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Volume 53 (2002 - 200･･･
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Volume 53, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Tsutomu SHIOBARA2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 2-12
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHow should sociology, a science for modernization, innovate itself at this transitional period from modernism to postmodernism ? And what kind of roles can it play in the 21st century ?
Sociology is a science with the following features :
(1) It provides basic theories of human societies.
(2) It organizes information through social surveys and researches.
(3) It acts as a bridge between related disciplines and builds up their networks.
(4) It maintains a good balance in its methodology.
In the foreseeable future, every discipline will more and more be required to fulfill its social obligation and accountability as a “science for society and humanity.” Under this premise, sociology should work to help the various sciences collaborate with one another by fulfilling its role as a bridge and taking full advantage of its features. It should assume the role of core science in creating cross-disciplinary, integrated networks of accumulated knowledge in order to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century.
Hence it is necessary for sociology to undergo changes in its viewpoints of history and social space.View full abstractDownload PDF (1224K) -
Alberto MARTINELLI2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 13-38
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper, the author focuses on the joint questions of global governance and accountability of power in the interconnected world. In order to answer these key questions, the author, first, shortly reviews the major conceptions in the huge literature of globalization. Second, the author discusses the question of global governance, identify major actors on the global stage, and assess the factors favoring or opposing democratic accountability at the world level. Finally, the author discusses the positive role that two specific actors, i.e. the European Union and international scientific associations can play in global governance.View full abstractDownload PDF (2793K) -
Minoru GOTO2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 39-53
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this paper is to analyze Luhmann's legal theory and investigate its efficacy. Luhmann's unique legal theory offers quite reasonable perspectives as a social theory.
First, we examine a basic characteristic of Luhmann' s legal theory. It is widely recognized that Luhmann' s social system theory has undergone transformation since incorporating autopoiesis theory. Luhmann' s intention was to build a general theory of society and examine the mechanism of modern society. Concepts such as functional differentiation and self-referentiality of the autopoietic legal system are related to the essence of modern positive law. Luhmann successfully illustrated the difference between possible reproduction and gradual enactment of the legal system.
However, although Luhmann pointed out the overburdening of the legal system and the vulnerability of the autopoietic legal system to distortions caused by external factors, he mainly touched on the internal autonomy and did not elaborate adequately on theories relevant to such adverse influences on the legal system. Therefore, we focus on the relation between the complexity of legal system and society's plurality. We argue for the streamlining of the legal system. This is possible when social actors share the burden of the system. In contrast, the enactment of laws, which creates burden on the system in terms of time and effort, facilitates autonomy in social activities. This is what we observe to be the ambivalence of the modern legal system.View full abstractDownload PDF (1676K) -
Weber's Sociology of Music and the Dual Rationalization of Modern MusicHiroshi IZUMI2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 54-69
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAlthough Max Weber's analysis of rationalization is considered indispensable to the study of modern society, his work on the rationalization of music has remained neglected because of its musicological complexity. In this paper, his unfinished work on music is reconstructed in terms of the two principles of rationalization that he distinguished : the distance-principle and the harmonic principle.
Rationalization based on the distance-principle defines the relations of musical tones by the distance or the symmetry between them. Weber says that melodious music, for example, ancient Greek music and a host of non-Western music, which has no connection with rationalized polyphony (music which has two or more relatively independent parts), is characterized by the distance-principle. This principle makes possible the free and subtle movement of a melody.
On the other hand, harmonic rationalization, which is based on the harmonic principle, tries to construct a musical scale by harmonious sounds. This latter rationalization is the basis of modern Western tonal music, in which all musical tones and chords are ordered around a central tone (tonic). These two principles of rationalization contradict each other, in that free movement of a melody breaks harmony and, vice versa, harmony prevents free movement of a melody.
It is considered that modern tonal music has its foundations in the harmonic principle, but has gradually been shaped by the intertwining of these two processes of rationalization. Harmonic rationalization inevitably has contradictions. In order to solve these contradictions the distance-principle is coupled with harmonic rationalization. It is this contradictory process of rationalization in the historical development of Western tonal music that Weber intended to explore. This paper presents an explanation of this process of the dual rationalization of modern music.View full abstractDownload PDF (1842K) -
From the Perspective of DestructivenessMinoru HOSAKA2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 70-84
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of this paper is to investigate the relation between authoritarian personality and consciousness of environmental conservation using Adorno et al's perspectives in The Authoritarian Personality. In examining the question of which aspects of authoritarian personality are related to a consciousness of environmental conservation, attention is first drawn to a group of high-scoring subjects who display traits of both overconformity and underlying destructiveness toward established authority. Analysis shows that there is a negative correlation between overconformity and consciousness of environmental conservation, and a positive correlation between destructiveness and consciousness of environmental conservation. Next, the relation between consciousness of environmental conservation and authoritarian personality that displays traits of both overconformity and destructiveness is investigated. In this case, it is found that subjects with authoritarian personality are highly conscious of environmental conservation. Finally, citing the case of environmental conservation movements in Nazi Germany, I discuss consciousness of environmental conservation of people with authoritarian personality. My findings suggest that an “authoritarian consciousness of environmental conservation” exists today.View full abstractDownload PDF (1619K) -
The Discrepancy between Environmental Attitude and BehaviorMikiko SHINOKI2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 85-100
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere exist people whose behaviors do not match their pro-environment attitude. The purpose of this article is to examine the behavioral mechanism of these people who do not participate in recycling efforts despite their pro-environment attitude. This article focuses on two types of recycling : recycling of glass and can, which is of low practical cost, and recycling of milk-carton, which is of high practical cost.
The argument in this paper develops from the study of Diekmann and Preisendöfer (1998). Their empirical analyses propounded three cognitive justification strategies based on the fact that individual actors are likely to harmonize the discrepancy between their attitude towards the environment and their behavior. These strategies are called “attention-shifting strategy, ” “high-cost strategy, ” and “subjective-rationality strategy.” However, these strategies should be modified partly. Thus, this paper proposes the addition of a new strategy : “behavior-despise strategy.” To develop the four justification strategies, we propose an expectation utility model based on rational choice theory and interpret the strategies in the framework of the modified model.
Using a questionnaire survey conducted in the city of Sendai, we empirically tested the justification strategies to study the behavioral trends of individuals in the city. It was found that individuals who exhibit such discrepancy in their behaviors are less likely to adopt the behavior-despise strategy. However, the high-cost and subjective-rationality strategies are more likely to be observed among them. As for the attention-shift strategy, it was partially proven.View full abstractDownload PDF (1645K) -
A Case Study of Park ConstructionYasushi ARAKAWA2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 101-117
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently, debates concerning the concept of “publicness” have become closely related to the question of how modern civil society is to be conceived. In fact, such discussions directly influence community planning (machi-zukuri), a field of policy-making, in which one of the most urgent issues is how to create people-centered “publicness” to eventually replace the conception of it as defined by the state in actual policies.
Yet, as has been pointed out in past research, “publicness” has been perceived to be formed only among / by those who participate in public activities. As such, we have come to think of “publicness” mainly as an ideal or something that “must be, ” something yet to be created. This has in turn led to a problem in actual policy implementation, because even if we accept the rhetoric that defines the ideality of “publicness, ” we are still confronted with enormous difficulties to put it into actual implementation in the context of community planning (machi-zukuri).
Taking the case of a park construction in a newly built residential area as an example, this paper attempts to shed new light over various relationships that exist within any form of “publicness” and usually overlooked by current discourse. It will demonstrate the importance of what I term “open relationships' publicness” in order to offer a settlement of the above-mentioned problem. By so doing, it attempts to envision an alternative society that is different from that occupied by the pursuit of an ideal form of “publicness.”View full abstractDownload PDF (1808K) -
Atsushi SAWAI2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 118-134
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe notion that death is taboo in the modern society is often referred to. However, today deaths are regularly reported in the media. It is claimed that the lifting of taboos surrounding the subject of death is already underway. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the notion of “tabooed death.” What does “the lifting of the death taboo” mean ? If the taboo still exists in our society, in what sense does it exist ?
First, this paper will examine the classic view of “tabooed death” studied by P. Aries and G. Gorer, and criticize the thesis of “Public Absence-Private Presence.” This paper will also point out that the notion of “tabooed death” arises primarily from the avoidance of one's relationship with the dying, the dead and the bereaved. Then, today's media reports on deaths will be examined. There are two significant aspects regarding the subject of death in the media : 1) “pornography of death” as described by Gorer, and 2) “guidelines for death, ” which advise people how to accept death, dying, and bereavement. “The lifting of the death taboo, ” as mentioned above, is understood to refer to the diffusion of these guidelines through the media.
Finally, this paper points out that the notion of “tabooed death, ” the avoidance of one's relationship with the dying, the dead and the bereaved, continues to exist in our society despite the diffusion of these “guidelines for death” through the mediaView full abstractDownload PDF (1735K) -
[in Japanese]2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 135-138
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (403K) -
[in Japanese]2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 138-140
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (334K) -
[in Japanese]2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 140-141
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (213K) -
[in Japanese]2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 141-143
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (342K) -
[in Japanese]2002 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 143-145
Published: June 30, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (266K)
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