The purpose of this study was to discover the changes over a period of time in the priodontium (gingiva) of children. Field work was conducted by courses in pediatric dentistry at thirteen universities and a total of 6,114 children, ranging in age from 1.5,3,6,9, and twelve years. The study was performed based on unified standards.
The areas of observation, taking into consideration examination of the children, included the mesial and distal gingival margin on the deciduous and permanent central incisor and canine, the labial and lingual side gingival margin, and the interdental papila of the median, making for three areas in all, (to discover change in the gingiva and the epidemiological bite).
The following results were obtained from the field study.
1. The prevcalence of gingivitis at 1.5 years was already 31.9%.
2. After that, there was an increase in gingivitis by degrees, but a slight symptom, a correlation between dental plaque and gingivitis was not clearly seen in younger children.
3. The relationship between the dental plaque in young children and adults shows differences. It is thought that this is due to resistance to dental plaque as well as a weakness in the origin of the plaque.
4. A change for the worse is found in children 6 years old and around 12 years of age a setting of the dental calculus is found, making for the foundation of the form of periodontitis found in adults. More is needed, however, to improve methods of examination and finding of references in young children.

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The purpose of this study was to discuss dental possibilities and problems with cerebral palsied children, to evaluate the difficulty encountered with dental treatment. The subjects were 55 mildly to severely cerebral palsied inpatients and outpatients, who were treated and recorded. According to the following standards, we made total evaluations. Standard evaluation items were“cooperative attitude”,“tonus, and involuntary movement condition for jaws and face”,“respiration, and abnormal reflex”.
Evaluation was classified into 6 ranks, and numerical values were ranked 0to 5.
The results were as follows.
1) At first treatment,52.8% patients were ranked II to III,“with dental problems and difficulty in treatment”.
2) Under the total planed treatment,26 patients finished, and their average number of visits totaled 4.2 times. Also about 50 % of the patients of rank II to IV, who were comparatively difficult, finished their treatment.
3) We investigated the changing evaluation, with patients who came more than 3 times. More mildy handicapped inpatients were“change for better”or“no change”, on the other hand, severely handicapped inpatients had tendency to increase to“changeable”or“change for worse”. Totally, the change in patients ranks showed considerable individual differences.
4) It seemed that the required time had little relationship between treatment and evaluation ranks.
As results, this study suggested that even if mentally and physically handicapped children can be treated at outpatient clinics. Some severely cerebral palcied children run a high risk with their treatment. It is also suggested that they requries dental treatment under sedation or general anesthesia.

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The therapeutic course of myofunctional exercises for the lips and perioral muscles, namely myofunctional therapy, was carried out over a period of more than three months for four children who had oral habits such as tongue thrusting or abnormal swallowing. The upper lip pressures both in resting and swallowing conditions were measured by a strain gauge pressure transducer placed on the labial surface of the upper central incisors before and 1.5 and 3 months after the initiation of the therapy. The strength of m. orbicularis oris was also measured by a spring balance. In addition, both values of the swallowing lip pressures and electromyograms of m. orbicuralis oris leading from surface electrodes were recorded synchronously. These synchronous data were then processed and analysed.
The average values of the resting lip pressure were 1.23g/cm² (sitting) and 1.59g/cm² (supine) before therapy and were 1.77g/cm² (sitting) and 1.93g/cm²(supine) after 3 months of therapy. Analyses of the values of resting lip pressure and time-pressure integrals revealed that the resting pressure increased in three children after 3 months of therapy.
The average values of the maximum swallowing lip pressure were 4.35g/cm²(sitting) and 2.18g/cm² (supine) before therapy and were 8.38g/cm² (sitting) and 9.28g/cm² (supine) after 3 months of therapy. The maximum lip pressure at swallowing increased during the course of the exercises in all four children. However, the waveforms of the lip pressure and the maximum pressure values differed considerably in each measurement with the swallowing trials. The same cases were found in our previous report.
The strength of m. orbicularis oris increased markedly during the course of the exercises.
There was scattering with the cross correlation of the active time between pressure and muscle activity in the course of swallowing in children, compared with normal adults. It was suggested that functional harmony of m. orbicularis oris and other perioral muscles in the course of swallowing in children was not formed sufficiently.

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We researched the masticatory functions among growing children whose deciduous molars were missing. We report on the follow-up study of the chewing patterns among these patients after the placement of the space maintainers.
Subjects used in this study consisted of 20 children. Ten of them were in deciduous/early mixed dentition and whose lower first primary molars were missing on one side. The age when they lost their primary molars ranged from 4Y0M to 6Y7M. A Cr-loop was placed at the extraction space as a space maintainer in each patient.
The mandibular movements when chewing gum and peanuts had been monitored longitudinally with the MKG-K6 analysing system (MYO-TRONICS INC. Seattle). The chewing patterns of the other 10 children with good dentition in the same dental stage were also observed as a control group.
During one year of observation Cr-loops were exchanged for removable space maintainers in three children for various clinical reasons. Two children from the missing group were analyzed separately since one wearing a removable space maintainer developed anterior cross-bite after the eruption of permanent incisors and the other wearing Cr-loop showed severe dental attrition.
The results were as follows: 1) Normal chewing patterns were generally observed in the control group and on the habitual side among the missing group.2) The incidence of abnormal patterns among the missing group was higher during peanut chewing than during gum chewing.3) Among some children wearing the space maintainers, the percentage of normal patterns had risen spontaneously during observation.4) At the final examination, some children were able to chew foods habitually at the both sides.5) Children who used removable space maintainers instead of Cr-loops showed good cooperation and stable chewing patterns. These results suggest that the removable space maintainers also contributed to the improvement of their masticatory functions.

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In order to identify the degree of pulpal response caused by the light-cured lining material, Fuji-Lining LC, we conducted a histopathological examination using adult dogs. The results of our experiments are summarized as follows.
1) According to the observation at 1 day to 3 days postoperative, a slight inflammatory cell infiltration accompanied by their degeneration and disappearance was observed in the odontoblastic cells located along dentinal tubuls from cavity floor or wall.
2) At seven days post-operative, degeneration, disappearance and also vacuolar degeneration were observed. On the other hand, a slight inflammatory cell infiltration was found unchanged.
3) Even at 14 days post-operative, degeneration and disappearance were still observed in the odontoblastic cells. Howevery the inflammatory effect disappears when beginning of the restored dentin build up is observed.
4) According to the 35-62 day post-operative observation, anew restored dentin build up was confirmed, even though a slight change was observed remaining in the odontoblastic cells. According to the results of our experiment, we concluded that Fuji-Lining LC, a light cured lining material, is of less irritation towards pulp than current equivalent materials from the histopathological view-point.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of proximal caries in primary molars and the factors influencing proximal caries.
The subjects were 302 children aged 3 years, outpatients of our dental hospital.
Bite-Wing X-ray examinations were used to diagnose carious lesions of the posterior proximal surfaces.
The factors which had an affect on the proximal caries prevalence were analyzed by using Hayashi's Quantification theory.
The conclusions we reached were as follows:
1) X-ray examinations with Bite-Wings revealed proximal caries in 50.7% of the distal surfaces of the first primary molars and the mesial surfaces of the second primary molars. Most lesions had not reached the enamel-dentin junction.
2) In 302 children,77.2 % of them had one or more proximal caries in the primary molars. The caries prevalence of the proximal surfaces were significantly related each other.
3) The children who already had smooth surface caries showed a high incidence of proximal caries in the primary molars.
4) The factor having the largest effect on the estimation of posterior proximal caries prevalence was the present intra-oral condition. Especially,“Value of Cariostat”and“Intake of sweets”were related remarkably to the proximal caries prevalence.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the interrelation among permanent upper anterior teeth by testing the bilateral asymmetry of the crown sizes. The material consisted of 183 dental plaster models from the Joint Survey between Japan and China concerning dental diseases of Chinese children (1990). While taking notice of the symmetry between the left and right side of each case, the mesiodistal crown diameters of the upper anterior teeth were measured using a digital sliding caliper.
The results were as follows.
1) The differences between the mean diameters of the right and left anterior teeth were not significant, but from the mean absolute value of each difference between the right and left, the hypothesis that the difference between both sides was zero was rejected (p<0.01).
2) From scatter diagrams on the difference between the right and left diameters of the lateral incisors on the central incisors, a negative correlation was found with 1% level of significance in all 178 cases and with 0.1% level of significance in 170 cases except 8 cases having peg-shaped or extremely small lateral in cisors. It seemed that there was an interrelation between lateral and central incisors in which they compensated their relative sizes with respect to each other.
3) No significant correlations, on the other hand, were found between the lateral incisors and canines and between the central incisors and canines.
4) There was a sexual dimorphism in the interrelationship between the lateral and central incisors, and this compensatory phenomenon in size was found more clearly in boys than in girls.
5) Examining each case which had one or both peculiar lateral incisors, i. e., congenital missing, peg shaped and extremely small and in which there was more than 0.5 mm difference between both lateral incisors, only in cases which had extremely small lateral incisors, the above compensatory phenomenon was not observed. The central incisors which were on the same sides of the extremely small/smaller lateral incisors were almost the same size or also smaller compared to the central incisors of the opposite sides.

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We performed a computer analysis of the change and stress on pedodontic treatment using the finete element method. In this study, we investigated the effects of the crown-distal shoe, abutment deciduous teeth, periodental tissues and per manent tooth germs on the occlusal forces when we inserted of the crown-distal shoe.
The following results were obtained.
1) We found that the crown-distal shoe was displaced disto-downwardly when pressed by the occlusal forces. The displacement of the distal end of shoe was especially large.
2) We found that the stress was highest on the contact point of the crown and distal shoe when pressed by the occlusal forces.
3) The nearer the pressed position on the shoe the contact point of crown and distal shoe was, the lower the displacement and stress were made.
4) We feel that the full cast of the crown-distal shoe better than the crown-distal shoe soldered crown and shoe because of less falling, breakage and deformation of the crown-distal shoe.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of oolong tea extract on human dental plaque formation.
The teeth of 35 subjects were cleaned by tooth-brushing and 10% oolong tea extract solution was applied preceding the experiment. They were then forbidden all oral cleaning and instructed to wash the mouth for 3 days using a 0.05 % oolong tea extract solution before and after meals or eating between meals and before going to bed.
Thereafter unstimulated saliva and plaque index scores were collected from all subjects.
The degree of dental plaque accumulation in those subjects who had washed their mouth using oolong tea extract solution was significantly less than the control subjects. On the other hand, the numbers of oral streptococci and mutans streptococci in saliva were not influenced by oolong tea extract.
These findings thus suggest that oolong tea extract could be useful for controlling dental caries in humans.

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The aim of this study were to estimate the normal growth and development in preschool children and to contribute to the promotion of dental health care. We have observed their oral health longitudinally through the dental examinations every year since 1987 and conducted an investigation by means of questionnairs at nursery school and a day nursery in the town of Yuki around Hiroshima city.
The following results were obtained.
1) 41.9% of the parents took care concerning the prevention of dental caries.
2) As to taste trends, the favorite food of preschool children was fruit and confectionery, and undesirable food was vegetables. As for the frequency of between meal eating about 80% of the preschool children ate sweets once a day on school days and twice a day on days off from school. About 40% of the 6-year-olds spend their pocket money on sweets and the number increased as compared with those of other ages. The differences were often statistically significant (p<0.05).
3) As for brushing, more than 70% preschool children brushed their teeth after breakfast and before going to bed. As for who does the brushing and how long the brushing is done, for brushing except for before going to bed, the children did the brushing themselves in many cases but the brushing time is short. For brushing before going to bed, over half of the parents helped out, while most of the children required more than three minutes to do the brushing.
4) More parents who took care concerning prevention of dental caries assisted their children with tooth brushing at after breakfast and after supper, and fed. them less frequently between meal snacks than those that did not. The differences were often statistically significant (p<0.05)

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the light-irradiation times on the adhesion of the resin on primary ground enamel.
Labial surfaces of 60 extracted and frozen bovine mandibular primary incisors were used. The bonding agent and composite resin used in this study were Photo Bond and US shade color Photo Clearfil A (Kuraray Co. ). The etchant used in this study was 40% phospholic acid gel and the etching time was 30 seconds. Light-irradiation time for the bonding agent was 10 seconds and the light-irradiation times for the composite resin were 20,40 and 60 seconds. Specimens were divided into the non-thermal cycled group and the thermal cycled group. In the thermal cycled groups, thermal cycling tests consisting of water baths with 10,000 temparature cycles between 60°Cand 4°C were attempted. The shear bond strength was tested. After the shear bond strength test, the test surfaces of the enamel and the resin specimens were observed using the SEM.
The following conclusions were obtained.
1) Both in the non-thermal cycled group and the thermal cycled group, the lightirradiation time which showed the highest bond strength was 40 seconds (80.10±13.01 MPa,78.99±10.93 MPa).
2) Both in the non-thermal cycled group and the thermal cycled group, the bond strength with 40 seconds of light-irradiation was significantly higher than those with 20 and 60 seconds of light-irradiation time, and the bond strength with 60 seconds of light-irradiation was significantly higher than that with 20 seconds light-irradiation.
3) In the 20 second light-irradiation time, the bond strength with the thermal cycled group was significantly higher than that with the non-thermal cycled group.
4) Higher bond strength was not always obtained with the longer light-irradiation time.
5) In the 20 seconds of short light-irradiation time, fracture of the resin easily occurred on tne enamel by the shear strengtn and the bond strengtns were low.

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This study was carried out to evaluate the masticatory function and for the investigation of the relationship to dental diseases and masticatory function by use of biting of three types of masticatory jellies for modern Chinese children in Beijing, Leshan and Hong Kong.
For evaluation of the masticatory function, the masticatory time and masticatory cycles were recorded for each jelly mastication with individual children.
As the results;
1. There was no obvious relationship to the masticatory function in the children,1010with no caries and with severe caries.
2. The masticatory function was not affected by the taste.
3. There was no obvious relationship to the masticatory function in the children, with normal and with malocclusion.
4. It seemed that the infants (3 years,6 years) in Leshan showed the most massive masticatory efficiency compared with in Beijing and Hong Kong.

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To develop a pit and fissure sealant for partialiy erupting permanent teeth, we produced several trial cements combining tetracalcium phosphate (4CP) and CaF₂ or SrF₂. We investigated their physical properties and the fluoride uptake into the enamel. The liquid consisted of 50 wt% water 30 wt% polyacrylic acid (number-average molecular weight: 5000),15 wt% malic acid, Ond 5wt% tricarballylylic acid. We then made 7 kinds of powder consisting of 4CP and/or CaF₂ ((1) 4CP, (2) 99 wt% 4CP-1 wt% CaF₂, (3) 98 wt% 4CP-2 wt% CaF₂ and 4) 95 wt% 4CP-5 wt% CaF₂, (5) 90 wt% 4CP-10 wt% CaF₂, (6) 80 wt% 4CP-20wt% CaF₂, and (7) 70 wt% 4CP-30 wt% CaF₂) and 2 kinds of powder consisting 4CP and SrF₂ ((1) 99 wt% 4CP-1 wt% SrF₂, (2) 98 wt% 4CP-2 wt% SrF₂). We mixed them with the liquid and each mixture was examined on the same properties. It was found that added fluorides caused the extension of the setting time, the decrease of compressive strength and the increase of solubility and disintegration. No more than 30 wt% CaF₂ or 2 wt% SrF₂ showed enough compressive strength and permissible setting time. We also determined the fluoride uptake into bovine enamel from trial cements. After 4 to 8 days, fluoride was taken up into the enamel surface layer.

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Cerebral palsy patients tend to suffer from malfunctions of various organs due to damage to muscular development and abnormality in harmonious muscular movements. As a result, the forms of the bones are affected, also. Many reports in the past mentioned facial deformation and abnormalities in the dental arch and the palatal form of cerebral palsy patients but there has been no report on the relationship between these three.
In order to study this relationship, or more specifically, the relationship between the facial condition of cerebral palsy patients and their tooth arrangement and palatal forms,19 cerebral palsy patients were selected as samples. They were divided into two groups; seven patients with facial deformation and 12 patients without facial deformation. Seven normal adults with no facial deformation were also selected as a control. The material was a plaster mold of the upper jaw of each sample. In order to observe the relationship between the form of the dental arch and the palatal form, distances were measured and Fourier analysis which is able to provide a quantitative analysis was applied. The results obtained were as follows:
1. Regarding normal samples, there was a significant correlation between the dental arch forms and about one fourth of the shallow area of the palate.
2. Regarding the entire group of cerebral palsy patients, there was a significantly high correlation between the dental arch forms and up to three fourths or so of the shallow area of the palate.
3. Regarding the cerebral palsy patients without facial deformation, there was a significant correlation between their dental arch forms and up to about half of the shallow area of the palate.
4. Regarding the cerebral palsy patients with facial deformation, there was a significant correlation between their dental arch forms and up to about half of the shallow area of the palate. This indicates that the dental arch of the patients with facial deformation is more seriously affected as far as the deep part of their palate than the dental arch of those without facial deformation.

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The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of the TMJ dysfunction syndrome among high-school students in Tokyo. The subjects were 1434 students (718 boys and 625 girls).
The TMJ dysfunction syndrome has been defined as the prevalence of one of more of the following three signs: (a) sounds during condyle movements, (b) limitation of mandibular movement, (c) pain in the region of the muscles for mastication and the temporomandibular joints (TMJ).
The results obtained were as follows:
1. The prevalence of the TMJ dysfunction syndrome on these subjects in Tokyo was 17.4%,15.4% in boys and 19.4% in girls. There was no statistically significance defference between the sexes.
2. The prevalence of the TMJ dysfunction syndrome was found to the difference among schools.
3. The greatest prevalent sign of the three signs was sound.
4. As to the form of the signs, the single sign had greater prevalence than the combined signs. In those subjects with combined signs, girls showed greater prevalence than boys.
5. The prevalence of the TMJ dysfunction syndrome increased and took a turn for the worse at the third-year.

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Theiaim of this study was to examine the difference in the prevalence of the TMJ dysfunction syndrome based on three examination methods (questionaire, interviewandclinical examination) used in the mass popu. ation in adolescents. The subjects were 1343 children (718 boys and 625 girls) in Tokyo).
The results obtained were as follows:
1. The order of magunitude in the prevalence of the TMJ dysfunction syndrome based on the three examination methods was as follows, interview<questionaire<clinical examination. Three was statistically significant difference in the prevalence between the results of the interview and the clinical examination.
2. There was no significant difference in the prevalence between the sexs. But the prevalence of the TMJ dysfunction syndrome classified by schools was found to show significant difference, in particular, the difference in the prevalence in two schools in which the number of students showing notable difference in sex was marked.
3. The coincidence rate of the existence of the symptoms among three examination method was relatively high, However, the coincidence rate of the existence of the form of the appearance form on the symptoms and signs was low.

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Hematological investigation is essential to understand the metabolic condition of the living body as it is important to know the normal values of the blood components. Moreover, the values change with increasing age. Therefore, we measured the mean values of blood components of Wistar rats chronologically equivalent to the weaning period, babyfood, school age, the age of puberty, adult age, the prime of life and old age in human beings.
1. Bilirubin showed higher values at the weaning period and the adult age.
2. Total proteins increased with aging.
3. The values of GOT, GPT, LDH, CPK increased with aging and showed higher values at the age of puberty and old age. ALP showed higher values at the weaning period, school age and the age of puberty. γ-GTP showed lower values at the weaning period and showed higher value at school age.
4. Cholesterol showed higher values at the weaning period and old age. The values of triglyceride increased with aging until the adult age and decreased after that.
5. The value of sugar increased with aging until the adult age.
6. BUN and creatinine showed higher values at the weaning period and the age of puberty. Uric acid showed constant values while it showed higher values at the weaning period.
7. Na and Cl showed constant values with aging. K and P showed higher values at the weaning period and decreased after that. Ca showed higher values at the weaning period, the age of puberty and the adult age.
8. C-PTH showed higher values at the age of puberty, the adult age and old age. N-PTH showed higher values at the weaning period. CT showed constant value with aging.1,25(OH)₂VD showed higher values at the weaning period, adult age and the prime of life.

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A female, aged 4 years and 8 months old, had complained about delayed eruption of the maxillary left second deciduous molar. X-ray examination showed that this tooth was impacted. A calcificated object (3-4 mm) was observed in the oval radio-lucend area (the major axis 5-6 mm) on the occlusal surface of the impacted second deciduous molar. The object was removed surgically, and examined histopathologically. It was found to be a compound odontoma. Qualitative analysis using an X-ray microanalyzer revealed dentin in the odontoma showing uniform calcium concentration. In the enamel, however, calcium and phosphorus showed various distributions of concentration. Magnesium was observed in a high contentrated area in the enamel-dentin junction.

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A 9 year 11 month olf female with ectopic eruption of the bilateral maxillary canines had her left lateral incisor extracted because of severe root resorption. We report on the clinical signs and treatment processes of this case. We presumed the cause of the root resorption and investigated the point of examination on the root resorption of the incisor.
Conclusions were as follows:
1. The presumed causes of the root resorption of the maxillary left lateral incisor were ectopic eruption and rapid inclination of the left canine, existence of the follicular cyst and short root tendency in the maxillary incisors.
2. Ectopic eruption of the bilateral maxillary canines was not due to the tooth to denture base discrepancy.
3. In cases in which it is found that canines are not palpated nor located when in the normal position or the lateral incisor inclines when a patient leaches around 10 years of age, it is necessary to examine by radiograph such items as an orthopantomogram to prevent lateral incisors from root resorption.
4. A careful observation is needed when the crown of the canine locates medially and its axis inclines medially on orthopantomogram. If possible, taking a tomogram is recommended to comfirm a position between the canine and incisor, and the position and extent of the root resorption of the later.

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Idiopathic hyperglobulinemic renal rubulat acidosis belongs to a disease group showing metabolic acidosis caused by a rehalation disorder of the bicarbonate in the renal tubules.
The patient was a girl of 12 years 4 months at the time of the first examination. She was 93 cm tall (-7.3 SD), weighting 12 kg (-3.5 SD). revealing marked retardation in growth, with a doll face, pigeon chest and rachitic rosary. Her lower limbs were bowleg i. e. genu valgum, showing flexion contraction of the knee joint as well as club foot, i. e. pes varus. Her bone age was certain from the x-ray film of carpal bones to be about 8 years.
As intraoral findings, late remaining of B D E and restoration of 6|6 were noted. Centering on the upper and lower anterior teeth, mild expoture of the dental root around the dental neck and mobility of the teeth were noted. Specially with the upper central incisors, inflammation of the gingiva and mobility of the teeth were remarkable with extlusion also showing.
Referring to the x-ray cephalogram of the head, anteroposterior growth of the maxilla and mandible were noted. Such trends were specially notable in the former.

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Tumorous proliferations are often observed in the oral cavity. These are commonly found in adults. Although the lesions may be seen throughout the mouth, they frequently occur on gingiva, buccal mucosa, tongue, and lower lip.
This report is concerned with two cases of inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia in the area of the buccal mucosa. The findings were as follows:
1. Two cases were found in an 11 year,4 month-old Japanese female and 8 year,6 month-old Japanese male.
2. Intraoral examination revealed a smooth, normal colored, and well-defined mass with pedicles in two cases. Clinical diagnosis of each case revealed suspicion of mucocele.
3. Histopathologically, the lesion of each case consisted of an excessive bulk of collagen fibers interspersed with some small blood vessels, nuerofibril bulks, and a small number of inflammatory cells infiltration. There was no salivary gland. The histopathological diagnosis was inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia in two cases.
4. The treatment was simple excision of the inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia and the lesion has not recured in each case.

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There are many case reports of supernumerary teeth, but rarely in the primary dentition. We found four cases which were considered to be supernumerary deciduous teeth.
The results were as follows.
1) They were discovered in Case 1 a 3y9m old boy, Case 2 a 6y4m old boy, Case 3a 4y3m old boy and Case 4 a 3y6m old girl.
2) In Case 1, there was a 6ylOm old brother whose right upper primary central incisor was a geminated tooth. In Case 3, there was a history of lip cleft.
3) They existed in the right upper primary incisor region in Cases 1,2 and 3, in the lower primary central incisor region in Case 4.
4) Their shapes were those of primary incisors, but some of them had anomalies in shape. They included development of the marginal ridge, dull angle of the distal line angle and long length of the crown compared with normal primary incisors.
5) We found that there existed permanent successional teeth germs for the supernumerary primary teeth in Cases 2,3 and 4, based on the examination of the X-ray.
6) In Case 1, we were not able to conclude which tooth was the supernumerary deciduous tooth. In Cases 2 and 3, we concluded that the deciduous teeth between the upper primary central and lateral incisors were supernumerary deciduous teeth from the shape of the tooth crown. In Case 4, we concluded the deciduous incisor in the mandibular median region was the supernumerary deciduous tooth from the position and size of permanent suceessional tooth germ.

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