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Volume 54 (2003 - 200･･･
- Issue 4 Pages 318-
- Issue 3 Pages 232-
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Volume 54, Issue 4
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 318-321
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
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Shogo TAKEGAWA2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 322-340
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe can observe the process of individualization in today's Japanese society. What kind of characteristics does it have? What kind of influences does it exert upon social policies? How should the welfare state change under such circumstances?
We can distinguish the four aspects of individualization : family, work, community, and lifestyle. Under these processes people can become independent of their groups, but they may be socially excluded by losing their protections. And people have behaved individualistically in their consumption.
These changes have given rise to new problems to Keynesian welfare state. Individualization of the family requires the de-gendering of social policies. That of work needs labour flexibility. That of community life results in the change of interface between local governments and local communities. Individualization of lifestyle needs the flexibility in consumption.
The post-Keynesian Welfare State in the 21st century should solve these problems.View full abstractDownload PDF (2087K) -
Masahiro YAMADA2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 341-354
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a modern society, the family has been considered as a realm that is never individualized at the point that its relations cannot be chosen and are as difficult to be dissolved as nationality. In recent years individualization as a result of the increase of choice has been penetrating through these two realms.
The concept 'individualization of the family' has been discussed in Japanese family sociologists from the 1980's. That has reflected the fact that the family norms have become weak as the family has diversified.
It is important to distinguish two forms seen in the individualization of the family. One is “individualization limited within family, ” that is, the increase of choice of family forms and family members' behavior under the condition that family relations are never dissolved.
Second, as Beck and Bauman have stressed recently, is that the increasing tendency for people to choose or dissolve their family relations themselves. I call it “essential individualization of the family.” From the viewpoint of the individual, it means greater freedom to set the boundary of the family.
The “individualization limited within the inside family” inevitably triggers struggles among the family members.
The “essential individualization of the family” leads to the following results : (1) family relations become unstable and at risk; (2) classification of the family becomes less defined and a difference arises in the realization of a family by charm and economic power of the individual; (3) narcissism spreads and people come to see the family as an instrument for their needs; and (4) the family becomes a mere fantasy.View full abstractDownload PDF (1552K) -
Atypical Employment and Individualism among Young WorkersReiko KOSUGI2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 355-369
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper, I first analyze the difference in the degree of individualism in employment style among young Japanese university graduates. In doing so, I use “collectivism and individualism scales” devised by researchers in the Netherlands.
Next, I examine the acquisition of skills in certain kinds of atypical employment. This analysis serves to understand why certain skills should be acquired in atypical employment so that the worker could achieve individualism in his or her workplace. I argue that atypical employment, which has some culture under individualism, occurs only among certain categories of workers.
Much of part-time work undertaken by young workers requires a low level of skills and does not represent the culture of individualism because such type of work does not allow workers to act autonomously nor include them in the decision-making process.
Although the young worker who chooses atypical work may have individualistic intentions, this paper shows that actual work environment in atypical employment excludes the culture of individualism.View full abstractDownload PDF (1569K) -
Testing the Argument of IndividualizationSawako SHIRAHASE2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 370-385
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSI examined the argument of “individualization” within the framework of social stratification theory, using empirical micro-data. The analyses of this paper are divided into three topics : (1) the comparison of the determinants of subjective social strata between married men and women, (2) the examination of the income of the elderly who share the household with their younger generation, and (3) the examination of the income of unmarried adult children who cohabit with their parents.
The pattern of the determinants of subjective social strata is asymmetrical by gender. Married women are more likely to be influenced by social status of their husbands than their own, while married men are more likely to determine their subjective social strata by their own socio-economic status than by the characteristics of their wives. Married women need to take into account the gender role within the household and their position in the labor market when they determine their subjective social strata. The elderly and unmarried adult children in the household are also influenced by the socio-economic characteristics of the household. Among the high-income households, they are likely to benefit from living with other family members, while among the low-income households, they tend to be the ones who support the family and other members benefit from living with them.
Individuals do not become independent of the household. Both unmarried adult children and the elderly were closely related to the economic standing of the household to which they belonged. Changes in the lifestyles of women and the demographic transformation (decreased fertility rate and aging) took place within the context of the significant relationship between the individual and the household.View full abstractDownload PDF (1603K) -
Kyoko INAGAKI2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 386-400
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this work, I consider how the meaning of schooling has changed as the process of societal “individualization” increased. Through reinterpretation of the changes in the framework through which the “reality” of schools is given meaning, this essay seeks to reconsider the focus on “individualization” that characterizes the school system today.
From the mid-1970s, schools began to lose the foundation upon which the very meaning of their existence was predicated, and it was a process in which the fictional character of schools emerged as a societal problem. However, more than just a problem of the school system, it was in its essence a reflection of the contradictions inherent in the “individualization” of education. The questioning of the legitimacy of the school system served to further weaken the school as a socialization mechanism, and also weakened the social consensus on education. In conjunction with this process, school reforms that emphasized “individuality” and “diversity” were introduced to schools, but these reforms had the effect of further fictionalization of the individual by thrusting the schools as well as the individual into market competition. These changes may have brought the slogans of “egalitarian personalization” and “self-realization, ” but in reality the contradictions of the so-called meritocracy were simply swept under the carpet. The school system served to justify short-term and nearsighted decision-making; yet the school system itself was considered a social imperative. As the foundations for the existence of the school system began to change, the school system, previously regarded as a pillar of society, began to lose its sense of identity. Amidst these changes, the issue of schools as a place in which to learn self-socialization as a means to cope flexibly with the subsuming forces of the market is becoming more salient.View full abstractDownload PDF (1648K) -
Yuzo SHINDO2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 401-412
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS“Individualization” has long been closely connected with “Modernization.” But there seems to be resurgences of the discourses of “Individualization” recently. In what sense and to what degree is this “Individualization” different from the one in classical modernity ? This paper is a tentative trial to give an answer to this question through examining recent trends in medicine.
To this end, this paper tries, firstly, to trace the meaning of “Individualization, ” then secondly, to illustrate the processes in medicine by delineating a brief history of the institutionalization of the principle of “informed consent” and the possible impact of recent genetics, and thirdly, to present the two aspects of “Individualization.” Finally, the sociological implication of the “Individualization” in medicine will be discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1336K) -
Yoshitaka WADA2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 413-430
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe legal system as an apparatus to establish modern society has tried to foster the “legal subject” who enjoys autonomy free from any communal bindings. However, it was made possible only when communal social organizations performed their informal social ordering functions and concealed the limits of the legal system as a social ordering institution. The collapse of these communal organizations has made people to bring to legal system too much need, including caring for their emotional disorder and responding to their claims based on their own everyday interpretation of legal rules. This naturally has uncovered the functional defects and limits of the legal system. The legal system is now faced with a wave of “individualization” of legal need to which the notion of “Universal Justice” has no persuading power. What is the reaction of the legal system in this situation ? This paper examines this phenomenon concerning the legal system, focusing on a reaction of the traditional legal system in a medical malpractice case and on a movement to establish ADR (alternative dispute resolution) system.View full abstractDownload PDF (2003K) -
Resacralization in the Second Modernity or PostmodernitySusumu SHIMAZONO2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 431-448
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe theoretical strategy of sociologists like Ulrich Beck and Zygmunt Bauman employing “individualization” as a key concept to understand the “second modernity” or postmodernity is effective to understand the recent transformation of religiosity in the world. The problematic arises when trying to understand in a coherent way how this individualization and the rise of new religiosity and religion's new role in the public space. This paper attempts to find clues to this problematic by taking up (1) the rise of spirituality concerning death and dying and (2) the growth of spiritual networks through self-help movements. Since the late 1980s, spiritual networks for those facing the crises of death and loss, and for those suffering from addiction and handicap, have increased conspicuously in Japan. This indicates that there is a trend of religionization of individuals who are living in an individualized society. If we broaden our perspective to the whole world, we can also observe the spread of salvation religions in such forms of “fundamentalism” and “cults.” They are proposing to participate in the public space advocating collective religious ties. However, in less distinct ways, those sympathetic with more individualized spirituality are also raising their voices in such agenda as environmental issues and bioethical problems. Individualization of society generates religionization of individuals that is in some manner related to the new forms of participation of religiosity in the public space.View full abstractDownload PDF (1864K) -
[in Japanese]2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 449-450
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 450-452
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 452-454
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 454-456
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 456-458
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 458-460
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 460-462
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 462-463
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2004 Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 464-465
Published: March 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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