Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine
Online ISSN : 1881-4751
Print ISSN : 0039-906X
ISSN-L : 0039-906X
Volume 44, Issue 2
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
  • SHUICHI KOMIYA, RYOUICHI MITSUZONO, MAKOTO UBE
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 211-223
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • —Improvement in Performance and Changes of Blood Lactate and Glucose—
    TAKASHI ABE, YOSHIMI TAKIGUCHI, MASAHIRO TAMURA, JUNKO SHIMURA, KEN-IC ...
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 225-237
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    For endurance exercise in swimming mice, 1.8% VAAM (Vespaamino acid mixtiure) which has the same amino acid components as hornet (Vespamandarinia) larval saliva, 1.8% casein amino acid mixture (CAAM), 10% glucose, or amino acid mixtures in which the amino acids were varied while maintaining the same molar ratio as VAAM were administered orally to mice. Mice recieving 1.8% VAAM showed significantly longer maximum swimming times than mice receiving other nutrients. Among these nutrients, mixtures of proline, glycine, and essential amino acid mixture (EAAM) from the VAAM component, showed maximum times near those with VAAM. In swimming exercise in mice earring of 0.3g tail weight, mice administered 1.8% VAAM showed lower blood lactate concentrations and higher blood glucose concentrations than mice recieving other nutrients. Mice recieving 1.8% VAAM also had lower lactate concentrations in muscle as well as blood. This suggests that VAAM suppresses lactate production and glucose catabolism during exercise. The effects of hornet larval saliva were stronger than those of VAAM. VAAM therefore showed the major effect of the saliva. The results suggest that VAAM improves physiological condition during endurance exercise. A positive correlation was observed between the blood concentrations of lactate and glucose in exercising mice administered various nutrients (r=0.779) . This suggests metabolic equilibration between glucose and lactate during exercise. A positive correlation (r=0.507) was also found between the maximum swimming time and blood glucose concentration. Maximum swimming times were highest at low (Ca. 2.5 mMol) and high (Ca. 4.0 mMol) blood lactate concentrations in high blood glucose concentrations. These facts support that glucose homeostasis is important in prolonged exercise.
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  • —Effects of water replacement—
    TAKAHIRO WAKU, SEIJI MAEDA, ICHIRO KONO, YASUKO KODA, MITSUO MATSUDA
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 239-249
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A study was carried out to examine the effects of water replacement on cardiovascular function during kendo practice in a hot environment. Five male college kendoists performed moderately severe 30-min kendo practice at a WBGT index of about 27°C with and without water intake. For water replacement, the subjects ingested 700 ml water (500 ml before exercise and 200 ml at 15 min after the start of exercise) . Under both conditions, body weight was decreased significantly, and hematocrit and serum total protein concentration were increased significantly after the exercise. With water replacement, the body weight loss induced by the exercise was similar to that under water deprivation. However, the decrease in body weight from the basal body weight, i. e. body weight measured before water intake, was significantly less with water replacement than under water deprivation. There were no significant differences in the percentage increases of hematocrit and serum total protein concentration between the two conditions, although the percentage change in plasma vasopressin concentration was significantly lower with water replacement than without. In the subjects deprived of water, the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and left atrial dimension were significantly reduced after the exercise, and stroke volume, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening were also decreased significantly. The ratio of left ventricular end-systolic wall stress to left ventricular end-systolic volume index was increased significantly after the exercise without water intake. With water replacement, however, the percentage decreases in cardiac dimensions, stroke volume, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening were significantly lower than those under water deprivation. There was no significant change in the ratio of left ventricular end-systolic wall stress to left ventricular end-systolic volume index before and after the exercise with water intake. It is suggested that 700 ml water replacement before and during kendo exercise in a hot environment prevents depletion of stroke volume and deterioration of cardiovascular function, although it might not improve significantly the plasma volume loss after exercise.
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  • HIROKO HONDA, NOBUO WATANABE, KIYOHIDE ITOH, NAKA NAKAMURA, SHIGEHIRO ...
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 251-266
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Eight young girls as an experimental group (E group) and another eight as a control group (C group), (all aged 4-5 years), participated in the present study to observe the effects of training from May 1992 through November 1993. E group performed a 915m endurance run on an agricultural road every day except Sundays for an 18 month training period. No special training was given to C group. In May 1992 (T 1), November 1992 (T 2), May 1993 (T 3), and November 1993 (T 4), both groups underwent treadmill tests in order to check aerobic variables such as heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2) during the course of the training period.
    Times required for the run became shorter from summer to fall and from winter to spring (shortening phase), whereas they became prolonged from spring to summer and from fall to winter (prolongation phase) . Therefore, there was a definite seasonality of performance endurance. The rates of shortening in the required times observed from summer to fall were considerably higher than from winter to spring, and this was reflected in the significant improvement of maximal running speed on the treadmill (Vmax) and maximal oxygen uptake in terms of body weight (VO2max⋅ TBW-1) from T 1 to T 2 as well as from T 3 to T 4. Thus, significant differences were found between the groups at T 2 and T 4. HR levels during the endurance run were close to 95% HRmax regardless of the phase. Accordingly, the prolongation phases, during which circulatory parameters and ventilatory capacity were least improved, could be regarded as a preparatory period for the following shortening period, during which work load intensities furthermore increased the arteriovenous oxygen differences. Thus, when planning research on the effects of training on aerobic work capacity in the field, special attention should be paid to the season and the training period, and the timing of the examination for training effects, or otherwise, misleading conclusions could be drawn.
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  • HIROSHI AKIMA, SHIN-YA KUNO, TETSUO FUKUNAGA, SHIGERU KATSUTA
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 267-278
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) was determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in humans. Twenty two healthy male volunteers were assigned to the subjects and MRI was taken to obtained 41-52 consecutive axial images (slice thickness ; 10 mm, interslice gap ; 0 mm) from right-leg thigh. From these images, anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of KE and KF was determined. Muscle volume was calculated from the summation of each ACSA and the distance between each section. Muscle length was determined as the distance from most proximal to most distal images in which the muscle visible. The PCSA of each muscle was calculated as muscle volume times the cosine of the angle of fiber pinnation divided by fiber length, where published fiber length : muscle length ratio were used to estimate fiber length. The isokinetic knee extension and flexion (angular velocity ; 30, 60, 180, 300, 450 deg/sec) was measured to estimate the muscle force at KE and KF. Specific tension of KE and KF was calculated muscle force deviled by PCSA. The mean muscle volume of KE and KF was 2178, 1141 cm3. The ratio of KE : KF was 2.6. The mean fiber length in KE was 7-8 cm, and in KF was 6-42 cm. Peak torque during knee extension was significantly higher than knee flexion at all angular velocities. The specific tension of KF was higher than that of KE at all tendon velocities. Moreover, relationships between specific tension and tendon velocity/fiber length, KF was still higher than that of KE. These results suggest that the capacity of tension development differ between KE and KF under the same shortening velocity per unit of sarcomere.
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  • NAOYUKI HAYASHI, YOSHIO NAKAMURA, ISAO MURAOKA
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 279-286
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A study was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise intensity on the recovery of autonomic nervous activity after exercise. Ten subjects performed four kinds of 10-min cycle exercise with target heart rates of 100, 120, 140, and 160 beats/min (THR 100, THR 120, THR 140 and THR 160, respectively) following 5 min of exercise to increase the heart rate to the target level. The beat-by-beat variability of the R-R interval was recorded throughout the experiment including the 5-min pre-exercise control period and the 30-min recovery period. Spectral analysis (fast Fourier transform) was applied to every 5-min R-R interval data set before, during ( 5-10 min) and after exercise at the target heart rate. The low- (0.05-0, 15 Hz : P1) and high- (0, 15-1.0 Hz : Ph) frequency areas were calculated to evaluate sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous activities as P1/Phand Ph, respectively. During exercise, SNS of THR 160 was significantly higher, and PNS of THR 140 and THR 160 was significantly lower than the respective pre-exercise values (p<0.05) . Althouglt all indicators recovered to, or overshot the pre-exercise values at 20-30 min after THR 100 and THR 120, heart rate and SNS were still higher and PNS was still lower than the pre-exercise value after THR 160. These results suggest that the recovery of cardiac autonomic nervous activity is slower after high-intensity exercise than after low-intensity exercise, and that the recovery of autonomic nervous activity after acute exercise does not always corrrespond linearly on the exercise intensity.
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  • SHUICHI KOMIYA, TAKASHI MASUDA
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 287-296
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In 176 Japanese women aged 20-79, participating in a health assessment programme, we studied the associations between several metabolic features and the type of obesity based on body mass index and waist to hip circumference ratio. We propose the existence of three types of obesity based on BMI and WHR : Type-I, obese women who have a high BMI and a low WHR, Type-II, obese women who have a low BMI and a high WHR, and Type-III, obese women who have both a high BMI and a high WHR. Age was categorized into three levels for all analyses (≤49, 50 - 59, and ≥60 yr) . There was no significant association of WHR with any metabolic variable after adjustment for the effects of the BMI in any group. The results of the present study show that the amount of body fat is in itself more important than the WHR. Where p values were significant, levels of metabolic risk factors for disease increased across the tertiles composed from a combination of the BMI and WHR, except for HDL-ch and HDL-ch/T-ch, where levels fell. Although the means of these metabolic parameters in each type of obesity were all within the normal range, significant differences were observed between the group with Type-III obesity and the nonobese group for these parameters.
    In conclusion, the most“dangerous”subgroup of obesity appeared to be Type-III obesity in which high levels of BMI and WHR coexist.
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  • MASATO SUZUKI, NORIKO KAWABE, KATSUHIKO MACHIDA
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 297-305
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of acid-base disturbance on blood lactate concentration (bLA) and OBLA (Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation) during an incremental bicycle test.
    Nine healthy male subjects underwent the incremental test at 60 min after the oral administration of NH4Cl (acidotic-treatment ; Acid), NaHCO3 (alkalotic-treatment ; Alk) and NaCI (control ; Cont) at 1.87 mM⋅kg-1body weight. Exercise was started at a load of 80W, which was subsequently increased by 10W every minute until exhaustion. During exercise, O2intake (VO2), ventilatory volume (VE) and heart rate (HR) were monitored continuously. Venous blood samples were obtained before administration and every 2 min during exercise.
    No change could be detected in resting VO2, VE and HR following oral administration of NH4Cl, NaHCO3and/or NaCl. At 60 min after oral administration venous blood pH (vpH) and bicarbonate ion concentration (v [HCO3-] ) were significantly lower in Acid (7.265±0.033; p <0.001, 23.6±1.8 mM⋅1-1; p<0.01) ; and significantly higher in Alk (7.370±0.045 ; p<0.01, 29.7±1.6 mM⋅1-1; p<0.01) compared to Cont (7.318±0.041, 26.6±2.1 mM⋅1-1) . Changes in VO2, VE and HR during exercise were essentially the same in all cases. No differences were observed in exercise time. During exercise, vpH andv [HCO3-] gradually decreased, but remained significantly lower in Acid and higher in Alk compared to Cont. Blood lactate concentration (bLA) increased during exercise. Peak values were observed at exhaustion, but it was lower in Acid (8.03±1.18mM⋅1-1) and higher in Alk (10.73±1.48) compared to Cont (9.49±1.79) in all subjects. The Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) was determined for each subject. OBLA was significantly higher in Acid (71.9±9.1%VO2max) than Cont (62.5±9.9%VO2max) and Alk (62.2±8.0%VO2max) .
    Changes in acid-base balance were found to cause differences in bLA responses to the same exercise load and possibly change OBLA. Care must be taken when using OBLA or LT as an index of aerobic capacity in some patients with acid-bace disorders; hemodialitic, obese or diabetic patient.
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  • MITSUTSUGU ONO
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 307-312
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The study was performed to clear the optimal frequency of jogging for the senior subject. The subject had run for 23 years, from 1971 to 1994. The distance of jogging was 5 km a day. It increased to 25 km during the 3 months immediately before the 17 th Honolulu Marathon. The electro cardiogram, and biochemical analysis of blood had been measured for 23 years. Annual total distance was 800±50 (mean±SD) km from 1971 to1984, and 300±20 km from 1985 to 1992. A decrease in the distance of jogging ws due to a change in the frequency of jogging from four times per week to one time per 5 days. Arrhythmia, an abnormal finding of blood biochemical analysis, and change in body weight were not observed after the decrease in frequency of jogging. It was suggested that the optimal froquency of jogging may be one time per 5 days for the present subject.
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  • RYOSUKE OKANO, SOTOYUKI USUI, KEN-ICHI KATSUKI, MICHIO KATSUKI
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 313-316
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese]
    1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 317-324
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 325-328
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1995 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 329-337
    Published: April 01, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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