. In this paper describes the coorporation between technical high schools and the labor field, and the articulation between technical high schools and institutes and considers teacher's training system concerning the industrial course. Hereafter the education of technical high school emphasize the subject not only technology but also science and mathenatics related to the world concerning about the occupation and work.

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Kyoto University Museum possesses many physical apparatus collected at College of Kyoto between 1868 and 1945. From these apparatus and many archives of Kyoto University Library, the technology transfer in the field of scientific instrument making from Europe to Japan can be traced. The way of transfer was the employment of foreign teachers, the mission of student to European Country, the settlement of school for the education of engineer, Japanese scientific instrument manufacturers appeared at late 19^<th> century.

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Prof. Kiyoshi MAEDA, who was a Chairman of Subcommitee of Preservation of Hisorical Records on Mechanical Engineering of JSME in 1997,expressed as follows : "From the mid to late nineteenth century, our country experienced a period of modernization that was supported by the influx of foreign science and technology. This turned the path of Japan from an agricultural to an industrial country under a policy of an "enriched and strengthened country and production industry." Subsequentry, over this past century, our country has continued in its economic growth. The motivating power of this economic growth has been generated by industry and supported by mechanical engineering." The printing industry in Japan also imitates foreign technologies as well as another industries. In this paper, the first printing press machine made in Japan are introduced.

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In the propagation of the Christianity, mechanical clock was brought for the first time as the tribute in Japan. This fact seems to be a start of the mechanical clock of Japan in the history. In the first time, by imitating the clock, which had come from Europe, it was made. In the Edo period's national isolation policy, clocks made in Japan changed from replica of the Western style clock to peculiar the Japanese clock. They are that it not uses the time keeping of the Western method (Equinoctial Hour) and adopted the time keeping of Japanese method (Temporal Hour) Modern technology was mainly introduced from opening diplomatic relations of Days of the Tokugawa Shogunate over the beginning in the Meiji era. Japan reformed calendar in the solar calendar, and the Equinoctial Hour was adopted. By the increase in the import of the clock from European and American countries, the Japanese clock became rapidly obsolete. Then, the manufacturing technology of the clock which began in the copy of the Western clock in the Meji era initial stage fixed to Japan by ingenuity and contrivance in this paper, the progress of the clock production in Japan is described.

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While a reform of the university education conscious of JABEE examination progresses in the universities in Japan, an enforcement of the introductory subject for freshmen to the faculty of engineering is going on. This paper reports on an introductory design subject entitled "A Guide to Engineering", which has been offered the freshmen of the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Kyushu University for three years. The background under which this subject was planed to set up is described at the beginning. Next, the outline of the subject and proceeding of the class are shown with taking the author's class as an example. After being shown the educational effects and the problems with the results of questionnaire survey obtained from both the students and the professors, merits and demerits to offer this type of introductory subject to the freshmen are discussed. Finally, he conclusion that introducing this type of introductory subject to the education program for mechanical engineering is very effective to improve achievement of the students in Japanese universities is conducted.

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The machine models that were purchased shortly after the university foundation in 1897 are preserved in Kyoto University. The models include (1) a wooden steam locomotive which mimics very faithfully the original metal locomotive, and (2) mechanism models where various portions move according to handle movement manipulated by students, thus demonstrating the fundamentals of a machine mechanism. These two models were useful approaches to technology transfers in the Meiji Era. An alternative approach based on Internet is demonstrated for the machine mechanism models.

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I examine the transition of urban development along the Lake Biwa Canal that was based on the function of navigation systems, and consider the effect of infrastructure on urban development. The Lake Biwa Canal was constructed in the 19^<th> century by using water from the Lake Biwa, applying the latest technology of the Meiji period. This canal has produced many amenities in the 100 years since its construction, in spite of the disappearance of shipping there. It was found that providing a navigation system was one of the most important functions of the Lake Biwa Canal, and technology of its construction were reflective of Japanese climate and culture at that time.

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Japanese original stages were created through a fusion of performing arts and carpentry technology and skills. The roots of revolving stages can be traced to Japan. A study of the mechanisms of a few such wooden revolving stages was carried out, and a brief history of the progression of these stages from their beginnings through modern times has been compiled. After the concepts and technology of revolving stages originating in Japan had spread to Western nations, Japan in turn learned from the mechanical civilizations of the West after the Industrial Revolution and applied this knowledge to the further development of revolving stages, During the course of studying the historical progression of revolving stage mechanisms, the author also investigated the history of related technology transfers and interchanges between Japan and the West.

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A priority issue for the 21^<st> century is to assure enough energy and water in the developing countries needed for increased agricultural output and to stop population increases at the same time. Development of devices that utilize renewable energy was conducted with "appropriate technology" in mind as apart of technology assistance scheme to developing countries and achieved fruitful success. In this paper, the authors present several case studies based on our experiences of technical transfer and technical assistance for developing countries which based on a concept of appropriate technology.

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For application of European technique to the traditional water mills in Japan, several mismatching points are pointed out. The cause for those is attributed to the partial imitation of the equipment without the enough consideration about the mechanical system and traditional life style. From this result, we suggest several remarks for the acceptance of transferred technique. These points are important for applying many local technique to improve the environmental problem in the 21 century.

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