Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine
Online ISSN : 1881-4751
Print ISSN : 0039-906X
ISSN-L : 0039-906X
Volume 26, Issue 3
Displaying 1-5 of 5 articles from this issue
  • KUNIATSU NAGAMI, SHOICHI NAKANO
    1977 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 103-113
    Published: September 01, 1977
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the waving move-ments of upper extremities in gymnastics.
    First, a photograph of the waving movements of a trained female was taken with 16 mm cinecamera. The following results energed from the motion analysis
    1. The elbow joint moved within a range of about 10 degrees in the horizontal direction, and within a range of 60 to 70 degrees in the vertical direcion.
    Therefore, the width of movement was remarkably extensive in the vertical direction. Accordingly, four trained and four untrained females who were to discuss the above characteristics, the movements were recorded using an electrogoniogram for the elbow joint, and an electromyogram for the m. deltoideus, m. triceps brachii and m. biceps brachii, respectively.
    The electrogoniogram readings were analysed as follows
    Calculations were made of the time of extension (TE) and flexion (TF), and the angle of extension (θE) and flexion (θF) of the elbow joint
    2. There did not appear to be a significant relationship between θE and θF in either group.
    3. In the trained group, TE was longer than TF. However, with the untrained group, TE and TF were much the same. TEE and TFF of the elbow joint were calculated, indicating the time taken for movement through one degree.
    4. It was recognized as significant difference that the trained group moved the elbow joint more slowly than the untrained group.
    From the present studied, the properties of the muscular contraction which was activated by the waving movement, were considered to be different for the two groups.
    Reaction time of the m. tricepts brachii of all subjects was measured in the various conditions. Reaction time of muscular contraction (CR) was rapidly extended the forearm to horizontal level, and muscular relaxation with (PR) and without (AR) contralateral muscular contraction (m. biceps brachii) was the opposite movement to CR.
    5. Comparison between CR and AR : In the trained group, AR was faster than CR, but in the untrained group, the opposite was the case. However, no significant difference was recognized
    6. Comparison between CR and PR, AR and PR : For most members of the trained group, PR was significantly faster than CR and AR, but this was not so with the untrained subjects.
    Therefore, the differences for each person were considered to be dependent on inhibition in the nervous system. The characteristics may be connected with the activity of the inhibitory system
    Download PDF (2704K)
  • NOBUO TANAKA, JUNZO TSUJITA, SEIKI HORI, YASUTOSHI SENGA, TORANOSUKE O ...
    1977 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 114-123
    Published: September 01, 1977
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Anthropometrical measurement were obtained on 178 male nonathletic university students and 168 male athletic university students (Swimming, Handball, Soccer, Rugby, Running, Thrower, Judo and Gymnastics) aged 18-22 years.
    The results obtained were as follows
    The mean values of height and body weight for nonathletes were 170.2cm and 59.7kg respectively. The mean values of height and body weight for athletes except gymnastics and long distance runner were larger than those for nonathletes. Athletes showed larger mean values of girth of chest than nonathletes (86.1cm) . The mean values of girth of upper arm and girth of thigh for nonathletes were 26.9cm and 50.6cm respectively. The mean values of girth of upper arm for athletes except basketball, long distance runner and jumper were considerably larger than that for nonathletes. Athletes except long distance runner, jumper and gymnastics showed larger mean values of thigh than nonathletes. The mean values of skinfold thickness for athletes except heavy weight class of judo were thinner than that for nonathletes and the percentage of body fat calculated by using the prediction formura from mean skinfold thickness, body surface area and body weight for athletes was smaller than that for nonathletes
    Plotting of body weight and body fat content in standard measure against height in standard measure with family of iso-deviation line was used to compare the body composition and body shape of athletes with those of nonathletes. In this plotting, physical characteristics could be expressed as the difference (R) between the points representing the mean value of athletes on the origin, (the mean values of nonathletes) and ratio of deviation (r) from standard line representing correlation of body weight or body fat content to height for nonathletes. Plotting R against r with family of lines of the same height was proposed to differentiate physical characteristics of athletes participating in different kinds of sports and to evaluate the effect of training on physical characteristics. Plotting of girth of upper arm and girth of thigh in standard measure against girth of chest was used for the evaluation of difference in body shape of athletes.
    Download PDF (1112K)
  • HIDESHI HASEGAWA
    1977 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 124-133
    Published: September 01, 1977
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to examine some aspects of the function of the sensory-motor cortex in voluntary movements, the selective reaction was studied against photic stimulation.
    An experimental board was constracted, on which there were 12 lamps equally spaced on a circle (radius 32cm) and a key at the center of the circle.
    An electrical signal appeared when a lightening lamp or the lamp at the opposite position relative to the lightening one touched. Ten healthy male and female subjects were selected, whose age ranged from 19 to 32. The subject stood in front of the board, softly touched the key with his/her Digitus Medius and looked at the key. The surrounding lamps were imaged on the field of indirect vision. When one of the lamps was lightened, the subject touched as quickly as possible the lightening lamp (named this action as “catching action”) or the opposite lamp (“avoiding action”), following the initial instruction. The following three cases were studied : (a) 2 directions ; one of the two lamps (NO. 1 & 7) was lightened, (b) 4 directions ; one of the four lamps (No. 1, 4, 7 & 10) was lightened and (c) 12 directions ; one of 12 lamps was lightened. This order was assumed to be in the increasing load condition. The EMG was also recorded, so that we could measure the following five characteristic time
    1. Total Time (TT), the time interval between the moment of lightening of a lamp (light stimulation) and the moment of touching the target lamp.
    2. Reaction Time (RT), the time interval from the beginning if the light stimlation to the release of the finger from the key.
    3. Muscle Contraction Time (MCT), the time interval from the release of the finger from the key to the moment of touching the target lamp.
    4. Premotor Time (PMT), the time interval from the beginning of the light stimulation to the onset of discharge on EMG.
    5. Motor Time (MT), the time interval from the onset of discharge on EMG to the release of the finger from the key.
    The following results were obtained ;
    1) In both cases of the dominant and non-dominant hands, TT, RT and MCT were longer in the avoiding than in the catching actions. This trend was independent of the above three load conditions.
    2) In both catching and avoiding actions, most of the experimental results distributed nearly normally on the histograms of frequency versus characteristic time
    3) When the load condition was changed from (a) to (c), RT and PMT clearly shortened but no appreciable change in MCT was observed in the catching action, while RT showed a trend to lengthen in the avoiding action.
    Download PDF (966K)
  • SHOICHI NAKANO, TOSHITADA YOSHIOKA, MITSUO NARUSAWA, KUNIATSU NAGAMI, ...
    1977 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 134-144
    Published: September 01, 1977
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is significant for whole body training of endurance ability or exerise as rehabilitation treatment of various diseases, that a fixed quantity of exercise in response to a defined level of heart rate could be loaded voluntarily.
    In the present studies it was determined heart rate, respiration rate, number of steps, treadmill speed, moreover, relationship between treadmill speed and heart rate, sudden change of exercise strength on intentional fixed quantity exercise in response to previously defined level of heart rate could be loaded by treadmill connected with “Heart Rate Controller (Quinton Co., Ltd.) ”.
    A series of patterns in treadmill running of the normal adult males were analyzed.
    On the other hand, transition of blood chemical substances during above exercise at defined heart rate were determined by use of the SMAC-System autoanalyzed (Technicon Co., Ltd.) .
    The obtained results in the follows;
    1) The relation between treadmill speed and heart rate defined at 130 beats/min, 150 or 170 each, are as follows.
    a) Treadmill speed at heart rate, previously defined as 130 b/min was 80±5-12 meters/min, actual heart rate during above exercise was 130±3-8 b/min in record.
    b) Treadmill speed at heart rate, 150 b/min was 100 ±9-18 m/min, actual heart rate 150±6-8 b/min in record.
    c) Treadmill speed at heart rate, 170 b/min was 130±10-33 m/min, actual heart rate 170±3-9 b/min in record.
    2) In the present studies respiratory rate during exercise at defined heart rate level neither altered nor had relation with treadmill speed. The number of steps did not alter, rather appeared to determine respiratory rate.
    3) When sudden change of exercise strength during exercise at defined heart rate level appeared, for instances, treadmill speed got quicker, deviated raise of rate from defined heart rate level varied by the individuals and also load on heart itself did by the individuals.
    4) In determination of blood chemical substances during exercise at defined 150 b/min or 170 b/min of heart rate level by SMAC-System, transition of above substances were observed to be within normal range but thier levels before exercise were promptly restored.
    From the results mentioned above it is suggested that process of intermediated metabolism during above exercise could be considerably stable and exercise load at a defined heart rate level can be prescribed intentionally.
    Download PDF (1036K)
  • TOSHIO WATANABE, YURI KAWAHARA
    1977 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 145-154
    Published: September 01, 1977
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The motions are manifested by the built-in motion programing within the central nerve system. It was investigated by means of a simple keypushing motion on what variations in the motions would be developed by alterations in the programing. The key-pushing motion consists in pushing two or four keys in designated orders according to the photic stimulation, and the reaction time and motion time in this case were determined. The key-pushing was performed in accordance with the 4 types of programing.
    The results were as indicated hereunder.
    1) The motion time was shorter when the number of keys to be pushed is less in comparison with the larger number of the keys.
    2) The variations in the programing within the central nerve system are more influential upon the initial stage of the motion, i. e. the pushing procedures of the first and the second keys.
    3) The delays in the reaction time were more remarkable in children in any programing than in the adults. The errorneous key-pushing motion was more frequently noted in the action to push the first key.
    Download PDF (1028K)
feedback
Top