In order to find the characteristics of physique and physical fitness of the field hockey players, data were collected from the Japanese Women's Team members in anthropometric measurements and physical fitness test over an eight-year period starting 1978.
From the data collected for this study the following observations were made :
1. From the data obtained during the last eight years, the tendency to increase or to improve was observed in the mean values of their physique and functional test items.
2. The Japanese National Women's hockey players were superior in agility, especially, side-step-test but inferior in muscular strength, flexibility and cardio-respiratory functions to national players in other activities ; their physique were smaller than others.
3. When compared with hockey players of foreign countries, it was observed that Japanese Women's hockey players were smaller in physique and inferior in muscular strength and cardio-respiratory functions.
4. When individual measurements of three years span were compared longitudinary, upper arm girth, muscular strength of upper limb and trunk had increased and jumping reaction time had improved, but not too many differences were observed in flexibility and cardio-respiratory function during the three years.

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This study was designed to investigate the change of postural control while repeatedly imposing the horizontal floor vibration in upright stance. A vibration table mounted with a force platform was vibrated sinusoidaly in anteroposterior direction under the condition of 2.5 cm amplitude and 0.5 Hz frequency. Ten female subjects, aged from 18 to 21 years, were equally divided into O-group and C-group. The subjects maintained the standing posture on the vibration table, for one minute with open and closed eyes in both groups in the first trial, for two minutes with open eyes in O-group and with closed eyes in C-group in the 2 nd to 11 th trials, and for one minute with closed eyes in O-group and open eyes in C-group in the 12th trial. The fluctuation of the center of foot pressure (CFP) in anteroposterior direction and EMGs of m. tibialis anterior and m. gastrocnemius were analyzed. The controllability of standing posture was evaluated by the mean speed of the CFP fluctuation. The muscle activity was examined with EMGs. The results were summarized as follows :
1) In a great number of subjects, the controllability of standing posture rapidly improved till the 3rd trial in each eye condition, while after the 3 rd trial changes of controllability were relatively small. Accordingly, it was suggested that by investigating the change of controllability for 5 trials, we could sufficiently detected an individual difference of the learning ability of postural control.
2) At the beginning of the practice, the controllability with open eyes was greatly superior to that with closed eyes. Although the difference of controllability between open and closed eyes decreased with advance of practice, in the 11 th trial that difference was obviously observed.
3) In a great number of subjects, the phase lag of the CFP fluctuation to the floor vibration increased till the 3rd trial according to improving controllability. In some subjects, the change of controllability was relatively small, the change of phase lag was small and also, correlations between the postural controllability and the phase lag weren't significant.
4) M. gastrocnemius was active when the CFP fluctuated forward and m. tibialis anterior when the CFP fluctuated backward greatly. In each eye condition, the magnitude of muscle activity decreased with practice and m. tibialis anterior was inactive in a great number of subjects in the last stage of the practice.
5) The controllability with open eyes didn't show a significant change after practice with closed eyes. By contrast, the controllability with closed eyes improved greatly after practice with open eyes and was approximately equal to that in the last stage of practice with closed eyes.

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97 baseball players from high school, universities and companies were subjected to this study in order to attempt to clarify the relationship between derangement of the elbow joint and lateral instabilitly by measuring various conventional parameters and the degree of lateral instability.
From the survey by questionnaire, 29 out of 97 players complained of elbow pain, paticularily on the medial side of the joint. The painful phases of the throwing motions were the acceleration phase (23 players, 61%) and release phase (7 players, 46%) . The hyperexten sion of the elbow on the dominant side was significantly smaller than that observed on the undominant side. X-ray examination revealed osteophyte formation at the tip of olecranon and medial joint space.
On the application of 63 kg⋅cm torque force, the varus deflection angle for the dominant side was 8.3° and that for the undominant side was 8.8°. The valgus angle for the dominant side was 12.2° and that for the undominant side was 10.8°. The varus stiffness (kg⋅cm/angle) was 9.5 for the dominant side and 8.4 for the undominant side. Valgus stiffness were 6.3 for the dominant side and 9.2 for the undominant side.
Thses results indicate that the lateral side become stiffer and medial side become looser in the dominant elbow than in the undominant one.
The unphysiological valgus stress at the acceleration phase would induce the osteophyte formation as well as the elongation of the medial collateral ligament on the medial side of the elbow. At the same time the impigement of the olecranon at follow through phase, would induce the osteophyte formation around the olecranon. Thses two factors would considerably influence the range of motion and the instability of the elbow joint.

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The purpose of present study was to investigate the relationship between the increase of sarcomere length, sarcomere number and tetanic tension of the extensor digitorum longus muscles during postnatal growth in mice. The following results were obtained ; 1) The cross-sectional area, length of muscle and fiber length increased rapidly up to 7th week. 2) The sarcomere number increased up to 9 th week, 3) The tetanic tension per cross-sectional area decreased significantly in 7 th week, 4) The maximum value of sarcomere length which was obtained at middle region of the fiber correlated significantly with the tetanic tension per cross-sectional area (the correlation coefficient : r=-0.675) . These observations suggest that the local expansion of sarcomere length during postnatal growth affects the tension development.

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The purpose of this study is to examine how the somatic-autonomic integration works in the motor learning. The coordinating tester was used to investigate changes in muscular activities, cardiac responses and respiratory responses.
1) The process of tracking diagrams by the coordinating tester was regarded as a motor learning from learning curves and the electromyogram (EMG) recorded from the acrominal part of m. deltoideus.
2) The sustaining bursts of EMG during exercise were observed in the first trial and the amplitude of EMG was more than 150μV.
3) The active period of EMG during exercise was not completely differentiated from the silent period in the 6 th and 26 th trials and the amplitude of EMG was 60 to 80 μV.
4) The active period of EMG during exercise was completely differentiated from the silent period in the 42 nd trial and the amplitude of EMG was 50 to 100μV.
5) The R-R interval of the electrocardiogram during rest fluctuated from 800 to 900 msec (67-75 beats/min) in subject F and during exercise approximately shortened to 550-600msec (100-108 beats/min) . As learning progressed, the cardiac acceleration was enhanced in the anticipatory and the initial phase of the exercise. It is considered that this conditional enhancement was established in feedforward control systems from the cortico-hypothalamic systems.
6) The R-R intervals during rest and exercise were shortened to about 700-800 msec (75-85 beats/min) in subject W in the first trial, which was taken as the oriental reflex. As learning progressed, changes of the R-R interval during rest (about 1, 000 msec, 60 beats/min) were differentiated from during exercise (about 600-700 msec, 85-100 beats/min) .
7) The respiratory rates during rest before exercise were 15 to 21 breaths/min and after exercise fluctuated from 12 to 36 breaths/min. Although the respiratory rates during exercise except for the first trial were 20-30 breaths/min, the rates in the first trial reached 30-36 breaths/min, which was also regarded as the oriental reflex.
As organization of the somatic nervous system produced the automatic muscle activities after motor learning, it is considered that actions of the automatic nervous system enhanced the anticipatory and initial cardiac accelerations to exercise.

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小学生1, 3, 5学年児童 (99名) を対象に静的筋力トレーニングを行なわせ, 主に筋断面積と筋力からトレーニング効果の有無を検討することを目的とした.トレーニング群 (以下TG, 52名) は以下に述べるトレーニングを行ない, コントロール群 (以下CG, 47名) には特に運動制限を加えず, 通常の学校生活を営むよう指示した.トレーニング内容は肘関節静的最大屈曲の10秒間維持を3分以上の休息を挾んで3回行なうことを1セットとし, 頻度は1日2セット, 1週隔日の3日, 期間は12週間とした.トレーニング効果判定のための測定として, 肘関節屈曲, 伸展の静的および動的筋力はCybexIIを用いて, また上腕組織横断面積は超音波法により測定した.また各被検者の骨年齢をTW2法により算出した.
結果は以下のとおりである.
1) 骨年齢の平均値 (標準偏差) は, 1年生では6.27 (0.98) 歳, 3年生では8.48 (0.89) 歳, 5年生では10.77 (1.22) 歳であった.
2) 上腕の全断面積の増加量 (増加率) は, TG全体で2.52cm² (8.9%) , CG全体で2.11cm² (7.3%) を示し, TGおよびCG両群とも増加した.
3) 筋断面積は, TGでは1年男子を除く各学年男女において統計上有意な増加が見られ, TG全体からみた増加率は10.3% (1.29cm²) を示した.特にこの増加傾向は5年生の男子 (12.5%, 1.29cm²) と女子 (12.7%, 1.80cm²) に顕著であった.これに反して, CGでは5年女子を除いて, 統計上有意な変化を示さなかった.
4) 骨断面積は, CGでは統計上変化しなかったものの, TGでは3年男子 (p<0.01) および5年の男子 (p<0.001) と女子 (p<0.05) において有意に増加した.
5) 皮下脂肪断面積は, CGでは3年男子と5年女子を除く各学年男女で統計上有意に増加したのに対し, TGでは各学年男女とも統計的変化が見られなかった.
6) 骨年齢とトレーニングによる筋断面積増加量との間には, TGにおいて有意な正の相関関係 (r=0.36, p<0.01) が示され, 骨年齢の高いものがトレーニングにより大きな筋肥大を生じていることが推察された.
7) 静的最大筋力は, TG全体では屈曲力で5.7% (0.3kg) , 伸展力で17.5% (1.2kg) の増加を示した.一方, CG全体では屈曲力では殆ど変化は見られず, 伸展力で5.7% (0.3kg) の増加を示した.
8) 単位断面積当たりの筋力は, TGの5年男子においてのみ有意に増加 (22.5%, p<0.01) した.
9) 以上のことから, 思春期前児童においても成人と同様に, 静的筋力トレーニングにより静的最大筋力は増加し, しかも筋肥大が生じている可能性のあることが結論として考えられる.

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本研究では, 最大有酸素パワーと等速性筋出力の持続能力との関係について検討することを目的として, 除脂肪体重 (LBM) 当たり最大酸素摂取量 (VO₂max) の異なるスピード・スケート選手群間 (HI群, n=19とLO群, n=20) のピーク・フォースの低下推移の比較から検討した.筋持久力テストは, CybexIIを用い運動速度を180度・秒-1として最大努力の脚伸展を連続50回行わせて実施した.その結果, 以下のことが明らかにされた.
1.被検者の形態, 身体組成および大腿部を構成する組織の断面積には, 皮下脂肪厚を除き両群間に有意な差は認められなかった.
2.VO₂maxは, HI群の3.93l・min^-1 (67.3ml・kg LBM^-1・min^-1) に対しLO群では3.59l・min^-1 (59.9ml・kg LBM^-1・min^-1) であって両群間に有意差が認められた.
3.筋持久力テストにおけるピーク・フォースの初期値はほぼ同様の値であったが, 終末値ではHI群が高い値を示し, 特に伸筋断面積当たりの値では両群間に有意差が認められた.
4.脚伸展回数の進行に伴うピーク・フオースの低下推移は, 運動開始から30回ごろまでは両群間に差がないが, 30回目以降においてHI群が伸筋断面積当たりの筋出力と%ピーク・フォース (%) において有意に高い値を示した.
5.VO₂max・LBM^-1と筋出力の低下率との間には, r=-0.37 (p<0.05) の有意な相関関係が認められた.
以上の結果は, 短時間の最大努力という条件下における筋疲労の発現が最大有酸素性パワーによって間接的に影響されることを示唆するとともに, 呼吸循環系の調節と骨格筋の代謝特性との間に生理学的に密接な関連があることを示唆する結果であった.さらに, 本研究の結果は, 筋の作業能力の規定因子としての酸素供給能力の重要性を示唆した先行研究の結果を支持するものであった.

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We investigated the effect of the difference of exercise intensity on the changes in ammonia and oxypurines (hypoxanthine·xanthine) . The subjects were 7 male university students who belonged to the Judo club. By using a bicycle ergometer with the same total work load (kpm), they performed following exercise : light exercise (27.1±0.8% HRmax), moderate exercise (72.6±2.5% HRmax) and exhaustive exercise. After light exercise, blood ammonia, serum oxypurines and urinary oxypurines excretion did not increase. Urinary uric acid excertion increased significantly, but serum uric acid decreased slightly. After moderate exercise, the significant increase was observed with blood ammonia (+ 35.3±5.9μmol/l) . Urinary oxypurines excretion also increased significantly, while serum oxypurines did not change. Also, serum uric acid rose slightly. After exhaustive exercise, the significant increase was observed with blood ammonia, serum oxypurines and serum uric acid. Each peak level and appearance time were +67.2±15.1μmol/l after 3 min, +31.4±7.6μmol/l after 30 min, 155.7±39.9μmol/l after 1 hr of exercise, respectively. These results suggest that AMP deamination occur during moderate intensity, while remarkable production of oxypurines which lead the increase of serum uric acid occur in higher exercise intensity.

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One male and eleven female subjects were examined in order to compare their ventilatory and heart rate responsiveness to hypoxia at rest and during moderate exercise (60 W) .
1) The slopes of the ventilatory response curve to hypoxia (AVE) were 306.5±229.5 and 1, 082.9±928.3l⋅min^-1⋅mmHg at rest and during exercise, respectively. Significant difference (p<0.05) between the two groups was found.
2) The slopes of the hypoxia-heart rate response curve (A_HR) were 704.9±477.3 and 1, 165.5±587.8 beats⋅min^-1⋅mmHg at rest and during exercise, respectively. The latter was significantly greater than the former (p<0.05) .
3) A significant relationship between AVE and AHR was observed (p<0.05) .
4) The relationship between ΔV_E50 and ΔHR₅₀, the increments of ventilation and heart rate from room-air to end-tidal Po₂ 50 mmHg, was also significant (p<0.01) .
These results indicate that hypoxic ventilatory and heart rate responsiveness during exercise is significantly greater than at rest, and point to the highly synergistic nature of the relationship between respiratory and cardiac regulations.

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トレーニングが腱のコラーゲン線維に及ぼす影響について検討した.
実験動物は生後7週齢Wistar系雄性ラットを用いて, これを対照群 (n=5) , 高強度持久走群 (n=5) , 中等度持久走群 (n=4) , ジャンプ群 (n=4) に分けた.有気的トレーニングは2群に分け, トレーニング中の総酸素消費量が等しくなるようにH群30m/min・60min/day, M群17m/min・75min/dayの負荷が設定された.無気的トレーニング (J群) は体重の50%に相当するベストを着せ, 4分間に50回のジャンプを1日1回行った.トレーニング期間は週5日で16週間継続した.
結果は以下に示す.
1.筋線維断面積はC群に比してH, M, J群でFT, ST両線維において高値を示した.特に, H群はST線維に有意な増加が認められ, FT線維においてはM, J群に有意な増大が認められた.
2.腓腹筋腱のコラーゲン線維はH, M群において肥大が認められた.J群はC群に比し肥大傾向を示した.
3.足底筋腱のコラーゲン線維の面積と直径はH, M群でC群に比べ増加傾向を示した.
以上の結果より, 腱のコラーゲン線維は, 持久性トレーニングにより肥大を示し張力に対する抵抗力を増大するものと考えられ, 特に長時間にわたるトレーニング程より大きな効果が得られるものと推察された.

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