TEXTOR International Collaboration was organized in the framework of International Energy Agency, and started in 1978. The phase I collaboration was devoted to the machine construction, and the machine time for phase II work was decided according to the weight to their contributions. Japan was shared 20% machine time as. US and Swiss partners. As the phase II collaboration, ECR discharge cleaning and its effect on limiter conditioning is under going. International collaboration on ALT-II (Advanced Limiter Test-II) project is now proposing.
An introduction to the X-ray spectroscopy of tokamak plasmas using a crystal spectrometer is presented. The instrumentation is briefly discussed including Johann type, Hamos type, rotating and convex crystal spectrometers. A number of X-ray lines are measured for plasma diagnostic applications. These lead to the measurements of the ion temperature and the electron temperature and the determination of the charge-state distribution and the transport of high-Z impurity ions. Current topics on the X-ray spectroscopy of high-temperature plasmas besides tokamaks are also briefly described.
A new plasma source, the plasma emitter, was successfully developed by synthesizing alkali metal ions and electrons emitted from a heated mixture of aluminosilicate and barium oxide. The plasma density is in the range of 107-108 cm-3 and the electron and ion temperatures are approximately equal to the emitter temperature around 1300 K. Being very simple in its construction and operation, the plasma emitter has been widely applied for various types of plasma experiments.
The presence of neutral atoms in the tokamak plasma results in the negative plasma potential. The experimental results in ohmically heated plasmas can be explained by this model.