It is generally accepted that the human freedom is not only the foundation of the constructive principles of modern society but the most fundamental condition that enables the human action in general.
The formal expression of human action is'choice'. And freedom means freedom of choice. Naturally, in order to choose something, one must have one's own criterion of choice, and we call it'value'. If one has a specific value, one's choice is done automatically, and we cannot find there freedom which is characteristic only of man. So the essence of man's freedom lies in the autonomy of his choice of action. We call a man autonomous when he has the ability to choose his value that enables him to choose his action.
But we find a paradoxical character in this autonomy. Man is necessarily not free in the choice of value that he follows when he choose his action. In the choice of value, he is always irrational. So man's freedom or rationality is based upon irrationality.
Furthermore, in order for a society to form a stable system, this autonomy, which is the foundation of man's freedom, must be banned, and man's freedom can only be realized as negation of such a system.

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This article is a study on the characteristic of the labor process and the structure of workshop community in the factory doing subcontract work of car industry. Its basic purpose is, first, the analysis of Labor Sociology on the labor process of workers in smaller business, and secondly, the explication about their “subjective conditions” through the analysis of the norm of workshop that differ from the one of “The Structure of Big-company”.
The main points of the analysis are as follows :
(1) On the workshop of the subcontract factory, it is progressing that the streamlining and personnel cuts of the manufacturing lines, the constant overtime work and the mobility of working groups by just-in-time, and the strengthening of control of workshop by promoting QC circle and reorganizing the foremen.
(2) Although the working groups are fluid, the workers are helping their jobs one another so as to finish a day's work as soon as possible. And they estimate QC circle affirmative for reason that it makes the jobs easily and the reduction in over-working hours and that the workers get to know one another by it.
(3) Because of their cooperative relations, the foremen supervise the working groups in a way that they take the lead among the workers in carrying out their work. By it the foremen regulate the amount of work of working groups.
(4) But the progress of the rationalization limits the foremen's job control, and so all the workers including the foremen have discontent about the union that doesn't regulate the campany.

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Das Bildungsbürgertum ist die spezifisch deutsche Intellektuellenschicht, die sich bis Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts als eine Eliteschicht etabliert hat, die die >>Modernisierung von oben<< in Deutschland vorantrieb. Auf der früheren Stufe der Modernisierung Deutschlands, auf der die Bourgeoisie (Wirtschaftsbürgertum) noch unterentwickelt war, hat es einen hervorragenden sozialen Status und ein hohes Prestige genossen, doch geriet es seit der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts infolge der raschen Modernisierung- Industrialisierung, Aufstieg der Bourgeoisie, Entstehung der Massengesellschaft usw.in Gefahr, seine soziokulturelle Überlegenheit zu verlieren. In dieser Abhandlung wird versucht, den konkreten Prozeß des >>Niedergangs<< des deutschen Bildungsbürgertums zu klären, indem die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Faktoren wie die ihm eigene ständische Kultur, die Art der Sozialisation seiner Nachfolger, und die Eigenart seines >>Weltbildes<< sowie deren gesellschaftlichen Stellungen gerichtet wird.
Das Bildungsbürgertum verlor Schritt für Schritt seinen sozialen Status und seine kulturelle Ausstrahlungskraft, weil es seine Bildung und seinen Lebensstil, die ihm in den Gymnasien und Universitäten angewöhnt wurden, dazu ausnützte, sich von anderen Schichten zu unterscheiden, und sein erworbenes Interesse zu bewahren. Die Bildungsidee, die die Grundlage seiner Ständische Kultur bildete, wurde ihrer Aktualität beraubt und unterhöhlt durch die Spezialisierung der Wissenschaften und die kulturelle Nivellierung. Und diese Verhältnisse veranließen des Bildungsbürgertum, das ausschließlich dem Monopol der Bildung als>>kulturellen Kapitals<< (P. Bourdieu) seinen Status verdankt, insbesondere die universitäre Intelligenz, zu jener ideologischen Reaktion auf die moderne Gesellschaft, die sich zum>>Kulturpessimismus<<kristallisierte.

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Understanding the nature of'new middle class', which has expanded its size in almost all the advanced capitalist societies over the twentieth century, has been one of the most difficult problems for social theory as a whole. Marxist social theory has also tried to settle this problem, but failed to explain it except on'descriptive'levels. To submit a'theoretical'answer to this embarassing puzzle within Marxist theoretical framework, it is necessary to identify the 'concept' of this class. This article will analyze the location of the new middle class in the production process in terms of the circulation (distribution) process, using value-theory and examining the other recent theories on this issue. Thereafter we will be able to constitute a model that will show why this class has extended so far and how the existence of this class has contributed to reproduce later capitalist societies.

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