The Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) is a scale that assesses the cognitive aspects of craving, specifically in terms of frequency and intensity. We examined the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the CEQ for alcohol craving. A total of 300 adults who consume alcohol at least once a month participated in the web-based study. The factor analysis of the frequency and intensity scales revealed a three-factor structure, which was consistent with those of the original scale. The subscales of the frequency scale showed moderate to high correlations with the scales pertaining to problematic alcohol consumption (i.e., OCDS and AUDIT). The higher scores observed in the craving-induction group relative to the no-induction group provide evidence to support the construct validity of the intensity scale. Following a three-week period, each subscale of the frequency scale demonstrated high intraclass correlation coefficients, except for the frequency subscale. These findings suggest that the Japanese version of the CEQ has satisfactory reliability and validity, although the problem of test-retest reliability remains.

This study aimed to examine the test-retest reliability and construct validity of the Self-Esteem Questionnaire in the Teaching Profession (SEQ-TP) and the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire in the Teaching Profession (SEQ-TP). The survey was administered twice to college students who were prospective teachers (Time 1: N＝308, Time 2: N＝301, Time 1 and 2: N＝177). Five scales were used in the survey: SEQ-TP (Esteem), SEQ-TP (Efficacy), the self-efficacy scale, the sense of authenticity scale, and the teacher efficacy scale. The test-retest reliability results were r＝.812, p＜.001 for the SEQ-TP (Esteem), and r＝.745–.811, p＜.001 for each factor of the SEQ-TP (Efficacy). For each scale, Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated with the target scales to assess construct validity. The results indicated positive correlations, consistent with the hypotheses. In the discussion section, the prospects for future research utilizing these scales are discussed.

Although a considerable number of options increases the likelihood of encountering an ideal choice, it also imposes excessive cognitive load, making it difficult to compare options thoroughly and thereby leading to stronger regret and lower satisfaction. This phenomenon, known as the choice overload effect, disappears when cognitive demands are alleviated, such as by making an ideal point available. However, previous studies have investigated the moderating role of ideal point availability only at the cognitive and behavioral levels, leaving it unclear whether making an ideal point available reduces regret when choosing from too many options. This study investigated whether making an ideal point available could reduce the regret experienced when selecting from many options in a chocolate selection task. An online experiment employing a hypothetical scenario and a laboratory experiment involving chocolate tasting were conducted. Ideal point availability (available vs. unavailable) and the number of chocolates presented were manipulated (4 vs. 16 options). The results indicated that under the 16-option condition, participants experienced less regret when the ideal point was available than when it was not. In the laboratory experiment, regret was lower when the choice set was small and the ideal point was available. These findings suggest that making the ideal point available may enable choices that minimize regret.