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Volume 50 (1999 - 200･･･
- Issue 4 Pages 434-
- Issue 3 Pages 278-
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Volume 50, Issue 4
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 434-435
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
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Koichi HASEGAWA2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 436-450
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe concepts of “communality” and “publicity” are important sociological issues. However, the latter has not been adequately addressed by Japanese sociologists. There are many aspects of publicity that need to be examined. Firstly, a transformation in the perception of the “public” should be discussed, followed by its conceptual diversity, inter-penetration of the “public” and “private, ” the social impact of “globalization” and the requirement of “natural rights” and so on. Secondly, the rebirth of public philosophy is required. This has been proposed, in particular, by Robert Bellah, who has stressed the crisis of individualism and civil society caused by extreme individualism. Thirdly, the reconstruction of the “public sphere, ” as proposed by Jurgen Habermas, has become a global issue. The revitalization and rebirth of civil society under an enlarged state and mass media is required. Public policy is the fourth area. Particularly within the context of post-war Japan, “publicness” has become a controversial word, and in many cases it functions as a symbol of oppression against protesting citizens. Large-scale “public projects” have often caused severe local conflicts and environmental damage. We require normative standards to socially judge the effects of public policy. Finally, we need to discuss the role of the “third sector”; non-profit and nongovernment sector. Collaboration among NPOs, citizen's groups, government and private corporations can bring about a transformation toward a more transparent and accountable public policy.View full abstractDownload PDF (1649K) -
Daisaburo HASHIZUME2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 451-463
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe concept of publicity is essentially connected with an openness of some issues to the public. Publicity becomes conscious when social apparatuses such as tax, kingship, law, religion, market, public opinion and so on, start functioning in a particular society.
Hegel, as well as the critical sociology which has been influenced greatly by him, assumed the modern nation state to be something public which stands high above civil society. However, on the contrary, civil society is based on freedom of contract, which is the very essence of publicity. Citizens share of expenses in the form of tax for contracts can be regarded as a prototype of publicity of a modern civil society.
The urgent problem that international society is now facing is to construct a new framework of publicity which will distribute the share of the burden to preserve the global environment as public goods.View full abstractDownload PDF (1360K) -
Kiyomitsu YUI2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 464-479
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this paper is to consider the issues of community and public sphere in contemporary society by re-examining Parsons' theoretical thinking in his last formula. The principal source for this project is his final, massive and unpublished manuscript, American Societal Community (ASC). The starting point isglocalization as Roland Robertson put it, which has influenced the transformation of both community and the public sphere. This concerns solidarity, differentiation, and de-differentiation in sociological terminology. The situation is analyzed in connection with the theoretical paraphrasing in the ASC, pointing out such key-terms as “anchored, ” “transformation, ” “articulation, ” and epic. Apart from the term epic, which is employed by Robertson and Wolin, the above-mentioned terms are frequently found in the ASC. The author here tries to show the deep and strong relevance of Parsons' last formula on societal community and public sphere with the contemporary situation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1660K) -
Kyoko UTSUNOMIYA2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 480-495
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper I will introduce a new definition of the “rational” from the perspective of phenomenological sociology. We cannot realize our own views until we doubt the self-evidence of daily experience. We cannot live normally without believing in the certainty of reality that is highly typified. Confidence in a typified reality is based on the experience of one's childhood. The origin of the unquestioned belief in the image of the typified world is founded on a “we-relationship.” In a “we-relationship” we have a pre-predicative experience and become one indivisible unit.
When we experience difficulty in our life, at first we think it cannot be resolved. However, we sometimes experience a conversion in our viewpoints and find a new way to resolve problems. The work of “reason” is to make us realize that we can think and feel “in another way.” “Reason” makes us find our “interpretational scheme” and our typical ways of thinking. Realizing this fact, we can obtain flexibility.
We should consider the community, the possibility of communication and the comprehension of others with flexibility. We should then open our minds and free ourselves from our biases toward society and others. These are all the roles of “reason.”
After we find out the directions and possibilities for better, newer relations by means of “reason, ” we should put them into practice. The relationships among individuals are not merely ideas but actually exist. At this point we should not consider but actively participate. In order to construct a better community we should repeatedly bet against the unknown reaction and judgement of others. We should create a new desirable relationship and also self-evidence. The relationship should be constantly renewed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1616K) -
Naoki SUDO2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 496-508
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of this paper is to clarify a method of coexistence with others. The reason that we have to deal with this problem derives from the difficulty of coexistence with others in our society, which has become more global and complex than ever before. First, I analyze the formation of consensus in daily life, because consensus is understood to be the most basic condition of coexistence with others. However, it is made clear that some limits exist in previous methodology, which make it unable to be used in contemporary society. Next, I assert that if the previous means of consensus formation have not been effective, minimal consensus should be adopted. Minimal consensus can be formed when we cannot entirely understand each other. Minimal consensus is the basis of a new strategy for coexistence with others. The new strategy consists of toleration and assertion by both sides and enables us to accept others who may thoroughly reject our own basic values.View full abstractDownload PDF (1486K) -
For Sociology of the Public SphereShigeki TOMINAGA2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 509-523
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOf the many influences that the French Revolution exerted over modern political culture, one in particular cannot be overlooked by sociological thought : a series of measures concerning the intermediary groups taken by the Constituent Assembly in 1791. The abolition of the traditional trade associations was carried out in March and the prohibition of any new labor unions in June. They received a bad reputation through the social movements of the 19th and 20th centuries. Moreover, the free gathering of citizens (most often called “popular societies”) suffered from several legal limitations in the same year. It is nothing other than the revolutionaries' lack of sympathy or their hostility (and probably held by modern men in general) that can be Observed throughout the discourses within and outside of the Assembly during this period. The intermediary groups never found their proper place because their social view consisted solely of individuals and the total society. Thus, while the former communities disappeared completely, an alternative public sphere failed to emerge. This is recognized as one of the starting points for the birth and development of modern sociology, indirectly or negatively. However, there are some contemporary sociologists who seem to make an erroneous assumption of the facts or confuse the facts with the norms. In order to reconstruct sociology of the public sphere, it is crucial to clarify what really happened to the intermediary groups in 1791 and then rectify one's recognition of the history of sociological ideas.View full abstractDownload PDF (1781K) -
Eiji OGUMA2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 524-540
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper I shall consider the shape that the consciousness of communality and publicity assumed in Japan, situating my argument within an international context and the historical specificities of the formation of the modern state.
The formation of the modern state in France, for example, progressed under central government direction as it purged the country of the old guard in the provinces. It was within this context, through a negation of the pre-modern communal polity, that a nationwide communal consciousness which transcended regional boundaries, and nation, composed of individuals possessing an independent and modern subjectivity, emerged. And in modern publicity, which had replaced the pre-modern, local communal polity, was born the idea that nation constitutes state. In the American case, formation of the nation was achieved through the confederation of regional communities of settlers. Consequently, citizens-individuals already equipped with a modern subjectivity-formed intermediary groups such as regional communities in which people voluntarily congregated. Communality and publicity materialized primarily via these intermediary groups, and the concept emerged that the central government qua state should not intervene in their affairs. One could say, then, that in both France and America, individuals-those who possessed a subjective consciousness released from the constraints of the pre-modern communal polity-constructed a modern communality and publicity, replacing the traditional communal polity. In the former case, this resulted in a nation-state, in the latter, intermediary groups.
The formation of the modern Japanese State, however, followed a different path. Intermediary groups, such as the locality, the school and business, have retained what can be characterized as a restraining function vis-&e¥agrave;-vis the individual, and as the substructure of the state they are entangled within the system of central government authority. This has resulted in an antinomous relationship between the establishment of individual subjectivity and the longing for communality. Communality has been subsumed within groups which have abandoned subjectivity and there is an increasing sense that modern publicity can be found in neither intermediary groups nor the state.View full abstractDownload PDF (1917K) -
The Japanese CaseSusumu SHIMAZONO2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 541-555
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the place of religions in the public space of contemporary society, we first need to understand what has been called the secularization and the privatization of religion in the sociology of religion. According to secularization theories, which were dominant in the 1960s, the influence of religions declines as a result of modernization. This was partly true in that organized religions such as the traditional and newer forms based on local communities are really losing their influence. Instead, in advanced countries, including Japan, individualistic religiosity, called New Age in the United States and the Spiritual World in Japan, have been developing since the 1970s. I prefer the generic term “new spirituality movements and culture” (NSMC). At a glance, NSMC might represent the privatization of religion, for those involved would usually learn their perspectives on their own. Turning to some of the social and issue areas, however, we can observe other trends in which religions are now playing greater roles in the public space. In such social realms as medicine, care, and therapy and such issue areas as national rituals, bio-ethics and environmental ethics, it is revealed that modern scientific and rationalistic thinking cannot cover some important issues, and also that religious or spiritual perspectives are more relevant. Thus, some aspects of the public space are being “resacralized.” What is seen as the secularization and privatization of religion and “resacralization” of the public space do not contradict each other. For one, the so-called secularization and privatization have already contained a type of “resacralization”. In addition, since the 1970s, the general direction has moved from greater secularization and privatization to more “resacralization.”View full abstractDownload PDF (1763K) -
Politics of “Single Imaginary Space” ProductionTakashi MACHIMURA2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 556-571
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGlobalization is often regarded as a form of pressure from the outside world, which forces common values or institutions on the different localities having its own historical or cultural peculiarity. Yet globalization always has its own local basis, on which it actually embodies itself through competition, conflicts, and mobilization among various local actors. The author investigates these local foundations of globalization by focusing on socio-political processes of “single imaginary space” production at the local level. As this “imaginary space” tends to be produced under strong pressure from the global market, an economic way of thinking often prevails in the image-production of globalization at the local level. Economic rhetoric such as global competition among cities and regions is often employed as political symbols for local mobilization by growth-oriented actors to advance globalization-enhancing policies. Public sphere at the global level also requires a local basis. A perception of a “single imaginary space” should be created not just in a market-centered way but in a more pluralistic way.View full abstractDownload PDF (1774K) -
The Case of the ChonaikaiNaoki YOSHIHARA2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 572-585
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSToday, the paradox between global and local has become topical, and there has been various discussions on the formation of the new publicity. In particular, the restoration of collective self-government has become an issue with a fervent argument emerging between liberalism and communitarianism. While considering the actual situation mentioned in the phrases afore, I will analyze the circumstances surrounding communality and publicity of neighborhood groups, especially the chonaikai, which has formed the basis of Japanese society. I will also show how they are related to the realm of the “common, ” within the context of a restoration of collective self-government.
Based upon a historical or comparative analysis of thechonaikai, in this paper, I initially clarified that the communality of thechonaikai is based on “habitation”; cooperating in dealing with a common agenda in community life, regardless of social position, status, nor rank. Secondly, the framework of “governance, ” or “public” affairs, that results from the universalization of the aforementioned concept of communality, is expressed along with the publicity of thechonaikai. I point out, after all, that the logic of “chien” (habitant relationship) which serves as the base for “communality” and “publicity” of the chonaikai, is embedded in the aforementioned realm of the “common.”View full abstractDownload PDF (1538K) -
From the Disability Movement to Disability StudiesJun ISHIKAWA2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 586-602
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDisability Studies finally seem to have taken off in our society. However, it is still unclear which discipline and subject it is going to take. One possible choice will be to deconstruct “disablism” with a thorough criticism conducted by post-welfare theories. However, its theoretical base is still fragile. This paper should be a kind of preliminary memorandum for the development of Disability Studies. It covers following issues : Firstly, it is argued that people with disabilities have been excluded by the labor-based allocation of goods, self-determination and self-value. Therefore, viable alternatives to this system need to be created. Secondly, the “social model of disability” developed in the field of Disability Studies in Great Britain will be briefly reviewed. Thirdly, the “cultural model of the Deaf” claimed by the Deaf Movement and Deaf Studies will also be examined. Finally, the discourse on integration versus cultural autonomy, or equality versus mutual recognition of differences as a dual choice (dichotomy) will be critiqued.View full abstractDownload PDF (1875K) -
Eriko NAGATA2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 603-616
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper will criticize the public/private dichotomy. Firstly, it is theoretically impossible to separate the public from the private. Goods can be categorized as private and at the same time, public. Sexuality can be categorized as public when we see it as a necessary condition for reproduction. Secondly, the public/private dichotomy is discriminative, as some feminists have been insisting. Now, a social choice is needed that will decide whether this dichotomy has to be maintained. If it is maintained, what sphere should it belong to : public or private ?View full abstractDownload PDF (1333K) -
[in Japanese]2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 617-622
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2010
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[in Japanese]2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 622-626
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 626-631
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 631-636
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 636-641
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2000 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 641-647
Published: March 31, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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