The physical fitness and motor ability of 17, 000 school children in Kyoto City, age 10-17, was studied in 1966-1968. A sports test from the Japanese Ministry of Education, 1963 was used.
The sports test consists of seven items-physical fitness diagnostic test and of five items-motor ability test.
At first, the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and g₁-statistics were calculate using the data of each item of the sports test for boys and girls of every age.
In the paper the results obtained by these preliminary analysis of the data are reported The results which are most worth mentioning are as follows.
1. The age when muscular strength is most remarkably developed coincides with the age when the increase of height is the most remarkably developed. However, according to the results obtained from the Modified Harverd Step Test and Endurance Running, improvement of respiratory and circulatory function seems to occur at a slightly older age.
2. In every item of the sports test records clearly show individual differences. The individual differences related to physical fitness and motor ability seem to be greater than the individual differences related to body type. The greatest individual differences are generally found during the age when the children are most rapidly developing-girls, 10-11 years; boys, 12-14.
3. In most of the items, the distribution is found to be asymmetric which is especially noticable in chinning (modified), step test and trunk extention. In these items the evaluation of individual relative ability among the group by the use of mean and standard deviation is not necessarily suitable.
The use of median or mean as the standard value is recommended Records of our subject were compared with the standards records reported by the Japanese Ministry of Education and with several reports done 30-40 years ago.

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Takahira's calculation formula of the Japanese body surface area, A=W^0.425×H^0.725×71.84 (A=cm², W=kg, H=cm) is early known which was designed on the basis of the physique of ten Japanese men in the 1920's. While it is not inconvenient in the practical use it rather looks oldish. Therefore we actually measured the body surface area of Japanese men and women in 1954-1961 and could success in making a new calculation formula based on these values of actual measurements.
We compared and studied or investigated of many kinds of calculation formulas of the body surface area which have been published up to now and could success in reaching to a satisfactory result. From the result a form A=K₁W+K₂H+Q (W=weight, H=height) is the most adaptable as the calculation formula for getting an approximation of the body surface area.
According to this formula we made up various kinds of calculation formulas for the body surface area in the sex and the age respectively and investigated the adaptiveness and at last confirmed the practicality. (Table IX)

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1) The time course of nearly isometrical tension development of human voluntary muscular contraction was analyzed for the purpose of finding some desirable indicators of the capability of human body to exert maximal muscle force as fast as possible.
2) The isometric tension curves of maximal exertion of hand gripping, arm and indexfinger bending recorded, the linear relation between P_max-P, which is a difference between its maximal tension and each value of tension in the time course, and log t, which is the logarithm of time corresponding to each value of tension, was found in each of three portions of a whole curve of time course of tension, the three portions being a range from P₀ (log t₀) to P₁ (log t₁), from P1 (log t₁) to P₂ (log t₂) and from P₂ (log t₂) to P_max (log t_max.) respectively.
3) The range from P₁ (log t₁) to P₂ (log t₂) is a phase in which the tension increases most rapidly from an initial small tension to a large tension and is, therefore, regarded as a most characteristic one with respect to the time course of muscle force development exerted voluntarily as fast as possible.
4) The angles of intersection of the line connecting P₁ (t₁) with P₂ (t₂) or P₁ (log t₁) with P₂ (log t₂), with the abscissa in the tension-time or tension-log t curve, which are denoted as or respectively, were found to be able to be adopted as indicators of the capability of human body to exert maximal muscular force for a short period of time.
5) The tension curves were found to be nearly the same each other when they were recorded three or four times in the interval of 30 seconds with one and the same subject. If the difference is small between the first and the second record of the time course of a given subject, either of them may be adopted, but if not so, one have to only record the third curve and adopt either of the two resembling each other among the three records.
6) Concerning the subjects of the same age, the difference between P_max and P₂ was small and the tan was large with a subject whose P was large. The tan ψ or tanθ was as a rule smaller with subjects of middle and high ages than with younger ones.
7) The Pmax decreased with lapse of time when the maximal effort of contraction whose duration was one second was repeated in the interval of three seconds for two minutes. Under this condition the tan ψ increased in some cases, but did not in other cases. Also there were some cases in which t₁ remained constant in spite of a decrease in the P_max with subjects of middle and high ages, P₁ of them decreased with decreasing t₁. In short the change of the characteristics of the tension curves due to fatigue showed some individual variation.
8) The decrease in the P_max during a continuation of maximal effort of contraction was more remarkable than in the case of repeated contraction mentioned above, but the changes of the values of indicators were nearly the same in both cases.
9) The P_max of hand gripping and index-finger bending decreased to some extent when examined immediately after the effort of contraction had been continued under the condition that the blood stream in the fore-arm was stopped by applying the maximal blood pressure by a manchette of sphygnomanometer. The change of the values of the indicators under this condition was nearly the same as under the condition without the application of pressure, but under the former condition there were some cases in which a portion of the tension curve corresponding to P₁ (log t₁) deviated from the intersection of the lines, or some cases in which the records of one

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Using the data on physical fitness and motor ability measured on 17, 000 school children aged 10-17, in Kyoto City, the relationship between body build and physical fitness and the relationship between body build and motor ability have been examined.
When children were classified into five groups according to their height, it was found that the tallest group had generally the most excellent physical fitness and motor ability in both of boys and girls of every age group. The items of sport test in which the tallest group did not show the best record were only chinning (modified) and continuous belly grinds.
When children were classified into five groups according to their Rohrer Index, it was found that the group of the largest Rohrer Index had the strongest muscle strength, but the group of the largest Rohrer Index and the group of the smallest Rohrer Index were generally inferior to the group of average or middle Rohrer Index in the other facets of physical fitness and motor ability. This trend was found in both of boys and girls of every age group, although the detail of the relationships between Rohrer Index and Physical fitness or motor ability were a little different by age and sex.

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Flexor muscle and extensor muscle of upper limb were trained with concentric and eccentric contraction. The effects of these traning were estimated as their isometric strength at several elbow angles. The electromyogram recorded during these contraction was observed.
Beside the“Udezumo champion”who were trained isometrically, concentrically and eccentrically on their upper limb muscles under special competitive form were tested on girth, strength and electromyogram and compared with normal subjects.
The results were as follows.
1) The strength of flexor muscle was increased at the ending point of movement with concentric and eccentric training either.
2) The strength of extensor muscle was increased at the starting point of movement with concentric and eccentric training either.
3) Female trained eccentrically were increased of their overarm girth and of their motor unit number of forearm. But in man the effects were opposite i.e, forearm girth and overarm motor unit number were increased. And it seems to us that the larger the elbow angle is, the more the active motor unit number is.
4) The well trained“Udezumo champion”showed that the difference of arm flexor strength at three elbow angles were a little and the almost same pattern of EMG wasobtained throughout all range of their arm movement on main muscles. These findings were not observed in control students.
From above mentioned results and several relative literatures we would like to claim that the difference of training method will not only influences as hypertrophy of muscle fibre at various angles of articulation but makes the change of neuromuscular coordinations.

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