We investigated the perception of fairness to university entrance examinations when adjustment of participants' test scores is needed. Five hundred fifty nine university freshmen, who took a monitor entrance examination administrated by the National Center for University Entrance Examinations (NCUEE), participated in this study. Participants took an English-listening test under the two following conditions: one is adding environmental and verbal noises (noisy condition) and the other is a control condition. In order to compensate the conditional disadvantages, test scores of participants in a noisy condition were recalculated by the formula based on the control condition's scores. After the test, all participants were asked to fill out the questionnaire about how they feel about adjusting the test scores of the noisy condition. The overall results showed that most participants positively accepted the fact that the test scores of the noisy condition were adjusted, while some still felt the adjustment was not fair. Therefore, test administrators have to be careful when they need to adjust test scores. Second, we found that the participants with high test scores were more likely to accept the score adjustment than those with low scores. However, there was no significant difference between the two experimental conditions.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate teachers' perception of their workplace environment, volition for school duties, and satisfaction of the teaching profession, and to make a causal model that is explain the influence of teachers' workplace environment on their volition and satisfaction. The participants of this survey were 376 middle and high school teachers from 47 prefectures in Japan. Teachers' perceptions of workplace environment were assessed by the "brisk workplace scale" that was developed by Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association. The findings are as follows: (1) teachers, especially young teachers, feel that their work is too hard, and (2) the "brisk workplace scale" has sufficient reliability and validity, and therefore it is useful to assess the teachers' teaching workplace. In addition (3) structural equation modeling (SEM) reveals that comfortable of workplace environment has influence on teachers' volition for school duties and their satisfaction of the teaching profession.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between women's and men's occupational awareness and their concept of a lifetime career. The results of the study of 301 male and female students in the correspondence division of a liberal arts college show that both men and women prefer to keep working after having children. Women want to have a stable job which can be continued; and at the level of significant differences, more than men they require the support of spouse, parents, communities, company and government. Especially those women who wish to work after having children want to hold professional jobs which can be continued throughout life. Also, such women answer that they like their own lives. Principal component analysis and analysis of covariance structures of those data indicate that positive feelings about oneself and positive feelings about one's parents has a relation only in women. Equality between parents has a relation to the positive feelings of parents in both men and women, but women show a high correlation. This indicates that a woman's feelings about herself tend to be influenced by the relationship between her parents. We need to conduct further studies in order to develop the tools to create a gender-equal society.

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